true
Individuals with type 2 diabetes may not need insulin treatment to survive. T/F?
abdominal
Patients with type 2 diabetes have increased body fat predominantly in the _____ region.
elevated, defective release , insufficient due to resistance
What kind of insulin levels can a person with type 2 diabetes have? (3)
somogyi effect
- suggests that when blood glucose levels decrease too low, in the late evening adrenaline, corticosteroids, growth hormone, and glucagon are increased in secretion and results in hyperglycemia in the morning.
not preceded by an episode of hypoglycemia
How is the Dawn Phenomenon different from the Somogyi effect?
false
The Dawn Phenomenon occurs in normal patients. T/F?
c
Which trimester is it recommended that women experiencing Gestational Diabetes seek treatment?
a) 1st
b) 2nd
c) 3rd
d) 4th
one step
-75-g oral glucose tolerance test
two step
-approach with a 50-g (nonfasting) screen followed by a 100-g OGTT for those who screen positive
micro/macroadenomas of adenohypophysis in hypothalmic disorders
What is the main cause of Cushing syndrome?
weight gain, DM type 2, polyuria , protein wasting, hyperpigmentation, hypertension
What are signs and symptoms of Excessive corticotrophin release? (6)
osteoperosis; renal stones
Protein wasting in bones can lead to ______ & _______.
protein wasting
-·due to catabolic effects of cortisol on peripheral tissue (muscle wasting-- ---> muscle atrophy and weakness---> thin lower extremities)
loss of collagen
Protein wasting in skin can lead to ______.
mineralcorticoids; outer layer of cortex
What does the Zona glomerulosa produce? Where is it located?
glucocorticoids, androgens; middle layer
What does the Zona fasciculata & reticularis produce? Where is it located?
cortisol
•regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
•has an anti-inflammatory effect
•helps the body cope during times of stress
corticosterone
•is a steroid
•influences potassium and sodium metabolism
decrease; increase
In Addison's disease, patients will experience a _______ in cortisol & ______ in ACTH.
cushing's disease
-hypersecretion of cortisol
a
Function in sodium, potassium, and water balance
a) mineralcorticoids(aldosterone)
b) glucorticoids (cortisol)
c) adrogens
b
Aid in regulating metabolic & inflammatory functions.
a) mineralcorticoids(aldosterone)
b) glucorticoids (cortisol)
c) adrogens
false; women
Androgens are mainly a source of androgens for men. T/F?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
–Increased levels of ACTH overstimulate production of adrenal androgens, mineralocorticoids
21-hydroxylase; 11-B-Hydroxylase
What is the most common Enzyme deficiency in ACTH?
primary adrenal insufficiency
-–the adrenal gland doesn't make enough of the hormone
secondary adrenal insufficiency
-–the pituitary gland doesn't make enough of the hormone ACTH
a
Results from excessive production of ACTH
a) pituitary form
b) adrenal form
c) ectopic form
b
Caused by benign or malignant adrenal tumor.
a) pituitary form
b) adrenal form
c) ectopic form
c
Caused by nonpituitary ACTH-secreting tumor.
a) pituitary form
b) adrenal form
c) ectopic form