ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex
Where is the Reward Circuitry located in the brain?
DSM-V; 2
_______ defines substance use disorder as experiencing at least _____ of the symptoms in a given year.
tolerance
-when a person no longer responds to a drug in the way that they initially responded
-often due to changes in circuitry
dependence
-continued administration is needed to prevent withdrawal syndrome
-characterized by increased heart rate, hypertension, sweating, tremor, confusions, and seizures
not interchangeable
Tolerance and Dependence are _____________.
normal alcohol consumption increases GABA signaling, but chronic use reduces GABA expression; therefore more needs to be consumed to have the same effect
How does Alcohol tolerance occur?
a
What is the primary mechanism of sedation in Alcohol use?
a) GABA & Glycine receptor signaling
b) NMDA-R inhibition
c) Glutamate transporter expression
d) Lysine overstimulation
b
What is responsible for confusion and memory loss?
a) GABA & Glycine receptor signaling
b) NMDA-R inhibition
c) Glutamate transporter expression
d) Lysine overstimulation
c
What is responsible for exacerbating memory difficulties?
a) GABA & Glycine receptor signaling
b) NMDA-R inhibition
c) Glutamate transporter expression
d) Lysine overstimulation
ethyl alcohol induced endorphin release; mu-opioid receptor activation in nucleus accumbens
Why is Alcohol so addictive? (2)
gastric lavage, iv fluids/oxygen, dialysis
How can we treat Alcohol poisoning? (3)
a
Which pharmacologic treatment has BBW to never administer when intoxicated or without patient's knowledge?
a) disulfiram
b) acamprosate
c) naltrexone
b
Which pharmacologic treatment has a similar structure to GABA?
a) disulfiram
b) acamprosate
c) naltrexone
c
Which pharmacologic treatment is an opioid-receptor antagonist?
a) disulfiram
b) acamprosate
c) naltrexone
a
Which pharmacologic treatment is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor?
a) disulfiram
b) acamprosate
c) naltrexone
Sodium Bicarbonate
_______ can be used to uncouple TCAs from the heart.
false
Sodium bicarbonate can be used to uncouple MAOIs. T/F?
naltrexone, buprenorphine, methadone
What are our treatments for opioid use disorder? (3)
c
Which is an opioid receptor agonist and NMDA-R antagonist?
a) naltrexone
b) buprenorphine
c) methadone
b
Which is a Partial Mu- opioid receptor agonist?
a) naltrexone
b) buprenorphine
c) methadone