ambulatory patients
What kind of patients are most likely to develop hypercalcemia?
releases PTH-stimulates calcium release from the bone, increases renal tubular reabsorption, enhances GI absorption
How does the Parathyroid gland influence calcium? (3)
Vitamin D3; cholecalciferol
What does the kidney produce?
primary hyperparathyroidism; cancer (breast, lung)
What are the most common causes of hypercalcemia? (2)
tuberculosis
What infection can cause hypercalcemia?
lithium, vitamin A, thiazides
Which medications can cause hypercalcemia?
calcium supplements, hyperparathyroidism, iatrogenic/immobilization, multiple-myeloma/milk-alkali, parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, neoplasm, zollinger syndrome, excessive vitamin d, excessive vitamin A, sarcoidosis
What are the causes of hypercalcemia? (11)
bone pain, renal stones, abdominal pain/GI, depression/worsening mood, pancreatitis
What are the symptoms of Hypercalcemia? (5)
8.5-10.2
What are the normal serum Calcium levels?
nephrocalcinosis
-calcium deposits in the kidneys
nephrolithiasis
-kidney stones
reverse signs/symptoms, restore calcium levels, correct underlying cause
What are the desired outcomes for patients with Hypercalcemia? (3)
necrotizing pancreatitis
Which condition would require emergency treatment of hypercalcemia?
treat underlying cause; remove offending agent
What is the general approach to treating hypercalcemia? (2)
bisphosphonates; denosumab
Which medications are associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw? (2)
volume expansion with NS
What is the first-line treatment for hypercalcemia in patients with normal kidney function?
calcitonin, bisphosphonates, denosumab, corticosteroids, cinacalcet
What medications can be used in patients who are asymptomatic? (5)
d
Which is only suitable for short-term therapy?
a) denosumab
b) cinacalcet
c) corticosteroids
d) calcitonin
e) bisphosphonates
e
Which is the most cost-effective option with good outcomes?
a) denosumab
b) cinacalcet
c) corticosteroids
d) calcitonin
e) bisphosphonates
d
Which has the fastest onset?
a) denosumab
b) cinacalcet
c) corticosteroids
d) calcitonin
e) bisphosphonates
sodium citrate, thiazides, lithotripsy
What are the treatment options for Nephrolithiasis? (2)
b
Which is given to prevent kidney stone formation?
a) cinacalcet
b) sodium citrate
c) lithotripsy
d) thiazides
d
Which is given to decrease urinary calcium excretion?
a) cinacalcet
b) sodium citrate
c) lithotripsy
d) thiazides
parathyroid carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism + can't have surgery or CKD
What is Cinacalcet indicated for? (2)
fluids (dilute serum) + loops (eliminate); followed with: bisphosphonates, calcitonin, denosumab, calcimimetics
How do we treat hypercalcemia?