Flashcards: EXAM II A+P

Skin is an organ; integumentary system includes skin and its derivates

Derivates = hair, nails, glands, scales, feathers, furs, hooves, antlers

Body temp reg., Vasomotor Control, Protection, Perception, Excretion/Secretion

1. Sweating

2. Vasomotor Control: control blood vessels

Hot = dilate vessels

Cold = constrict vessels

Brain prioritizes main organs over extremities

skin is 1st line of defense against microorganisms.

They invade when abrasion, laceration, break etc.

the pH of skin is not conducive to growth of microorganisms = 5ish

feeling, tactile/texture/temp feedback

Excretion - leaves body (sweat, oil)

Secretion - releases something but does not leave body

ex of secretion = tanning, pigment melena is released but stays inside body darkening skin

Glands:

Sweat glands

Oil glands

Mammary glands

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Thin - epidermis has 4 layers; has hair

Thick - epidermis has 5 layers; lacks hair

5 layers; called epidermal layers

CLGSB

1. Stratum Corenum (extremely thick)

2. Stratum Lucidum (layer missing in thin layer, very thin)

3. Stratum Granulosum (very thin)

4. Stratum Spinosum (very thick)

5. Stratum Basale (very thin)

Mitotically active; parent cell divides produces 2 daughter cells in basement membrane and migrate towards surface; takes 10-14 days for new skin cell to reach top

produces keratin; as cells migrate towards the surface, keratin kills new skin cells and are dead on surface, as they move up they get thinner due to force

produce melanin (hormone);

melanin is dark/light aspect of skin

unicellular endocrine glands make melanin

receptors for perception; temp/texture/pressure

Melanin- dark/light

Ceratines - yellow/orange pigments

Hemoglobin (Fe-) - pinkish pigments

phagocytes; devour material on skin; doesn't discern what is being phagocytized

Top (20-35%)

1. Papillary region-loose CT and elastic CT

2. Dermal papillae - belong to dermis-stick up

3. Epidermal pegs - belongs to epidermis-stick down

Interlocking fingers of papillae and pegs allow skin to stretch.

Stretch marks caused by tears in collagen fibers.

Lower (65-80%)

1. Reticular region -dense irregular CT, collagen, and elastic CT

2. Adipocytes

3. Hair follicles and associated structures (hair shaft, foot, arrector pili muscle -piloerection, hair stands up)

Muscle contracts, hair stands up

Arrector pili muscle contracts, hair stands up = goosebumps

Animals have ability to make hair stand up for warmth.

air is insulator to stay warm.

deposit oil into hair follicle.

exact purpose not known, moisturizes hair to prevent hair splitting

Eccrine (merocrine, simple coiled tubular) - produce a classic watery type of sweat, for cooling off, open on the surface, present at birth.

Apocrine (simple coiled tubular) - produce oily kind of sweat and is associated with odor/smell; open into a hair follicle. Develop at puberty.

detected by other people (olfactory sense) may be conscious/unconscious

ex: menstrual cycles syncing up, infants nursing, dogs marking

deep pressure receptors

receptors range from fine to deep touch

1. Loose CT and adipose CT

2. Pacinian corpuscles

3. Sudoriferous glands

holocrine, simple branched -> sebum (oil)

1. Eccrine: merocrine, simple coiled tubular -> sweat (cooling)

2. Apocrine, simple coiled tubular -> sweat (odor/pheromones)

merocrine and apocrine, compound tubular -> milk

produces ear wax

water/insect repellent

1. Milk

2. Eccrine sweat

3. Apocrine sweat

4. Sebum

5. Cerumen

6. Vitamin D (needs sun)

7. Keratin

8. Melanin

1. Movement - muscles pull on bones

2. Support

3. Storage - Ca+, Triglycerides (fats)

4. Production- hemopoiesis: blood made in bone marrow

5. Protection - WBC/Immunity, physical production

may not be actually lone, but are referenced as long bones because of specific features (humerus)

may not actually be flat but are referenced as flat because of specific features (ribs, clavicle, sternum)

Cortex: compact bone

Dipole: spongy bone

bones that develop in a tendon (patella)

1. Patellar tendon ligament: the tendon that runs across your knee from your femur to your tibia

carpals and tarsals

vertebrae, sphenoid

very often located in the lambdoidal and occipital sutures

2 ends and a shaft

1. each end is called an epiphysis

2. the shaft is called a diaphysis

2 types of bone material

1. Compact Bone - superficial

2. Medullary cavity(deep) - yellow bone fills it fat

Hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces (ends)

Lining Bone is periosteum

1. allows bone to increase in diameter

2. strengthens bones

3. appears shiny

head + fossa = joints

1. head - large round smooth protrusion

2. fossa - depression that the head sits in

head of Humerus + glenoid fossa

head of femur + acetabulum

head of radius + radial notches of ulna

Joint

Facet: shallow fossa

Condyle: Small head

mandibular condyles + condylar fossa of temporal fossa

occipital condyles + superior articular surfaces (facets) of atlas (c1)

dens of axis (C2) + fovea dentis of atlas (c1)

myo attachments - tubercles; trochanter; tuberosity

muscles connected to bones via tendons

ex: greater/lesser of humerus

slightly raised surfaces

large irregular meat hooks

ex: femur (greater and lesser)

ex: ischial tubersoity

rough slightly raised surfaces

attachment that moves the least

attachment that moves the most; moves towards the origin

any bone marking or surface features

1. a part of a bone that articulates (doesn't move) with another bone

Foramen - hole

Fissure - slit

Canal - tunnel

a meatus is the same as a canal: a significant horizontal distance is traversed

Roof: Cribriform plate of ethmoid

Floor: Hard palate

Bridge: Nasal bones

Lateral Framework: Frontal process of maxilla

Fmolesz

1. frontal bone

2. ethmoid bone

3. lacrimal bone

4. maxilla

5. zygomatic

6. sphenoid

7. orbital plate of palatine bone

1. Osteogenesis = sperm+egg -> I-cell embryo or zygote

2. embryo differentiates -> hyaline cartilage or fibrous membrane

Endochondral Ossification (until grown)

Hyaline cartilage -> Long Spongy/compact bone

Intramembranous Ossification (until you die)

Fibrous membrane -> Flat spongy/compact bones

fibrous membranes

(starts during embryo gensis)

Membrane is being replaced by bone.

At birth ossification is not complete to pass birth canal and brain grows faster than the skull.

hyaline cartilage

(starts during embryo gensis)

1. Blood vessels grow through the perichondrium, in the diaphysis.

2. Blood brings calcium into the cartilage, this becomes primary ossification center. Cartilage cells swell and burst -> change in pH.

3. Repeat steps 1-2 in each epiphysis.

4. Ossification spreads from each epiphysis toward the diaphysis and from the diaphysis toward the epiphysis.

5. When growth is complete the epiphyseal plate ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line.

All vertebral disorders are associated with Calcium or Vitamin D deficiency.

lumbar curvature is exaggerated; associated with obesity; gestational (temporary) lordosis related to pregnancy

part of aging; compress more on anterior side than posterior side, bends us over "hunch back"

lateral misalignment of spine; can be born with it; can interfere with breathing

bifurcated/forked spinous process.

Lamina don't fuse. Variable expression.

Can cause quadriplegia, depth of spina bifida; too little folic acid; too much retinoic acid (Vit. A)

brain is outside cranial vault/skull

absence of brain; incomplete brain

Exencephaly/anencephaly often occur together

condition which bones become weak and brittle.

stress/pathological fractures due to hormone levels/cortisol abuse

soft bones; Vit D deficiency; bowed legs

not enough calories to sustain life

Lacking essential vitamins/minerals

infection of red bone marrow

inflammation or swelling occurs in the bone

many digits (autosomal dominant)

few digits (autosomal dominant)

fused/webbed digits (autosomal dominant)

lack of proximal bone(s); no Humerus/femur

all bones are present, but short

Vomer Bone + Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Styloid Process + Lesser horns of hyoid bone

zygomatic process of temporal bone + temporal process of zygomatic bone

horizontal plates of palatine bone + palatine process of maxilla

Occipital condyles + superior articular surfaces (facets) of the atlas (C1)

Dens or Odontoid Process of Axis (C2) + Anterior articular surface of the atlas (facet) or Fovea Dentis (c1)

Superior articular process of underlying vertebra + inferior articular process of overlying vertebra

Head of ribs tubercle of ribs + body of vertebrae (facets or demi-facets) + transverse process of vertebrae

sternal end of rib + cartilage of sternum

Medial aspect of clavicle + manubrium of sternum

lateral aspect of clavicle + acromion process of scapula

glenoid fossa + head of humerus

coronoid process of ulna + coronoid fossa of humerus

olecranon process of ulna + olecranon fossa of humerus

Medial condyle or trochlea of Humerus + trochlear notch of ulna

Lateral condyle or capitulum of Humerus + head or capitate of radius

Radial notch of ulna + head of radius

distal ends of each carpal + proximal bones of of the metacarpals

distal heads of metacarpals + proximal phalanges of each digit

(proximal or distal phalangeal joints occur in all fingers and toes except hallux and pollex)

phalange + phalange

First metacarpal + Trapezium of the carpals

(only articulation between the lower appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton)

ilium + sacrum

(posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine) + sacrum

Acetabulum + head of femur

(fibrocartilaginous joint)

pubis crest of left os coxae + pubis crest of right os coxae

Medial/Lateral Condyle of Femur + Medial/Lateral Condyle of Tibia

(formed both proximally and distally)

head of Fibula + fibular articular surface of tibia

distal aspect of tibia + talus

distal ends of tarsals + proximal heads of metatarsals

distal head of metatarsals + most proximal phalanges of each digit

Petrous potion of temporal bone

medial aspect of clavicle, manubrium of sternum

ilium and sacrum

ulna

glenoid fossa of the scapula

trochlea (medial condyle)

deltoid tuberosity

capitulum of the humerus (medial condyle)

articular surface

navicular

Stratum Lucidum

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel, non-pigmented granular dendrocytes

arrector pilli muscle

widespread pilo erection

eccrine = surface

apocrine = hair follicle

menstruation cycles, body odor, breast feeding, urine (dogs)

keratinocytes

Fibrous - bound by fibrous tissue; require strength/stability over ROM

Cartilaginous - two or more joints meet. Type of connection formed between two different bone

Synovial - connection between two bones consisting of cartilage lined cavity filled with fluid. Most flexible type of type of joint between bones because the bones are not physically connected and can move freely in relation to one another.

Synarthroses - Immovable; (most fibrous)

Ex: serrate suture (interlocking fingers- frontal/sagittal suture)

ex: squamous s- bones overlap

ex: plane s - articulates of hard palate

Amphiarthroses - slightly movable; (most cartilage)

Diarthroses - freely movable (most synovial joints)

1) Freely movable

2) contain synovial fluid

3) lined by epithelium that secretes synovial fluid

4) bony surfaces contain articular (hyaline) cartilage

movement stimulates production of more synovial fluid

Serrated - sagittal or coronal

Squamous - bones overlap

Plane - bones of hard palate

joints where complete ossification occurs

ex: complete fusion of the two frontal bones to form a single frontal bone

ex: growth plates epiphyseal plates

undesirable in costal cartilage and intervertebral disc.

Epiphyseal line & coronal suture of the frontal bone

made of hyaline cartilage; immovable

epiphyseal plate, coastal cartilage where ribs attach to sternum

joints that anchor teeth

teeth in alveoli of mandible/maxilla, but every tooth has a ligament that holds it in alveolus.

Periodontal ligament

the distal radioulnar joint and the distal tibiofibular joint

According to the planes in space they allow movement through.

sternoclavicular; acromioclavicular; intertarsal, intercarpal, intervertebral, TMJ

elbow; knee; interphalangeal

atlantoaxial;

head of radius with radial notch of ulna (proximal radioulnar)

radiocarpal joint,

metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5, metatarsophalangeal joints,

atlantooccipital

hip; shoulder

moves through planes of space

flexion

hyperextension

abduction

supinated (inversion), pronated (eversion)

protraction

elevation

Bursae wrapped around a tendon (or group of tendons); shoulder

Padding/protection of tendon/ligament

Shoulder (tendon sheath);

Around synovial joints;

Bone covering;

Areas exposed to pressure or friction (knee)

Fibrous cartilage / fibrocartilage

PCL (posterior cruciating ligament)

PCL (posterior cruciating ligament)

MCL (medial collateral ligament)

Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament?

Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament

Fulcrum (F) - joint

Resistance (R) - bone or load

Effort (E) - effort or muscle

each class is based on which component is in the middle

EFR

ex: seesaw; atlantoocipital joint

ERF

ex: wheel barrow; standing on toes

FER

ex: forceps, flexion of elbow,knee,hip

MOST COMMON

medial aspect of knee; prevents inward (medial) collapse, frequently injured

Lateral aspect of knee; prevents outward (lateral) collapse, rarely injured

Poster; prevents posterior tibial displacement, rarely injured

anterior; prevents anterior tibial displacement, frequently injured

1st - minor damage; no instability

2nd - torn fibers; pain; some instability

3rd - ligament completely torn, major surgery required; restricts future activity; no pain or lots of pain.

fibrocartilage; shock absorbers

doesn't heal well due to being cartilage=avascular

nonaxial joints; very minor movement

ex: sternoclavicular

Flexion - decreasing angle, ex: flex arm

Extension - increase angle, ex: extend arm

Hyperextension- overextending > 180 degrees; arms or legs backwards or neck.

Adduction- pull towards body

Abduction- pull away from body

Rotation - movements made along the longitudinal axis and in the transverse plane (normal circular movement)

Circumduction - movement in a circular motion in combination with other anatomical movements such as flexion, extension etc.

Supination - palms are facing upward

Pronation - palms facing downward

Land on lateral heel; Roll medial forefoot

(absorbs shock)

lateral heel = supinate

medial forefoot = pronate

most people overpronate; 95% can't walk properly

Inversion - sole towards median \ /

Eversion - sole away from median / \ (lateral)

Protraction - move foward (shoulder)

Retract - draw backwards (scapula)

Elevation - raise upward (close mouth)

Depress - pull downward (open mouth)

Dilate - stretch open; O

Constrict - tighten; close;

slightly moveable, most cartilaginous

Syndesmosis: fibrous, allow slight movement

ex: radioulnar and tibiofibular joint (distal ends)

Symphysis: fibrocartilage and slightly movemable

ex: pubic symphysis

gliding, don't move toward particular space, doesn't move along axis.

ex: intercarpals, acrominoclavicular/sternoclavicular/intervertebral

moves through 1 plane of space; one axis

Hinge - works like a hinge ex: elbow, knee

Pivot- rotating ex: atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar

moves through 2 planes of space

Condyloid: TMJ, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal

Saddle: first carpometacarpal joint;