Pharmacokinetics
is the study of the movement of drugs within the body
Absorption
movement of a drug from site application into bloodstream
Distribution
movement of a drug from the blood stream to a target or location in the body
Metabolism
transformation, activation, or detoxification of a drug by an enzyme
Excretion
elimination of a drug from the body
Hydrophilic
water lover & water soluble
Lipophilic
lipid-loving & lipid soluble
Hydrophobic
fearing water and water insoluble
Lipophobic
fearing lipid
Log P
partition coefficient
Active transport
energy expended during transport
Passive diffusion
no energy expended during transfer
Drug transport
movement of drugs across cell membranes or barriers
Aqueous diffusion
-movement through the gaps between cells
-driven by concentration gradient
Lipid diffusion
-movement determined by lipid aqeuous partition coefficient
large or insoluble
Active transport is required for ______ molecules to pass through the cell membrane
Endocytosis and exocytosis
movement of large molecules by creating vesicle using the cell membrane
small, lipophilic, and unionized
Which types of molecules diffuse across the cell membranes easily?
paracellular transport
small molecules diffuse across loosely-knit (leaky) membranes by ____
Leaky membranes
transport is independent of lipophilicity, charge, and molecular size
Well-knit membranes
transport is affected by lipophiliicty, charge, and molecule size
Tight-knit membranes
transport is highly dependent on lipophilicity, charge, and molecular size
active transporters
-allow molecules with poor physiochemical properties to cross membranes easily
-widely expressed throughout the body
ATP binding cassette
-ATP hydrolysis
-Efflux
-P-glycoprotein
-Multidrug resistance proteins (MRP)
Solute Carrier (SLC)
-facilitative or secondarily-active
-influx
IV, inhaled, IM, oral, dermal
Rate routes of administration based from fastest to slowest
systemic absorption
the movement of unchanged drug from the extravascular site of administration across biological barriers into the systemic circulation
Parenteral administration
fastest & second most common route of administration
leaky structures, intestinal epithelium
Blood capillary membranes in the subcutaneous tissue and muscles have ____ and more permeable than the _______
True
Proteins and large polypeptides have difficulty going across capillary membranes due to large molecular size. T/F?
oral administration
most popular route
GI tract
influences rate and extent of absorption
blood flow, gastric emptying, transit times, pH
Physiologic factors that influence drug absorption:
CYP3A4
the main enzyme for drug metabolism (small intestine)
First pass effect
the reduction in oral bioavailability due to metabolism in the GI tract and liver following oral adminstration
Efflux transporters
-reduces absorption and decrease bioavailability
-drugs are effluxed back into the intestinal lumen and excreted out of the body
paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, digoxin
Drugs that are not orally bioavailable due to P-gp pumps (efflux transporters)
Grapefruit
Which type of juice inhibits CYP3A4 in the intestine and liver?
Additives
-alters the location of disintegration of drugs
-increases or decreases rate of absorption
enteric coating
absorption from the small intestines ONLY
Sustained drug release
slow drug release