Nociception
-activation of sensory pain receptors throughout the body
vertebral level; dermatome
Ganglia are found at ______ and the region they innervate is known as the _______.
A delta; C
Which fibers are related to pain? (2)
through Dorsal root ganglions (DRG)
How do the limbs and our trunks communicate touch, temp, pain, etc?
TRPV, TRPM
What are the Transient Receptor potential channels? (2)
ASIC, DRASIC
What are the Acid Sensing Ion channels? (2)
DP, EP
What are the Prostaglandin Receptors? (2)
Transient Receptor Potential Channels
______________ are often referred to as pain channels.
spinothalamic (anterolateral), spinoreticular
What are the two pathways that second-order neurons can follow?
a
Which tract responds to pain & temperature?
a) Neo
b) Paleo
b
Which tract responds to crude touch?
a) Neo
b) Paleo
neuron decussates & travels up contralateral side; synapses in thalamus, 3rd order neuron travels to sensory cortex to localize pain & periaqueductal gray
Explain the Spinothalamic tract.
Thalamus
- the central processing station of sensory information
Spinoreticular tract
__________ is related to the emotional aspects of pain.
neuron cross-links & travels up contralateral side; synapses in reticular formation of brain stem; 3rd order neurons travel to thalamus & hypothalamus; 4th order neurons travel to cortex & amygdala
Explain the Spinoreticular tract.
a
Which tract has 4th order neurons?
a) spinoreticular
b) spinothalamic
periaqueductal gray; midbrain
The Descending pain pathway is regulated by ___________; a region in the ________.
stimulation of PAG leads to NT release that activates interneurons within the spinal cord; these interneurons inhibit 2nd order ascending pain neurons; causing endogenous opioid signaling
Explain the Descending pain pathway.
serotonin, NE
What are the Descending Neurotransmitters? (2)
GABA, Opioids (enkephalins)
What are the Interneuron Neurotransmitters? (2)
< 6 months
How long does acute pain last?
b
Which involves autonomic responses (increased HR, SV, BP, etc)?
a) chronic pain
b) acute pain
a
Which involves a decrease in sleep, libido, and appetite?
a) chronic pain
b) acute pain
a
Which is most likely to cause depression?
a) chronic pain
b) acute pain
b
Which is most likely to cause anxiety?
a) chronic pain
b) acute pain
allodynia
-nociception and pain from a non-painful stimulus; like a t-shirt after a sunburn.
c
Mu Opioid Receptors have high affinity for _______
a) Enkephalins
b) Dynorphins
c) Endorphins
a
Delta Opioid Receptors have high affinity for ________.
a) Enkephalins
b) Dynorphins
c) Endorphins
b
Kappa Opioid Receptors have high affinity for _________.
a) Enkephalins
b) Dynorphins
c) Endorphins
no diagnostic test; other sources of widespread pain are ruled out
How is Fibromyalgia diagnosed?
central sensitization- persistent neuronal hyper-excitability, impaired descending pain modulation
What are the two primary mechanisms of Fibromyalgia?
pain perception threshold (allodynia); pain tolerance (hyperalgesia)
Patients with Fibromyalgia have a decrease in ________ & ________.
wide-spread muscle/ joint pain, fatigue
Symptoms of Fibromyalgia? (2)
sleep disorder
Restless Leg Syndrome is classified as a ____________.
spinal cord lesions, neuropathy, kidney failure
Which conditions often accompany Restless Leg syndrome? (3)