What do hormones do?
Gives instructions for an organ to do something.
How do hormones bind to a receptor?
Like a lock and key.
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine - end/o = within, -crine = to secrete. Secretes their hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts.
Exocrine - exo = outside. Secretes through ducts opening into the surface rather than the bloodstream (sweat).
What is a target tissue?
Cells of an organ that is affected by a hormone.
aden/o
gland (adenoma)
combining form of adrenal glands
andrenal/o
combining form of sex glands (ovaries and testes)
gonad/o
thyroid/o, thyr/o
thyroid
combining form of parathyroid gland
parathyroid/o
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
Where are adrenal glands located?
Top of each kidney.
What does the adrenal cortex (outer part) secrete?
Steroids which are used in metabolism, and anti-inflammation in the body.
What does the adrenal medulla (inner part) secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
What hormones do the ovaries secrete and what do they do?
- estrogen: female sexual characteristics
- progesterone: maintains pregnancy
What hormone do the testes secrete and what do they do?
- testosterone: male sexual characteristics
The pancreas has an exocrine and endocrine function. True or false?
True
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Releases insulin; which promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen.
Releases glucagon; promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in the liver cells.
What are the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
- T4 (thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine)
- T3 (triiodothyronine)
- calcitonin
What do T4, T3 and calcitonin do?
Aids in the uptake in O2 and regulation of the metabolic rate.
Calcitonin stimulates calcium to enter the bone and leave blood.
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Dorsal aspect of the thyroid.
What does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
It causes calcium to leave the bone and go into the bloodstream.
Deficiency in PTH causes what?
Hypoparathyroidism; blood calcium levels fall and bones become harder and bone mass increases.
What structure of the diancephalon controls the secretions of the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
What does the pituitary gland do?
Releases hormones that stimulate other organs to produce hormones -- the "master" gland.
andr/o
male (androgens are a male hormone)
combining form of calcium
calc/o, calici/o
dips/o
thirst (polydipsia, symptom of diabetes)
estr/o
female (estrogen, female hormone)
combining form of sameness
home/o
combining form of hormone
hormon/o
combining form of sodium
natr/o
suffix for blood condition
-emia
suffix for a substance
-in, -ine
suffix for stimulating the function of
-tropin
suffix for urine condition
-uria
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Secreting enzymes into the small intestines.
prefix of good, normal
eu-
prefix for all
pan-
prefix for four
tetra (T4)
What term means surgical excision of the adrenal gland (specifically)?
adrenalectomy
How do goiters occur?
They are enlargements of the thyroid and can be caused due to lack of iodine in the diet.
Why does the thyroid need iodine?
Because iodine is important for the creation of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.
What does hyperparathyroidism entail?
- loss of bone density
- kidney stones
- hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in blood)
- osteoporosis
What does hyperinsulinism entail?
Lots of insulin, thus plenty of glucose will entering the cells with low amounts in the blood. Which will lead to: hypoglycemia
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1: rapid, onset, before 30. reliance on insulin for treatment
Type 2: insulin is still present, gradual. can be treated with a balanced diet or weight loss.