oral-pharyngeal cavity, larynx, tracheal entrance
What are the 3 regions of extrathoracic region?
trachea, bronchi, bronchiole terminals
What are the 3 regions of tracheobronchial region?
bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts
What are the 3 regions of the alveolar region?
b
Airway diameter ________ with increasing generations.
a) increases
b)decreases
c) stays the same
d) fluctuates
velocity
The aerodynamic diameter is proportional to the _________ of the particle.
b
Adsorbed layer of moisture results in dissolution of ______ particle; increasing particle size and the MMAD.
a) lipophilic-inhaled particles
b) hydrophilic- inhaled particles
a
Adsorbed layer of moisture is negligible and does not affect MMAD of inhaled particle.
a) lipophilic-inhaled particles
b) hydrophilic- inhaled particles
tidal volume; breathing frequency
_______ & _______ determine velocity distribution within the lungs.
e
Particles MMAD > 5 µm are deposited in the
a) URT via sedimentation
b) bronchiolar region via sedimentation
c) deep alveolar regions via brownian diffusion
d) primarily exhaled
e) URT via impaction
b
Particles MMAD 1-5 microns are deposited in the
a) URT via sedimentation
b) bronchiolar region via sedimentation
c) deep alveolar regions via brownian diffusion
d) primarily exhaled
e) URT via impaction
c
Particles MMAD < 1 micron are deposited in the
a) URT via sedimentation
b) bronchiolar region via sedimentation
c) deep alveolar regions via brownian diffusion
d) primarily exhaled
e) URT via impaction
d
Particles MMAD <0.5 microns are deposited in the
a) URT via sedimentation
b) bronchiolar region via sedimentation
c) deep alveolar regions via brownian diffusion
d) primarily exhaled
e) URT via impaction
paracellular transport; passive diffusion
Hydrophilic compounds are taken up via _________ and lipophilic compounds are taken up via __________.
DPI; MDI
Bioavailability of _________ is higher than _________.
combination of drug formulation and delivery device
Inhalation drug products are __________.
API; propellant
The formulation component of MDI is broken up into 2 parts; ______ & _____.
metering valves
-a meter that, when pressed, discharges the medication; controls the amount of product dispensed in MDI.
actuator
-atomizes the formulation
orifice diameter
_________ influences the drug particle size distribution.
drug concentration + chamber volume
Target dose =
surface electrostatic charge
-electrostatic charges on particles influence aerosolization during inhalation of dry powder
jet milling
-coarse particles are subjected to high impacts with compressed air/gas, causing them to break into micro-sized particles, which are separated from larger particles by inertial impaction
spray drying
-Liquid solution is atomized in a mist through a nozzle into the drying chamber - manipulation of mist droplet size and rate, temperature and air flow will influence particle characteristics
4 kPA
What is the goal pressure drop in a DPI?
air classifier
-circulation chamber that keeps particles in circulation in the device until they have become small enough for passage and delivery to the lung.
mesh
-Force liquid medications through multiple apertures in a very fine mesh screen or aperture plate to generate aerosol
jet
-Use compressed air. Jet nebulizers may be large and use utility power.
ultrasonic
-use high frequency vibrations
a
Which produces the smallest particles?
a) mesh
b) jet
c) ultrasonic
b
Which is large and requires utility power?
a) mesh
b) jet
c) ultrasonic
c
Which is small and portable?
a) mesh
b) jet
c) ultrasonic
acute
Nebulizers are used to treat _______ conditions.
>5
The pH of nebulizer solutions should be
a
After each treatment with nebulizer, patient should:
a) rinse thoroughly with warm water & air dry
b) wash with warm water & mild detergent
c) disinfect with vinegar/water or disinfectant solution
b
At the end of each day, patient should:
a) rinse thoroughly with warm water & air dry
b) wash with warm water & mild detergent
c) disinfect with vinegar/water or disinfectant solution
c
Every third day, patient should:
a) rinse thoroughly with warm water & air dry
b) wash with warm water & mild detergent
c) disinfect with vinegar/water or disinfectant solution
c
How much formulation should be released after each actuation?
a) 5 units
b) 15 units
c) 10 units
d) 14 units
MMAD + GSD
Aerodynamic Particle Size Distribution (APSD) =
mass balance
-the total amount of drug substance deposited on all surfaces