Flashcards: Ion channel toxins

Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide from the bullet ant Paraponera clavata that affects voltage-dependent sodium ion channels and blocks the synaptic transmission in the central nervous system.

Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels.

Aconitine is a toxin produced by the Aconitum plant, also known as devil’s helmet or monkshood.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.

Maitotoxin (or MTX) is an extremely potent toxin produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate species.

Batrachotoxin (BTX) is an extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in certain species of frogs (poison dart frog), melyrid beetles, and birds (the pitohui, blue-capped ifrit, and little shrikethrush).

Palytoxin is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most toxic non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.

Isopimaric acid (IPA) is a toxin which acts as a large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK channel) opener.

Tinyatoxin (TTX or TTN) is a highly irritant analog of resiniferatoxin and capsaicin.

A conotoxin is one of a group of neurotoxic peptides isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail, genus Conus.

Veratridine is a steroid-derived alkaloid from plants in the Liliaceae family that functions as a neurotoxin by abolishing inactivation of sodium ion channels.

Antillatoxin (ATX) is a potent lipopeptide neurotoxin produced by the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

Vanillotoxins (VaTxs, subtypes VaTx1, VaTx2, and VaTx3) are neurotoxins found in the venom of the tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei.

Iodoresiniferatoxin (I-RTX) is a strong competitive antagonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor.

Cobatoxin is a toxin present in the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius.

Stichodactyla toxin (ShK) is a peptide toxin that blocks the voltage-gated potassium channels: Kv1.

Myotoxins are small, basic peptides found in snake venoms, (e.g. rattlesnakes), and lizard venoms (e.g. mexican beaded lizard).

Philanthotoxins are components of the venom of Egyptian solitary wasp Philanthus triangulum F and four toxins are distinguished (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) among which delta-philanthotoxin (dPTX) is most effective to block glutamate receptors and especially those quisqualate-sensitive, that is AMPA receptor.

The kappa- Hefutoxin 1 and 2 (κ- Hefutoxin1/2) are toxic components in the venom of Heterometrus fulvipes that belongs to the family scorpionidae.

Margatoxin (MgTX) is a peptide that selectively inhibits Kv1.

Slotoxin is a peptide from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann scorpion venom.

Apamin is an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom).

α-Cobratoxin is a substance of the venom of certain Naja cobras.

The contryphans (conus + tryptophan) are a family of peptides that are active constituents of the potent venom produced by cone snail (genus conus).

Agitoxin is a toxin found in the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (yellow scorpion).

Calitoxin, also known as CLX, is a sea anemone neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica.

Lolitrem B is one of many toxins produced by a fungus called Epichloë festucae (var. lolii), which grows in perennial ryegrass.

Allopumiliotoxin 267A is a toxin found in the skin of several poison frogs of the family Dendrobates.

Pumiliotoxin 251D is a toxic organic compound.

Azaspiracids (AZA) are a group of polycyclic ether marine algal toxins produced by the small dinoflagellate Azadinium spinosum that can accumulate in humans causing illnesses.

Psalmotoxin (PcTx1) is a spider toxin from the venom of the Trinidad tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei.

Agelenin, also called U1-agatoxin-Aop1a, is an antagonist of the presynaptic P-type calcium channel in insects.

Androctonus australis hector insect toxin also known as AaHIT is a scorpion toxin which affects voltage-gated sodium channels.