redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
What are our 5 classical signs of inflammation?
progressive tissue destruction
Too little inflammation could lead to _______
disease
Too much inflammation may lead to _______
leukocytes (granulocytes)
Acute inflammation is characterized by what kind of cells?
lymphocytes, macrophages
Chronic inflammation is characterized by what kind of cells?
vascular phase, cellular phase
What are the phases of acute inflammation?
vascular phase
-vasodilation resulting in increased blood flow (redness & heat)
-protein-rich exudate leave capillary into interstitial space
-changes osmotic pressure to increase fluid (swelling)
cellular phase
-leukocytes (granulocytes) adhere and transmigrate from blood vessel into the injured tissues extravascular space
-immune cells become activated and phagocytosis occurs
Histamine
-source: mast cells, basophils, platelets
-action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation
Serotonin
-source: Platelets
-action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability
Prostaglandins
-source: mast cells, leukocytes
-action: vasodilation, pain, fever
Platelet activating factor
-source: leukocytes, mast cells
-action: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst
Leukotrienes
-source: mast cells, leukocytes
-action: increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation
ROS
-source: leukocytes
-action: killing of microbes, tissue damage
Nitric oxide
-source: leukocytes
-action: vascular smooth muscle relaxation, killing of microbes
Cytokines, TNF, Interleukin 1
-source: macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells
-action local endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules), fever/pain/anorexia/hypotension, decreased vascular resistance (shock)
to phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site to allow for tissue healing
What is the role of neutrophils and macrophages in the inflammatory response?
chronic response
What type of inflammatory response results in the proliferation of fibroblasts?
sequel of an infection; glandular fever
Tonsilitis is defined as ______ and is caused by what?
epstein-barr virus
What is the cause of glandular fever?
inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, remodeling phase
Stages of wound healing?
inflammatory phase
-this phase begins when the wound develops and typically lasts from 4-6 days ; characterized by edema, erythema (reddening of the skin)
Proliferative phase
-this phase utilizes fibroblasts to lay collage in the wound bed and strength new granulation tissue; typically lasts 4-24 days
remodeling phase
-filled-in-wound is covered and strengthened; scar tissue forms
-can last 21 days to 2 years; depends on severity of wound and patient
First intention healing
-occurs when there is a minimal tissue damage and the wound edges closely approximate each other. e.g. surgical incision
second intention healing
-occurs when there is a large defect, the wound edges are far apart, and the healing tissue is exposed. e.g. gaping wounds or serious burns