What are the two classification of senses?
Somatic and visceral
Somatic senses:
qreceptors w/in body wall; or musclesqeg: skin, muscles, tendons, jointsqproprioception
Visceral senses:
qReceptors
w/in visceral organs
What are the somatic senses? (6)
• Touch
• Pressure
• Heat
• Cold
• Pain: NOTE-can also be visceral
• Proprioception
visceral sense-> ______ pain
REFERRED
Where do men most commonly feel pain in a heart attack?
left arm pain
Where do women most commonly feel pain in a heart attack?
jaw
Proprioception is also known as the...
kinesthetic sense
Describe proprioception...
conscious awareness of body position and movement
• independent of visual input
• highly developed in blind people
Ascending impulses to cerebellum
Where can proprioceptors be found?
nProprioceptors:
qskeletal muscle (muscle
spindle),
joint capsules (stretch receptors), tendons
qinner ear
What are the 5 special senses?
Olfaction
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Balance
Describe olfaction...
consists of chemoreception
bi-polar neurons
perceived in the olfactor cortex
Interpretation:
temporal, parietal, limbic system
Taste is also known as...
gustation
Describe sensory innervation of gustation.
The anterior 2/3rds of the tongue is innervated by cranial neves VII and X (facial and vagus).
The posterior third of the tongue is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN IX)
What are the receptors involved in gustation?
chemoreceptors:
a taste buds, gustatory cells
Where is gustation or taste perceived?
parietal lobe
What is the stimulus for the vision sense?
photons (light energy)
What are the receptors for vision?
biopolar neurons in retina
rods (black/white); cones (color)
Cones detect what?
color
Rods detect what?
black/white
Describe the visual sense pathway
Optic
nerve -> optic chiasma -> optic tract -> occipital cortex
Where is vision interpreted?
occipital cortex
List the accesory structures for vision. (7)
What are the three layers of the eye?
fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
internal tunic (neural)
What are the components of the fibrous tunic?
sclera-"White of eye"
cornea-transparent
lens
Describe the sclera.
aka white of eye
dense elastic/collagenous fibers
has pain receptors
Describe the cornea.
has superficial epithelium, avascular,
What is the vascular tunic also known as?
uvea
Describe the components of the vascular tunic. (3)
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
Describe the choroid.
lines the posterior aspect of the bulb
vessels visible when retina is examined (retina is transparent)
Describe the ciliary body of the eye.
contains smooth muscle and suspensory ligaments
control shape of lens (accomodation)
Describe the iris.
continuous with choroid
smooth muscles arranged in circular and radial patterns
controls pupil size (amount of light entering eye)
Describe the components of the internal tunic. (1)
also known as the neural tunic
-retina
Describe the retina
part of neural tunic
has an outer pigmented later
-inner nervous layer (retina)
Photoreceptors (rods, cones)
Describe the pathway of retina detecting light
, bipolar neurons - ganglia cells - optic nerve
How many chambers of the eye are there?
anterior and posterior chambers
Describe the anterior chamber of the eye.
-filled with aqueous humor
-supplies nutrients to lens and cornea
Describe the subcompartments of the anterior chamber of the eye.
anterior segment: b/w cornea and iris
posterior segment: b/w iris and lens
Where is aqueous humor produced?
ciliary body
Describe the posterior chamber of the eye.
contains vitreous humor (body)
the gelatinous consistency contributes the shape of the globe.
What are the receptors involved in hearing?
organ of corti
What is the receptor involved with the sense of balance?
semicircular canals (aka vestibular apparatus)
Where is hearing and balance interpreted in the brain?
temporal lobe
The outer ear is known as the...
pinnae or auricle
The middle ear is also known as the...
tympanic cavity
the middle ear is lined with...
mucous membranes
What are the auditory ossicles?
malleus, incus, stapes
How do the auditory ossicles transmit vibrations?
tympanic membrane to oval window
What window separates the middle from inner ear?
vestibular (oval) window, cochlear window
The auditory tube is also known as the...
eustachian tube
The eustachian tube ________ middle ear to nasopharynx.
connects
The inner ear is also known as the...
labyrinth
Describe the components of the inner ear
vestibule
semiciruclar canals
cochlea
describe the vestibule
composed of utricle and saccule structures that are involved in equilibrium and gravity (linear motion).
Describe the semicircular canals.
have semicircular ducts
involved in equilibrium (rotational motion)
Describe the cochlea.
has cochlear duct, organ of Corti
involved in hearing
The labyrinth is ____ filled
fluid
The fluid in the labyrinth is transmits...
vibrations
Endolymph:
fluid within membranous labyrinth
The _____ is part of the labyrinth.
cochlea
The spiral "tube" has three chambers:
scala vestibull, scala tympani, cochlear duct
The spiral organ is also known as the...and is the...organ.
organ of Corti, hearing organ
The organ of Corti is what type of receptor?
mechanoreceptor (responds to mechanical vibrations in fluid). the fluid is endolymph
True or False: only input from one ear is required for "sense of balance".
FALSE: input from BOTH ears is required.
What are the other sources of equilibrium sensory input?
• visual (photoreceptors),
• tactile receptors (touch),
• proprioceptors (tendons, muscle, joint capsule)
Normal vision is known as...
emmetropia
nearsightedness is known as...
myopia
In myopia, rays focus __ ____ of retina.
in front
farsightedness is known as...
hyperopia
In _______, rays focus behind the retina
hyperopia
What type of lens corrects myopia?
concave
What type of lens corrects hyperopia?
convex
_______ is when rays do not focus.
Astigmatism
What type of lens corrects for astigmatism?
uneven
Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors?
• Skin
• Skeletal muscles
• Walls of viscera
Correct Answer
Skin
What type of papillae is largest and least numerous?
• Vallate
• Foliate
• Filiform
• Fungiform
• Vallate
Olfactory receptor cells are neurons.
• unipolar
• multipolar
• bipolar
Correct Answer
bipolar
What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes?
• Interceptors
• Exteroceptors
• Proprioceptors
• Interceptors
The limbus is the junction between the sclera and
• retina
• cornea
• choroid
O iris
Correct Answer
cornea
What is the largest structure of the vascular tunic?
• Choroid
O Ciliary body
• Iris
Correct Answer
Choroid
What structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes?
• Cornea
O Pupil
• Choroid
• Ciliary body
Correct Answer
Choroid
The limbus is the junction between the sclera and
• choroid
• cornea
O iris
O retina
Correct Answer
cornea
Which of the following are true of rods?
• They provide crisp, focused vision.
• They are concentrated at the visual axis of the eye, near the center of the retina.
• They function well in dim light.
• They discriminate between colors.
Correct Answer
They function well in dim light.
What structure creates the "blind spot"?
• Fovea centralis
• Optic disc
• Macula lutea
Correct Answer
Optic disc
Which are activated by high-intensity light?
• Cones
• Rods
Correct Answer
Cones
What is the largest structure of the vascular tunic?
• Choroid
• Iris
• Ciliary body
Correct Answer
Choroid
Which fibers cross at the optic chiasm?
• All optic nerve axons of the retina
• Optic nerve axons from the medial region of the retina
• Optic nerve axons from the lateral region of the retina
Correct Answer
Optic nerve axons from the medial region of the retina
Perilymph is similar to and endolymph is similar to
O intracellular fluid, cerebrospinal fluid
• cerebrospinal fluid, intracellular fluid
Correct Answer
cerebrospinal fluid, intracellular fluid
Endolymph has a sodium and potassium concentration.
O high, high
O low, low
• low, high
• high, low
Correct Answer
low, high