pluripotent stem cells
RBCs are produced by __________
1. ribosome synthesis, 2. hemoglobin accumulation, 3. ejection of nucleus
List the phases of erythrocyte development pathway.
true
RBC destruction should equal rate of production (1%) a day. T/F?
phagocytic cells
RBCs are recycled by ___________
bilirubin; liver
Heme is converted to ____________ and is removed by _________
hemolytic anemia
-when RBC destruction exceeds RBC production
Haptoglobin
-is the protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene
-In blood plasma, this protein binds with high affinity to free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes, and thereby inhibits its deleterious oxidative activity.
Hemoglobinemia
-excess of hemoglobin in blood plasma
duodenum
Iron that is digested is absorbed where?
ferritin
Iron stored in tissue
Anemia
-abnormally low RBCs and/or low level of hemoglobin
-decreased oxygen carrying capacity
disease indicator
Is anemia a disease or a disease indicator?
excessive rbc loss, excessive hemoglobin loss, hemolysis, deficient rbc production
Causes of anemia?
symptoms of anemia
-tissue hypoxia, fatigue & weakness, headache & faintness, pallor, tachycardia, palpitations, bone pain/tenderness
Etiology of anemia
-recessive inheritance of HbS gene
-point mutation in B-chain of hemoglobin molecule
-deoxygenated hemoglobin aggregates and polymerizes in cytoplasm to change and deform cell
valine for glutamic acid
Which amino acid changes in sickle cell anemia?
acute pain in bones, hypoxia, chest pain, damaged spleen
what are symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
Polycythemia
-abnormally high RBC mass
-increase in blood viscosity
-cardiac dysfunction; hypertension
-vascular obstruction
relative polycythemia
-hematocrit rises because of plasma volume loss without decrease in RBCs
-water deprivation, diuretic usage
absolute primary polycythemia
-neoplastic disease of pluripotent cells of bone marrow
absolute secondary polycythemia
-increase in erythropoetin as a compensation to hypoxia
-causes: high altitude, chronic heart and lung diseases
lymphatic system
-main function is to return excess tissue fluid to blood vascular system
-vessels collect tissue fluid
- high permeability allows entrance of : tissue fluid & protein molecules, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells, fight disease
immune system
-protects our bodies from foreign organisms
-confers immunity to disease
-main components: lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organs
chyle
-fatty lymph
lacteals
-specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines
-receive digested fats
-chyle
heart
Lymphatic fluid only flows towards what organ?
bone marrow, thymus
Primary lymphoid organs
leukopenia
-general term describing decrease in absolute number of leukocytes in blood
neutropenia
-decrease in neutrophils will increase risk for infection
alloimmune neonatal neutropenia
-maternal alloantibodies destroy infant's neutrophils
Periodic neutropenia
-periodic changes in neutrophil elastase that degrades virulent factors in bacteria
Kostmann syndrome
-halting of myeloid maturation due to mutations in HAX-1 gene causing neutrophil mitochondrial loss of function
autoimmune, bone marrow disease
Primary causes of acquired neutropenia:
systemic lupus erythematous, infection (HIV,TB)
Secondary cause of acquired neutropenia:
chemo, radiation, clozapine , b-lactam antibiotics (cephalosporins)
Drugs that can cause neutropenia:
Epstein-barr
85% of Mono cases are caused by which virus?
heterophil
EBV can incorporate into B cell genome causing B cells to produce _______ antibodies
oral secretions
How is mono spread?
4-8 weeks
How long does the incubation period for mono last?
prodromal period
symptoms: malaise, anorexia, chills
infectious period
symptoms: high fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy
incubation , prodromal, infectious
Clinical course of mono?