The study of inheritance or the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.
Genetics
Basic units of inheritance that encode for certain traits or visible characteristics.
Genes
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene may exist for each locus of the chromosome.
Chromosomes
Structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus.
Loci
specific locations on chromosomes where genes are located
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism; an individual's collection of genes. The term also can refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular gene
Phenotype
expression of the genetic makeup that includes observable characteristics or traits.
Dominant
The allele expressed as a phenotype.
Recessive
refers to an allele that is not expressed as a phenotype.
Codominance
occurs when two heterozygous alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of an organism.
Gregor Johann Mendel
Discovered the basic priniciples of genetics
Pea plant
What plant did Gregor Mendel used in his observation?
1. Law of Dominance 2. Law of Independent Segregation 3. Law of Independent Assortment
Give the 3 Laws of Inheritance by Gregor Mendel
Law of Dominance
Dominant alleles will be expressed and recessive alleles will be concealed.
Law of Independent Assortment
Separate traits are inherited independently.
Law of Segregation
There are two different alleles for each gene that segregate randomly during meiosis.
Codominance
both alleles are expressed, and their gene products are seen at the phenotypic level.
Codominance
One gene is NOT dominant over the other and both alleles are expressed as phenotypes.
Codominance
Most blood groups are inherited in this manner.
The Law of Independent Assortment
States that genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other.
Parental Type
Offspring that has the same phenotype as one of the parents
Reciprocal Type
Offspring with the dominant feature of one parent and the recessive feature of the other.
2 Authors of the Equilibrium
Godfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg
The Hardy
Weinberg Principle-Used to predict gene frequency in living populations
The Hardy
Weinberg Principle-The principle states that gene frequency tends to remain constant from generation to generation unless acted on by outside influences.
p + q = 1
Formula of Hardy-Weinberg Priniciple
p + q = 1
This equation is used to determine the allele frequency in a population.
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
This equation is used to determine the genotype frequency in a population.
Pedigree Analysis
An analysis of the genetic history of a family over several generations.
Male
Pedigree Symbol: Square
Female
Pedigree Symbol: Circle
Unaffected individual
Pedigree Symbol: Open symbol
Affected individual
Pedigree Symbol: Closed, filled-in symbol
Mating
Pedigree Symbol: Line connecting male and female
Offspring
Pedigree Symbol: Verticle line
Stillbirth or abortion
Pedigree Symbol: Small black circle
Deceased family members
Pedigree Symbol: Line crossed through the symbol
Propositus or proband
Pedigree Symbol: Indicated by an arrow
Autosomal
traits that are not carried on the sex chromosomes.
Sex Linked
traits that are encoded by a gene generally located on either of the sex chromosome, the gene is usually found in the X chromosome, as few functional genes are present on the Y chromosome.
Autosomal Recessive
A recessive trait is carried by either parent or both parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic level unless both parents carry the trait.
Autosomal Recessive
The trait is expressed only when an individual is homozygous for the allele and inherited the recessive allele from both parents.
Autosomal
Gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes.
Dominant
A single copy of the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease.
Xlinked Dominant
Both sexes are capable of carrying the trait
Xlinked Recessive
The father always expresses the trait but never passes it on to his sons
Eukaryotic Organism
Made up of cells that have a defined nucleus
Nucleus
Highly organized structure that contains most of the genetic material
Prokaryotic Organism
Single celled organism without a defined nucleus
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus.
Histones
Proteins that help condense DNA into Chromatin.
Chromosomes
Help ensure that DNA is replicated and distributed appropriately during cell division.
Chromatin
Packaging elements for DNA.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living things
Genes
Made of DNA and contain the instructions for building proteins and are integral in making and maintaining the human body.
Mitosis
The process by which somatic cells divide to create identical daughter cells.
Interphase
Resting stage when the cells are not actively dividing.
Prophase
The chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope starts to break down.
Metaphase
The chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the nucleus and paired with the corresponding chromosome
Anaphase
The cellular spindle apparatus is formed, and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. The cell becomes pinched in the middle, and cell division starts to take place
Telophase
The cell is pulled apart, division is complete, and the chromosomes and cytoplasm are separated into two new identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
The process by which gametes or sex cells are produced.