solution
chemically and physically homogenous mixture of two or more substances
parenteral solution
for injection IV, IM, or SQ; few if any aqueous inactive; rigid standards for sterility; free of particulates; free of pyrogens; isotonic; immediate effect. (doesn't go through GI tract)
Hydrogen bond
attraction of hydrogen atom for a strongly electronegative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, fluoride and to some extent sulfur.
Liposomes
a minute spherical sac of phospholipid molecules enclosing a water droplet, especially as formed artificially to carry drugs or other substances into the tissue; consists of a polar head and a hydrophobic tail
Latent heat of fusion
the heat absorbed or liberated when one gram of a solid melts or freezes
solid
Which state of matter has very little kinetic energy
Crystalline solid
any structure of ions, molecules, or atoms that are held together in an ordered, three-dimensional arrangement.
Amorphous
solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern
Eutectic mixture
the specific composition of at least two solid components that produces a change of phase to liquid at a certain temperature
amorphous solid
Which is more soluble, crystalline or amorphous solids?
Cis
Which is more soluble, cis or trans molecules?
Anyhydrous
Which is more soluble, Anydrous or Hydrate molecules?
Anyhydrous molecule
molecules that do not contain water
Hydrate molecule
molecules that do contain water
lower solubility
Higher melting point =
Trans
Which isomers have higher melting points?
Polymorphism
-elemental substances that exist in more than one form
- have same molecular structure, but different:
-crystalline forms
-different melting points
-X-ray diffraction patterns
-solubility
True
Many drugs exhibit polymorphism. T/F?
solubility, stability, and compressibility
What are some implications of polymorphisms?
eutectic point
lowest temperature at which existence of a liquid phase is possible
False; 3 phases
At the eutectic point 2 phases co-exist. T/F?
Eutectic Mixtures
ibuprofen, methyl nicotinate, promethazine, benzocaine, levamisole, sulfiram
cis isomers, amorphous forms, anhydrous forms, salt forms, less inter/intra molecular H-bonds, polymorphs with lower melting points, shorter c-chain length, forms with branched chain, forms with greater degree of unsaturation, eutectics, particle size
What are some ways to increase solubility of solid solutes?
lower M.W.
Shorter C-chain length = what?
Unsaturated molecule
molecules that possess a double bond
vapor pressure, boiling point, surface tension, osmotic pressure
What are some characteristics that apply to liquids?
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
pressure of saturated vapor above the liquid
volume or weight of liquid, atmospheric pressure
Vapor pressure does not depend on _ & _
temperature
Vapor pressure depends on __
Boiling Point
temperature at which vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.
Latent Heat of Vaporization
the amount of heat that is absorbed when a liquid vaporizes at the normal boiling point.
Cis; more polar
Which have a higher boiling point, cis or trans? And why.
increase in chain length, decrease in number of double bonds
In molecules with hydrophobic groups, boiling point increases with
Miscibility
he property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous mixture (a solution)
Pressure
Solubility in gases is dependent on what?