d
Baroreceptors are located _________.
a) aorta
b) ventricles
c) femoral artery
d) carotid arteries
c
This BP regulation mechanism is responsible for changing heart rate, contraction, and vascular tone.
a) chemoreceptor
b) neural mechanisms
c) baroreceptors
d) humoral mechanisms
efferent; atria (sa node)
______ nerves are present in __________ and ventricles to increase heart rate and increase peripheral resistance.
chemoreceptors
________ are located in carotid bodies at bifurcation of the two common carotid.
a
Which BP regulation mechanism monitors O2, CO2, and H+?
a) chemoreceptor
b) neural mechanisms
c) baroreceptors
d) humoral mechanisms
change heart rate, contraction and vascular tone
How do baroreceptors work?
cause widespread vasoconstriction when pressure drops
How do chemoreceptors work?
causes vasoconstriction
Short term activation of RA does what?
increases sodium & water reabsorption
Long term activation of RA does what?
aldosterone; adrenal
Long term RA stimulates ________ release by ______ gland; increasing sodium and water reabsorption.
vasopressin (adh)
-increases water reabsorption
-kidney is central organ
pressure diuresis
water excretion
Pressure natriuresis
sodium excretion
Primary (essential) hypertension
-family history associated with this disease
-more prevalent in african americans
-no cause can be identified
Secondary hypertension
-kidney disease that increases salt and water retention and decreases in renal blood flow; activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
causes of secondary hypertension
kidney disease, adrenal cortical disorders, pheochromocytoma, aortic coarctation, oral contraceptives
diuretics
lower bp by depleting Na+ to reduce blood volume (SV)
sympathoplegics
lowers BP by decreasing HR and/or PR
direct vasodilators
relax vascular smooth muscle tone allowing for dilation of resistance vessels and increased capacitance (PR).
Angiotensin blockers
dampen impact of angiotensin II to reduce PR and to some extent decrease blood volume .
10-15 mmHg
Diuretics lower blood pressure by ______.
thiazides, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics
Diuretic drugs?
methyldopa, clonidine
Centrally acting sympathoplegics
propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol
B-adrenoreceptor antagonists
methyldopa
replaces epinephrine or norepinephrine as neutrotransmitter
clonidine
inhibits norepinephrine release; reduces sympathetic tone and increases parasympathetic tone in the vasomotor center
B1-adrenergic
_________ receptors are located primarily in the heart
B2-adrenergic
___________ receptors are located in smooth muscle of the bronchioles, arterioles, and visceral organs
metoprolol, atenolol
Cardioselective B-adrenoreceptor blocking agent
propranolol
Nonselective B-adrenoreceptor blocking agent
decrease force or speed of contraction, decrease hr by changing the rhythm produced by SA node, slowed av conduction speed
Adrenoreceptor antagonists MOA?
hydralazine
interferes with calcium metabolism and movement across membranes and decreases arteriole (not venous) contraction.
Minoxidil
opens K+ channels on smooth muscles to stabilize (decrease) resting membrane potential and contraction
Sodium nitroprusside
vasodilates arterial and venous vessels
-activates guanlyl cyclase, more cGMP----> vasodilation
-increase in release of nitric oxide
inhibit ca2+ influx into vascular smooth muscle
calcium channel blockers moa?
captopril, enalapril
ACE inhibitors?
losartan, candesartan
ARBs (inhibition of AngII binding to receptors)
aliskiren
antagonists for renin?
reduce renin secretion
beta blockers do what?
preeclampsia syndrome
new onset of hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy; caused by increased RAS, catecholamines, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome