Half-life
time to reduce maximal concentration by half
cannot diffuse
Polar (hydrophilic) compounds ____ back into circulation and are excreted
ionized
A drug or its metabolite must be ____ to maximize elimination
True
Even if a drug is predominantly ionized it has a percentage that is un-ionized. T/f?
equilibrium
Once ionized drug is excreted, the ________ is re-established on both sides of the biological barrier (membrane)
nephron
functional unit of kidney; removes metabolic waste
Passive diffusion
concentration gradient from high to low
not
Drugs bound to plasma proteins are _____ filtered through glomerular membrane.
recycled through circulation
What happens to drugs that are not filtered through glomerular membrane?
Glomerular filtration rate
the rate at which plasma water is filtered in glomerulus
125ml/min
What is the gfr?
active
Which type of transport does tubular secretion utilize?
Tubular secretion
-extracts chemicals from the capillary blood & secretes them into the tubular fluid
-contains separate transporters for secreting acidic (anions) & basic (cations) drugs into the tubular lumen
increase of dissociating of protein bound drugs
Decrease in plasma concentration results in what?
accelerates
Tubular secretion _____ renal secretion
vitamins, glucose, amino acids
Which compounds are typically reabsorbed?
recycled
<5 KD & not protein bound will be ____?
lipophilic drugs
Which kind of drugs undergo passive diffusion?
low
Renal excretion of lipophilic drugs is ___ due to extensive tubular reabsorption
less
Hydrophilic or ionized drugs undergo much ___ tubular reabsorption
reduces
Tubular reabsorption _____ renal excretion and increases half-life
99%
How much water is reabsorbed?
water reabsorption
What causes lipophilic drugs to be driven back into systemic circulation?
non-ionized, lipid-soluble
Only ___ and ____ drugs are reabsorbed
slightly acidic, basic drugs
Urine is normally _____ and favors excretion of _____
active
Biliary excretion always utilizes what kind of transport?
unionized, lipid soluble
What kind of drugs are excreted via salivary excretion?
true
Breast milk is slightly acidic. T/F?
acidic, basic
Since breast milk is more ____ than blood plasma, _____ compounds may become slightly concentrated in this location