Clinical oberservation and how they diagnosed illness
Carefully watching observation and then giving a diagnosis through the patient's pulse and their urine
Bloodletting
cutting open a vein to let blood out or using leeches to suck it out
Why did church back Galen
Galen believed in one god
Why did patients go ill in medieval times? (what did medieval doctors think happened)
Unbalanced 4 humours
Care not cure
Christians believed lines were sent from god who made people sick to test faith
Why was Roger Bacon arrested in 13th century
For suggesting doctors should do research and not trust old books
What did Prophet mohammed say in regards to diseases
"For every disease allah has given a cure"
What did Al Razi do
Wrote 150 books that built on the work of Galen
What did Ibn Sina (Avicenna) do
Wrote an encyclopaedia of medicine called 'Canon of Medicine' that became the standard European textbook used to train doctors until 1600s
2 reasons why surgery was dangerous in medieval times
1) surgeons didnt know dirt carried disease
2) used anaesthetics such as mandrake root or opium but too much can kill
Trepanning
Drilling a hole in the head to release demons - thought to cure headaches
What happened in the streets where it rained
Open drains overflow and spread human waste across town
Rivers and streams were used to ???
Dump waste
Worcester 1466 law to do with public health
Stopped butchers throwing animal blood and body parts into rivers
Why did monasteries have pure clean water
Built near rivers
Where did people in monasteries wash
Lavatorium
Black Death killed how many people in Britain and what fraction of population
1.5million and over 1/3
Beliefs about the cause of black death
Miasma, position of planets and stars, punishment from god
What really caused Black Death
disposal of bodies, dirty streets, crowded towns
What did Vesalius do and give me a fact
Overturned centuries of Galens study of anatomy
Found breastbone has 3 parts not 7 disproving Galen
What did Pare do and give me a fact
Pare discovered an alternative cream for cauterising in war
Developed prosthetic limbs for amputees
What did Harvey do
Built on Galens work on the heart and discovered the heart works as a pump
Dissolution of the monasteries
Henry VIII closed down monasteries in the 1530s
Hospital boom from the year ? to ? AND ? new hospital built
1720 - 1750 AND 5
What did hunter do and a fact
Had books about dissections which were widely read by surgoens
Hunter trained hundreds of surgeons including Edward Jenner
How did Jenner discover vaccination and then tested on _______
Milkmaids who caught cowpox didnt get smallpox then tested on 16 different patients and none got smallpox
Why did Jenner findings not be accepted
Couldnt explain how it worked
Why did Jenner findings finally get accepted AND what years did it get made compulsory by government
Given 10k and many supporters are members of royal family vaccinated AND 1583
James Simpson discovered chloroform by accident in what year
1847
who used chloroform which led to it becoming fashionable
Queen Victoria
Opposition to anaesthetics as who died
A little girl named Hannah Greener
Germ theory
Germs were the cause of disease
Louis (no Mansell) experiment
Boiled bacteria in a closed flask, waited and no growth occurred. Then he boiled bacteria in a closed flask, broke the neck and waited - then there was microbial growth
James Greenless story
James had bones sticking out of his leg, Lister wrapped him in bandages that were soaked in carbolic acid and James was healing well.
Long term impact of Lister methods
Infection massively dropped and laid foundations for aseptic surgery and other significant developments to surgery
Robert Koch found what bacteria
Anthrax (First) then cholera and tuberculosis
Why did Koch use dyes
He used dyes to stain specific microbe to see them under a microscope
Franco-Prussian war led to what
Both nations increased fundings for Pasteur and Koch to help save soldiers lives
1800S average man lifespan
30y old. this shows poor public health
1800S average man in Liverpool lifespan
15y old
In the year ?, Cholera arrived killing x amount of people
1831 and 50k
Chadwick report found ?
Found conditions were awful and health were very poor
the year 1866 what law was passed
Sanitary act. Made local councils responsible for cleaning their towns and each town had to have a health inspector
Artistans Dwelling act, what year what it said
1875, house owners responsible for keeping property in good conditions and councils could demolish poor condition slums.
How did Alexander accidentally find his antibiotic
He left several Petri dishes out which when he came home he noticed germs next to the mould were killed
The two scientists who helped mass produce penicillin
Florey and Chain
WWII was a vital factor for producing of penicillin how
Florey convinced US government for funding of the production of penicillin with led to millions of gallons of penicillin being created
Hypnotherapy
Patients are hypnotised to relieved of stress or addictions like smoking
Acupuncture
Needles placed at points throughout the body
Boer war unfit soldiers
40% of volunteers were unfit to be soldiers
2 liberal reforms
1906 school meals act - provided school meals for free for poor
1911 national insurance act - benefits paid to unemployed people
What report led to reforms like NHS
1942 Beveridge report
Beveridge report had "5" what?
5 giants