Flashcards: H2 Chemistry - Organic Reactions

reduction

H₂(g), Ni catalyst, heat

free radical substitution

limited X₂(g), UV light

elimination

r&c: concentrated H₂SO₄, heat OR

Al₂O₃(s), high temp

elimination

r&c: KOH/NaOH, ethanol, heat

electrophilic addition

r&c: dry HX(g), rtp

electrophilic addition

r&c: X₂ in inert organic solvent(CCl₄)

electrophilic addition

r&c: X₂(aq)

electrophilic addition

r&c: H₂O(g), H₃PO₄ catalyst, high temp & pressure

mild oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄(aq), NaOH(aq), cold

strong oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄(aq)/K₂Cr₂O₇(aq), H₂SO₄(aq), heat

strong oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄(aq)/K₂Cr₂O₇(aq), NaOH(aq), heat

electrophilic substitution

r&c: X₂, anhydrous AlX₃/FeX₃, heat

electrophilic substitution

r&c: concentrated HNO₃, concentrated H₂SO₄, 50^oC

electrophilic substitution

r&c: concentrated HNO₃, concentrated H₂SO₄, <30^oC I think

electrophilic substitution(FCA)

r&c: RX, anhydrous AlX₃, heat

free radical substitution

r&c: limited X₂(g), UV light

oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄(aq), H₂SO₄(aq), heat

oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄(aq), NaOH(aq), heat

electrophilic substitution

r&c: concentrated HNO₃, concentrated H₂SO₄, >50^oC

electrophilic substitution(FCA)

r&c: RCOCl, anhydrous AlCl₃, heat

add few drops of KMnO₄(aq), H₂SO₄(aq) & heat each sample separately >

purple KMnO₄ turns colourless, white ppt of benzoic acid forms

purple KMnO₄ turns green, then brown ppt(Mn²⁺) & white ppt of benzoic acid forms

add few drops of KMnO₄(aq), H₂SO₄(aq) & heat both samples separately, pass any gas evolved through limewater >

both decolourise purple KMnO₄ and form white ppt of benzoic acid

only ethylbenzene, CO₂ gas evolved forms white ppt w/ limewater

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: PCl₅(s), rtp

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: PX₃(l), heat

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: SOCl₂(l), heat

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: dry HX(g), heat

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: concentrated H₂SO₄, KX(s)/NaX(s), heat

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: NaOH(aq), heat

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: NaCN/KCN, ethanol, heat

nucleophilic substitution

r&c: excess NH₃, ethanol, heat in sealed tube

1. NaOH(aq), heat

2. cool mixture, prevent decomposition of AgNO₃

3. acidify w/ excess HNO₃, neutralise excess NaOH

4. add AgNO₃(aq), ppt forms; colour depends on X

reduction

r&c: LiAlH₄, dry ether

NaBH₄, methanol

H₂(g), Ni catalyst, heat

reduction

r&c: LiAlH₄, dry ether

NaBH₄, methanol

H₂(g), Ni catalyst, heat

reduction

r&c: LiAlH₄, dry ether

oxidation

r&c: K₂CrO₇(aq), H₂SO₄(aq), heat with immediate distillation

oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄/K₂CrO₇(aq), H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄/K₂CrO₇(aq), H₂SO₄(aq), heat

positive triiodomethane/iodoform test

r&c: NaOH(aq), I₂(aq), heat

pale yellow ppt chi3

redox reaction

effervescence, lighted splint extinguishes w/ pop sound

add PCl₅(s) to sample in dry test tube >

white fumes of HCl(g)

add neutral FeCl₃(aq) >

violet colouration observed

add Br₂(aq) >

orange Br₂ decolourises initially, white ppt of 2,4,6-tribromophenol forms on excess Br₂(aq)

condensation/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: phenol in NaOH(aq), RCOCl, rtp

condensation/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: RCOOH, concentrated H₂SO₄, heat

nucleophilic addition

r&c: HCN, trace amounts of NaCN/trace amounts of NaOH, cold

condensation

r&c: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

orange ppt

oxidation

r&c: Tollen's reagent([Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq), heat

silver mirror

oxidation

r&c: Fehling's solution(alkaline Cu²⁺ complex), heat

red brown ppt of Cu₂O

positive triiodomethane/iodoform test

r&c: NaOH(aq), I₂(aq), heat

pale yellow ppt chi3

acid hydrolysis

r&c: H₂SO₄(aq), heat

alkaline hydrolysis

r&c: NaOH(aq), heat then

HCl/H₂SO₄(aq) to get RCOOH

redox

r&c: Na/K/Mg

effervescence, H₂(g) evolved extinguishes lighted splint w/ pop sound

acid-base reaction

r&c: NaOH/KOH/NH₃(aq)

acid-base reaction

r&c: Na₂CO₃(aq)/NaHCO₃(aq)

effervescence, CO₂(g) evolved forms white ppt when passed through limewater

nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: PCl₅, rtp

nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: PCl₃, heat

nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: SOCl₂, heat

oxidation

r&c: KMnO₄(aq), H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

purple KMnO₄(aq) decolourises, effervescence of CO₂, forms white ppt w/ limewater

elimination

r&c: concentrated H₂SO₄, heat

elimination

r&c: concentrated H₂SO₄, heat

hydrolysis/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: water, rtp

condensation/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: aliphatic ROH, rtp

condensation/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: NH₃, rtp

condensation/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: RNH₂, rtp

condensation/nucleophilic acyl substitution

r&c: RNHR', rtp

add AgNO₃(aq) to test tube containing RCOCl >

white ppt of AgCl formed immediately

acid hydrolysis

r&c: H₂SO₄(aq), heat

alkaline hydrolysis

r&c: NaOH/KOH(aq), heat

reduction

r&c: LiAlH₄, dry ether

reduction

r&c: LiAlH₄, dry ether

H₂(g), Ni catalyst, heat

reduction

r&c: Sn, concentrated HCl, heat then

NaOH(aq)

acid-base reaction

H₂SO₄/HCl(aq), rtp

electrophilic substitution

r&c: Br₂(aq), rtp

acid hydrolysis

r&c: H₂SO₄/HCl(aq), heat under reflux

alkaline hydrolysis

r&c: NaOH(aq), heat under reflux then

H₂SO₄/HCl(aq), rtp

alkaline hydrolysis

r&c: NaOH(aq), heat under reflux

reduction

r&c: LiAlH₄, dry ether

acid hydrolysis

r&c: H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux for a long time