lack; 3'-hydroxy group
Dideoxynucleotides _____ a ________ on sugar
termination of chain elongation
Addition of a dideoxynucleotide (ddn) to the 3'-OH end of a DNA chain results in what?
restriction endonucleases
cut dsDNA at specific sequences
sense, coding
DNA non-template strand =
anti-sense, non-coding
DNA template strand =
promoters
region of DNA upstream of initiation of transcription
introns
extra sequences between polypeptide-specifying portions, are not expressed, interrupt most eukaryotic genes
Exons
portions of a gene that are expressed
Untranslated Regions
regulate mRNA stability, transport, and translation efficiency
TATA
Promoter regions are denoted by what nomenclature?
- rna polymerase binds to dsDNA at promoter region
-promoter region consists of TATA sequences
-genes are in inactive state & require transcription factors (activators)
Explain RNA synthesis.
3'-5'
During elongation, RNA polymerase "walks" along one strand of DNA, known as the template strand, in the _______ direction.
alternate splicing
where more than one mRNA can be made from the same gene. This results in the production of more than one protein from translation.
LEQVIO (Inclisiran)
-siRNA medication that has the potential to be used in the wide prevention of a common disease, atherosclerosis.
-delivered to hepatocytes
-RISC & AS strand bind to PCSK9 mRNA
PCSK9
gene responsible for producing PCSK9 protein; this protein promotes LDL-C production.
Latent HIV reservoir
-the presence of transcriptionally silent but replication-competent proviral genome.
-allows infected cells to evade both immune clearance mechanisms.
Reverse transcriptase
responsible for the transcription of the viral single-stranded RNA genome to proviral double stranded DNA.
HIV integrase
integrates proviral double stranded DNA into host genome.
Components of HIV integrase:
-288 amino acids
-catalytic core contains 3 amino acids that coordinate binding with a divalent metal cofactor (either Mg2+ or Mn2+), forming the active catalytic site.
NRTIs (Nucleoside/Nucleotide RT inhibitors)
-utilizes 3 phosphorylation steps catalyzed by cellular kinases
-convert the 2',3'- dideoxynucleoside to its 5'- triphosphate nucleotide derivative
-acts as chain terminator
prodrugs, not
NRTIs are _____ while NNRTIs are _____
-tegravir
What is the suffix for HIV- integrase strand transfer inhibitors?
HIV INSTI
-HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) stop HIV from replicating by blocking the viral integrase and are widely used in HIV treatment.
integrase inhibitor, NRTI
The Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents Recommends 5 Initial Regimens for Most People with HIV that are ART-naive: they all include an ____ & ______