Where is the proteasome found and in what amount?
In cytosol and nucleus, accounts for 1% of the cellular protein
What does the proteasome look like?
A hollow cylinder with caps at each end and an active site in the core.
How does proteasome know what proteins to work on?
It only acts on proteins that have been marked with a small protein tag called ubiquitin. (several)
How is ubiquitin added onto other proteins?
Ubiquitin-conjugating system made up of 3 enzymes
E1: an ATP-dependent ubiquitin-activating enzyme creates an activated E1-bound ubiquitin (couple types)
E2: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme accepts ubiquitin from E1 and exists as a complex with E3, a ubiquitin ligase that selects substrates. (30 types)
E2 and E3 work together
E3: Binds to specific degradation sequences and is added onto a lysine residue, forms a polyubiquitin chain (100's of types)
They all interact with each other with different specificities
A
What are other functions of ubiquitin?
Monoubiquitylation- Histone Regulation
Multiubiquitylation- Endocytosis
Polyubiquitylation- Proteasome degradation , DNA repair (The lysine that its attached to determines it)
What are some of the ways you can regulate the e2, e3 complex?
Phosphorylation using protein kinase, using a ligand, or needing another protein to activate the e2, e3 complex (covalent modifications)
What are some of the ways you can regulate protein degradation?
Phosphorylation using protein kinase, Dissociating protein reveals signal, cleavage of some blocker
What are some ways you can regulate the activation of proteins?
What does Protein Kinase A (PKA) do?
Uses ATP phosphorylates other proteins (hence "kinase"). Can regulate gene expression and is activated by cyclic AMP
What is PKA made of?
Two Regulatory Subunits
Two Catalytic Subunits
What are some examples of what PKA is used in?
Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver
What is an example of PKA and its effect?
Ligand(signal molecule) = Adrenaline
1. Promotes Breakdown of Glycogen
2. Inhibits glycogen synthesis
Where is PKA found?
Inactive PKA usually cytosol while active PKA translocated to nucleus
What is CRE?
cAMP Responsive Elements
D
How do you read an interactome?
Each dot is a protein node
Each line is an interaction edge