Describe the functions of the circulatory system. (6)
Transportation
Respiratory
Nutritive
Excretory
Regulatory
Protection (injury, immunity)
What are the two types of basic blood vessels?
arteries, veins
Arteries transport blood ____ from heart.
AWAY
Veins transport blood...
back to heart
Most arteries carry...
blood high oxygen
What arteries are the only arteries that does not carry blood high in oxygen?
pulmonary arteries
The heart's anatomy ensures the ________ flow of blood through it.
unidirectional
Backflow of blood is prevented by ______ within the heart.
valves
Describe how the heart works like two side-by-side pumps
The heart acts like two side-by-side pumps that work at the same rate and pump the same volume of blood; one directs blood to the lungs for respiratory gas exchange, whereas the other directs blood to body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery.
The heart develops ____ ______ through alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation..
blood pressure
1 The heart develops blood pressure through alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation. Blood pressure is the force of the bloodpushing against the inside walls of the vessels. A minimum blood pressure is essential for pushing blood through the blood vessels.
What are the two components of the circulatory system?
cardiovascular system composed of heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
lymphatic system composed of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
The heart has how many chambers?
FOUR: right and left atria (Upper), right and left ventricles (lower)
Trace a drop of blood through the heart noting all major valves, vessels, ventricles, atria, etc.
Inferior vena cava→superior vena cava→right atrium→tricuspid valve (aka right atrioventricular valve)→right ventricle→pulonary semilunar valve→pulmonary trunk→pulmonary arteries→pulmonary capillaries→pulmonary veins (now oxygenated)→back to heart to dump oxygenated blood into left atrium→passes through mitral (bicuspid valve)→left ventricle→aortic semilunar valve→aorta
What structure seperates the atria?
interatrial septum
What structure separates ventricles?
interventricular septum
The coronary sulcus is a...
surface depression between atria and ventricles
Describe the apex of the heart.
cone shaped end of heart resting on diaphragm
Describe base of heart
broad superior end where great vessels attach
Where is the heart located?
between lungs in the mediatinum
____ ____ of the heart is left of midline
two thirds
Describe parietal pericardium
-dense fibrous connective tissue
-two layers: fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
What layer of parietal pericardium produces pericardial flud?
inner serous pericardium
Visceral pericardium is also known as
epicardium
Myocardium is...
-cardiac muscle
note that thickness varies for each chamber
In what chamber of the heart is the myocardium thicker?
left ventricle
Describe endocardium
it is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
Describe coronary sulcus
Surface depression between atria and ventricles
Describe Interventricular sulci (anterior & posterior)
• Marks division between the ventricles
Heart valves ensure what?
one-way flow
Endocardium is continuous with...
endothelium of blood vessels
What is the name of the expandable appendage found on the right heart?
auricle
The right heart receives...
systemic venous blood
IVC, SVC, coronary sinus
The right atrium sends blood through the...
right AV valve
What type of tissue makes up the endocardium?
squamous epithelium
What are chordae tendinae?
Chordae tendineae are thin, fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) in the heart
What are papillary muscles?
Papillary muscles are small, cone-shaped muscles that project from the walls of the ventricles of the
heart 1 2. They are attached to the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) by thin, fibrous cords
called chordae tendineae 1 2. Their function is to contract and maintain tension on the chordae
tendineae when the ventricles contract, preventing the valves from being pushed back into the atria and
allowing one-way blood flow 1 2 3
Right ventricle ejects blood through _____________________to lungs
pulmonary trunk (and
pulmonary arteries)
In the left heart, the left atria...(receives...)
receives blood from lungs
True or False: the left atria has paired right and left pulmonary veins and an auricle
True
The left ventricle has the thickest...
myocardium
The left ventricle receives blood...
receives blood from left atria via left AV valve
The left ventricle ejects blood through...
ejects blood through aortic semilunar valve
note: trabeculae carnae
What are trabeculae carnae?
The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays characteristic large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges, called the trabeculae carneae
What are the three circulatory routes of the heart?
pulmonary, systemic, coronary
In pulmonary circulation pulmonary arteries carry...
deoxygenated blood
In pulmonary circulation pulmonary veins carry...
oxygenated blood
In the systemic circulatory route, what are the components?
aorta, vessels of body (not including lungs)
Coronary circulation involves what vessels?
vessels of the heart
From where do the L/R coronary arteries arise from?
ascending aorta
Coronary arteries travel within...
sulci
The L/R coronary arteries branch to...
supply atrial and ventricular walls
What are anastomoses?
anastomosis (ã-nas'to-mo'sis; pl., anastomoses, -sez) Union of two structures, such as blood vessels, to supply the same region.
L/R coronary arteries branch to form what?
anastomoses
What are the only branches of the ascending aorta?
L/R coronary arteries
Do the coronary arteries fill with blood when the ventricles contract or when they relax?
The coronary arteries fill with blood when the ventricles relax, not when they contract This is because when the ventricles contract, they create high pressure in the aorta, which is where the
coronary arteries originate This pressure compresses the openings of the coronary arteries and
reduces blood flow to the heart muscle 1 2. When the ventricles relax, the pressure in the aorta drops and the coronary arteries expand, allowing blood to flow into them. The coronary blood flow is also regulated by other factors, such as oxygen demand, metabolic activity, and autonomic nervous system.
True or False: coronary veins run parallel to the arteries?
true
The coronary veins converge to form...
coronary sinus
The coronary veins return blood to...
right atrium
Flow chart of blood flow through heart including all 3 circulatory routes
What is meant by Intrinsic rhythmicity?
Intrinsic rhythmicity is the property of some cells or tissues to generate and maintain their own rhythm
of electrical activity without external stimuli 1 2. In the heart, intrinsic rhythmicity is found in the
specialized cells of the cardiac conduction system, such as the sinoatrial node (SA node), the
atrioventricular node (AV node), the bundle of His, and the Purkinie fibers 2 3
The conduction system of the heart has intrinsic ________.
rhythmicity
How is the intrinisic rhythymicity generated in the heart?
conduction myocytes
Where does the cardiac cycle initiate?
sinoatrial node
Systole:
contraction of ventricles
Diastole:
ventricular relaxation
Which structures allow muscle impulses to spread rapidly between cardiac muscle cells?
a. sarcomeres
b. intercalated discs
c. chemical neurotransmitters
d. AV valves
b. intercalated discs
Venous blood from the heart wall enters the right atrium through which vessel?
a. superior vena cava
b. coronary sinus
c. inferior vena cava
d. pulmonary veins
b. coronary sinus
How is blood prevented from flowing into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk?
a. closing of the right AV valves
b. opening of the pulmonary semilunar valve
c. contraction of the right atrium
d. closing of the pulmonary semilunar valve
d. closing of the pulmonary semilunar valve
Which of the following is the correct circulatory sequence for blood to pass through part of the heart?
a. R. atrium -> right AV valve -> R. ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve
b. R. atrium -> left AV valve -› R. ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve
c. L. atrium -> right AV valve -> L. ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve
d. L. atrium -> left AV valve -> L. ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve
a. R. atrium -> right AV valve -> R. ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve
The pericardial cavity is located between which two structures?
a. fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
b. parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
c. visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the epicardium
d. myocardium and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
b. parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
In the developing heart, the atria form from the primitive atrium and which other structure?
a. sinus venosus
b. bulbus cordis
c. primitive ventricle
d. conus cordis
a. sinus venosus
What are the irregular muscular ridges in the ventricular walls called?
a. papillary muscles
b. trabeculae carneae
c. chordae tendineae
d. moderator bands
b. trabeculae carneae
In what location does the sympathetic innervation of cardiac muscle originate?
a. CN X (vagus nerve)
b. LI-L2 segments of the spinal cord
c. the AV node
d. TI-T5 segments of the spinal cord
d. TI-T5 segments of the spinal cord
.Which of the following does not occur when the ventricles contract?
a. closing of the AV valves
b. blood ejecting into the pulmonary trunk and aorta
c. closing of the semilunar valves
d. opening of the semilunar valves
c. closing of the semilunar valves
What is the thickest part of the heart wall?
a. the pericardium
b. the epicardium
c. the myocardium
d. the endocardium
c. the myocardium