Tissue
a group of cells with a similar function
Organ
a group of tissues working together
Organ system
a group of organs working together to form an organ system
Digestive system
Food is chewed in the mouth. Enzyme in the saliva digest the starch into smaller molecules. It passes down the oesophagus into the stomach. In the stomach enzymes digest proteins. The churning of the stomach muscles turn the food into a fluid. It passes down to the small intestine which chemicals are released into. It passes down to the large intestine and released as faeces
Liver produces ..?
Produces bile
Bile function
Speed up the digestion of lipid and neutralises the acid release of stomach
Enzymes have a ______ site where the _____ attaches to it perfectly
Enzymes have a ACTIVE site where the SUBSTRATE attaches to it perfectly
Starch enzyme
Amylase
Protein enzyme
Protease
Lipid enzyme
Lipase
Different affects of temp on enzyme:
1) Increasing temp =
2)Optimum temp =
3) Past optimum temp =
1)Increased collision per second
2)Maximum frequency of successful collisions
3)The active site is denatured and the enzyme doesn't work
Ph affect on enzyme
Enzymes have an optimum ph and too acidic or alkaline it denatures
Effect of Ph on amylase
Drop of iodine in a spotting tile. places 3 test tubes containing ph 5, starch and amylase into a water bath. Now combine 3 solutions into one test tube and mix. Then put in water bath and after 30s put a drop of solution into the spotting tile and it will be blue black showing starch present. Take a sample every 30s until iodine remains orange showing starch no longer present. Repeat using different PH.
Test for starch
Test tube of food solution. Few drops of iodine. If starch present iodine turns blue black. If no starch it stays orange
Test for sugar
Test tube of food solution. 10 drops of Benedict solution place the test tube in a beaker with hot water. If sugar present the Benedict solution colour will change, green little and brick red a lot of sugar.
Test of protein
Test tube of food solution. Add biuret solution. If protein present it will change to purple. iF NOT
Test for lipids
Test tube of food solution. Add a few drops of distilled water and ethanol. Gently shake. White cloudy emulsion form.
Food solution
Grind food with Mortar
Add distilled water
Mix
Filter
Villi
Massively increase the surface area for the absorption of molecules
Micro Villi
Increase the surface area even further
1 adaptation of micro villi
Thin membrane which ensures a short diffusion path
Another adaption of micro villi
Very good blood supply increase the concentration gradient
Pulmonary artery
The blood passes from heart to the lungs in the pulmonary artery
Vena Cava
Brings in deoxygenated blood from the body
Pulmonary vein
Oxygenated blood passes from heart to the lungs in the pulmonary vein
Aorta
Oxygenated blood pumps from heart to the body in the aorta
Circulatory system
Blood enters left and right atrium
Atria contract and blood forced into ventricles
Ventricles contract forcing blood out the heart
Valves stop backflow of blood
Right vs Left
Deoxygenated blood into lungs
vs
Oxygenated blood into organs
Pacemaker job
natural resting heart rate
Where pacemaker found
Right atrium
Artery 1 adaptation
Vein 1 adaptation
Thick walls to withstand high pressure of blood
Valves to stop back flow of blood
Vein VS artery (2 differences)
Low pressure blood + Thin walls
High pressure blood + Thick walls
Blood Plasma role
Transport dissolved substances along the body, like c02, urea
Red blood cells role
2 adaptations
Transport oxygen from lungs to body cells
Oxygen carrying molecule haemoglobin
No nucleus so more room for haemoglobin
White blood cells role
1 adaptation
Part of the immune system by making antibodies
Contains nuclei which has the DNA to allow them to do their job
Platelets
To help the blood to clot
Donated blood 2 uses
Protein extracted from blood can be useful for antibodies
To replace blood lost from injury
2 adaptations of alveoli
Thin walls so diffusion path is short
Large surface area
benign tumors
growth of abnormal cells in one arrea
malignant tumors
invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream to spread around the body
Statin advantage disadvantage 2 each
decrease blood cholestrol
low cost
drugs need to be taken long term
side effects
Stent advantage disadvantage 2 each
effect of stent is immediaterapid recovery from operation
risk of infection
risk of blood clot