What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Where is DNA located in human cells?
They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs, half from the mother and half from the father
Define a karyotype
An individuals complete set of chromosomes
Describe the structure of DNA
DNA is composed of nucleotides
Identify the four nucleotides and how they pair up
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. A&T and C&G
Explain the process of DNA replication
Natutal cells where cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule. Semi-conservative mechanism produces 2 copies of the original DNA molecules.
Explain the process of DNA profiling. Explain PCR's and STR's
No two people have the same identity. PCR is a laboratory technique used to amplify a specific DNA segment. STRs are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated.
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids.
How many amino acids are there, how many are deemed essential?
20, 9 are essential.
What determines the shape of a protein?
It's amino acid sequence.
Before a protein ends up at it's 3D-shaped form, what shape is the protein in?
Linear
Define gene expression
When a gene is encoded into a function.
What do we call a genetically modified animal
Transgenic organisms.
Identify two parts of a gene?
Regulatory and coding.
Regulatory vs Coding sequences of genes
Regulatory tells the cell when to make protein and how much. Coding tells the cells amino acid sequences.
What are the two steps of gene expression?
Transcription and Translation.
Where does transcription and translation occur in the cell?
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs on the ribosomes of the cells cytoplasm.
What does transcription do?
Makes an RNA copy of DNA.
What does translation do?
Directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis.
What do you call a group of three nucleotides?
Codons
Identify the three functions of cell division
Growth, repair, replacement
Identify the preparatory phase of cell division and describe the three sub stages
Interphase. G1 makes more cytoplasm, S phase makes DNA replication, G2 prepares cell for division.
Identify the two sub-stages of the division phase of cell division.
Mitosis and cytokinesis.
Identify and describe the 4 phases of mitosis.
Prophase: Replicated chromosomes coil up.
Metaphase: Replicated chromosomes become aligned.
Anaphase: Microtubes shorten, pulling sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.
Telephase: Identical sets of chromosomes reach each pole.
Describe cytokinesis
The cytoplasm divides, two nuclei become seperated into daughter cells.
What is the mitotic spindle?
The structure that seperates sister chromatids during mitosis.
How do chemotherapy drugs work?
They help stop the growing of cancer?
What happens if a cell cycle catches a mutation?
Then it may cause cancer in a cell.
How can cancer kill?
Crowding out normal cells, including other organs.
What are ways to fight cancer?
Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy.
How do mutations arise? Identify two types of mutations.
A change in a DNA sequence. Heritable and somatic. Heritable passes down to offsprings, somatic doesn't.