recognize substrate; catalyze a reaction with it
What are the two characteristics of enzymes?
lower transition state energy; raise ground state energy
How do enzymes work?********
initiated; ES complexes
All enzyme-catalyzed reactions are _______ by _________.
complementary; transition state; ground state
Enzyme is a flexible template designed to be _____ to structure of substrate at the ________ of reaction, not the _________.
specificity; rate acceleration
What are two key factors of enzyme catalysis?
cofactor (coenzyme)
- additional molecules that aid enzymes in catalyzing reactions; consists of organic molecules and metal ions
amino acid side chains
Active site contains _______ used in catalysis.
transition state
Where does maximum binding occur for enzymes?
Chiral
What type of catalysts are amino acids?
L-amino acids
What is the specific orientation that applies to all amino acids?
No; steric hindrance
Will this enantiomer form a complex with the substrate? If not why?
Yes
Will this enantiomer form a complex with the substrate? If not why?
Turnover number (kcat)
-number of molecules of substrate converted to product per unit time per enzyme active site.
slowest step
Rate determining step = ?
cystine, serine, histidine, lysine, glutamine, aspartic acid
What are your common site nucleophiles?
asp, histidine, serine
What amino acids are a part of the catalytic triad?
racemization
What reaction is this?
decarboxylation
What reaction is this?
transamination
what reaction is this?
a-cleavage
what reaction is this?
b-elimination
what reaction is this?
b-replacement
what reaction is this?
like a hydride; reduces imide bonds
How does NAD(P)H react?
oxidation and oxygenation
Flavin coenzyme catalyzes what type of reactions?
oxidation; unsaturated
what kind of reaction is this? And is it saturated or unsaturated?
oxygenation
what kind of reaction is this?
hydroxylation & epoxidation
What kind of reactions is Heme involved with?
c
Which cofactor forms a radical?
a. flavin
b. NADH
c. Heme
d. PLP
thiolester
Coenzyme A forms _____
true
Thioesters are much more reactive toward acylation of nucleophilic substrates than carboxylic acids and oxygen esters. T/F?
protease degradation, poor bioavailability, and allergic responses
What are some drawbacks associated with enzyme therapy?