AP US History Test and Flashcards

How did Lincoln handle Fort Sumter?

He didn't send troops, he made the South decide whether to attack or not.

Who was the first state to secede and when? What was their secession document called?

South Carolina; December 20, 1860; Ordinance of Secession

What six states seceded after the first?

Texas, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisianna

When did the Civil War begin and where?

Fort Sumter, off the coast of South Carolina; South Carolina attacked on April 12, 1861

What was the result of Fort Sumter?

Four other states seceded: Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia; the war started

How did Lincoln abuse his executive power?

Calling for 75,000 troops to put down the "insurrection" in the South, authorizing spending for the war, and suspending the privilege of Habeus Corpus

What is Habeus Corpus?

The right for people to know what they are getting arrested for, and getting a fair trial

Who was the Southern President, and where was the capital?

Jefferson Davis, Richmond

Who were the border states, and how were they handled?

West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky. Maryland was put into martial law to keep it. Missouri had internal conflict. Delaware, West Virginia both wanted to be Union. Kentucky was neutral, and did nothing, but both sides claimed. Lincoln didn't want to emancipate slaves to alienate the border states that still had it.

What were the Southern advantages?

They were fighting a defensive war, had the most talented officers, military was already trained in gun use, shorter travel distances.

What were Southern disadvantages?

Their government was so state focused that there was little cooperation. Tiny navy. Only had Tregdar Iron Works for factory. Dependant on Europe for help. Creating country and fighting at the same time.

What were the Northern advantages?

Had 23 states, and 22 million people. Lots of economy, money, and factory. Had a nice navy.

What were Northern disadvantages?

They had tons of immigrants that didn't want to join because they thought slaves would take their jobs.

What was Jefferson Davis like?

He was very egotistical and hard to work with. He didn't get along with Lee, but he did have a lot of military experience.

Who was the vice-president of the Confederacy?

Alexander H. Stephens.

What was the Battle of Bull Run?

First big battle of the Civil War. It was a hill in Manassas, Virginia.

Who were the leaders in the Battle of Bull Run?

McDowell vs. Stonewall Jackson

What was McDowell's strategy for the Battle of Bull Run?

To rush in, own the Confeds, and then take Richmond.

What was the outcome of the First Battle of Bull Run?

Stonewall Jackson owns McDowell. McDowell retreats and gets demoted. McClellan replaces him.

What was the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Stonewall wanted to take DC. He pushes and destroys the Union (under Pope), but doesn't take DC (huge blunder).

Who came up with the Anaconda Plan?

Winfield Scott?

What were the three points of the Anaconda Plan?

Take the Mississippi, blockade Southern ports, and crush Richmond.

What was the Peninsula Campaign?

Under George McClellan after long training, he took his troops along the peninsula to take Richmond from the South. McClellan gets owned and Pope takes his spot.

What was Antietam?

It was a battle in Maryland, where Lee wants a Northern victory for Euro support. McClellan gets repromoted, and actually beats the Confederates. He doesn't pursue though, so Lincoln removes him.

What were the Monitor and Merimac?

Ironclads. The Southern Merimac owned up, but finally the North produced the Monitor, which challenged the Merrimac.

What was the Battle of Shiloh?

In Western side of the war, Grant was surprised by Johnston. Grant won though, they could not keep him from taking the Mississippi.

Who was David Farragut?

The captain of the Union navy.

What was the Trent Affair?

A British mail boat called the Trent, went to the South. John Slidell and James Mason were on it when the boat was captured by the Union. The Union keeps the boat, and Britain threatens war. Lincoln lets the boat go to keep Britain out.

What was the Alabama?

A Southern vessel, purchased from Britain, that captured tons of Union ships.

What were the Confiscation Acts?

The first said that the contraband used against the Union could be kept by them (slaves). The second said that slaves of people engaged in the fight against the Union were free, and it allowed for Africans to join the war.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln said all slaves in rebellion states free. Made the war for the purpose of freeing the slaves. Didn't really do anything though.

What was the Thirteenth Ammendment?

Abolished slavery. Wasn't passed until 1865 though.

What was the purpose of the Battle of Gettysburg?

Lee wanted a victory in the North for momentum and European help.

How did the Battle of Gettysburg turn out?

Pickett's charge failed, despite thinking it would work. Tons of people died, and it turned the war in favor of the Union.

How did the North get troops?

Conscription. 20-45 males for unknown period of time; unless they had a substitute, $300, medical or moral issue, or a vital job.

How did the South get troops?

Conscription. Men between 18-35 for three years (later pushed to 45); unless vital job, provide substitute, $500, had at least 20 slaves

What was Vicksburg?

Grant seiges Vicksburg for seven weeks. On July 4 (same day as Gettysburg finishes) he takes it down. Gives control of Mississippi to Union, and cuts states off from Confederacy.

Where did Sherman's March go?

He went from Tennessee to Georgia and South Carolina.

What were Sherman's tactics?

Destroy everything! The world is destroyed after him, and tries to break down morale of the Confederacy.

How did Lincoln get chosen for the Election of 1864?

The War Democrats merged with the Republicans, and they chose Lincoln but only if he chose a War Democrat VP. Andrew Johnson.

Who did the Democrats pick for the Election of 1864?

George McClellan

Who won the Election of 1864, and by how much?

Lincoln. Own in Electoral College; closer in popular vote.

Where did Lee surrender to Grant and when??

Appomattox Court House, on April 9,1865

Who were the Copperheads?

The Democrats who opposed the war.

What was Ex Parte Milligan (1866)?

Court case. They said that people were treated unfairly in Indiana (no trial). Doing this could only be done during extreme times.

Were draft riots common during the Civil War?

Somewhat. A lot of Irish people rioted in New York.

What was The Morrill Tariff Act (1861)?

It raised tariffs to giver America moneybags, and it started the Republican idea of high tariffs.

What was The Homestead Act (1862)?

It gave 160 acres of to anyone who would farm on the Great Plains for five years.

What was the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)?

It encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges.

What was the Pacific Railway Act (1862)?

It authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route from California.

How did the first Native Americans reach America?

Through the Berring Straight about 40,000 years ago.

Who were some popular North American tribes?

The Sious; Pawnee; Pueblo; Adena; Hopewell; Mississippian; Iroquois.

How did the Northern tribes survive?

Most were nomadic. The Iroquois were the only permanent civilization in the North.

Who were the Inca?

They were Natives in the Andes in South America. They had built a nice road system.

Who were the Maya?

They were in Central America. They made the calendar, writing system, pyramid.

Who were Aztec?

A warrior Native tribe in Mexico. They had lots of sacrifice, agriculture, and voodoo.

What caused Europe to want to explore?

Improvements in technology, religion, trade, and development of nation states. (3 G's.)

What technology helped spur exploration?

The Renaissance. Compass, gunpowder, new shipbuilding techniques, mapmaking, printing press.

Who were the leaders of Spain after defeating the Moors?

Ferdinand and Isabella.

Why did Europe need to find a new route to China?

The Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, a major route to China?

Who was Henry the Navigator?

From Portugal, he went south around Africa, and had a route to the "Indies". First explorer.

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An explorer funded by Spain to go to the New World. He finds America. He wants money and glory.

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

The person America was named after.

How was South America divided?

The Pope gave Portugal (Brazil) and Spain the West.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

Moved divide line a few degrees west to establish Portugal has Brazil.

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

First circumnavigation.

Who was Hernan Cortés?

Took the Aztecs.

Who was Fransisco Pizzaro?

Took the Incas.

What was the encomienda system?

The king of Spain gave land and Indians to Spaniards.

What was the asiento system?

The Spanish could buy slaves, but they had to pay a tax to Spain for them.

Who was John Cabot?

The first explorer for England, he went to Newfoundland.

Who was Giovanni da Verrazano?

The first French explorer. He wanted to find a passage through North America to Asia.

Who was Samuel De Champlain?

The founder of Quebec.

Who was Henry Hudson?

A Dutch hired explorer who discovered New York (Amsterdam).

What were joint-stock companies?

British people pooled their money together to support a tradiving venture.

Why did England want to start exploring?

Owned Spain, Natives were gone from the coast, population boom, religious persecution, need farm land

What was the first attempt at settlement for England?

Roanoke. It failed. Where are settlers now?

When was Jamestown founded?

1607

Who founded Jamestown?

The Virginia Company.

What saved Jamestown?

Tobacco. Didn't have much food though. John Smith led them, while John Rolfe got the tobacca with Pocahontas (sp?).

How did Jamestown become a royal colony?

Virginia Company went bankrupt.

Who founded the Plymouth Colony?

Puritans. They were pilgrims and separatists.

What was the Mayflower Compact?

Signed aboard the Mayflower, decided to make decisions by majority. One of the first constitutions in America.

How was Massachusetts Bay founded?

The Massachusetts Bay Company (Puritans) led by John Winthrop found Boston.

What was the Great Migration?

Huge movement of people from England led by John Winthrop. They went to Massachussetts Bay.

What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?

The first representative assembly in America (Virginia).

What were corporate colonies?

(Jamestown), they were operated by joint-stock companies.

What were royal colonies?

(Virginia after 1624) They were under the direct rule of the king.

What were proprietary colonies?

(Maryland, Pennsylvania) individuals given a charter by the king

What were the Chesapeake Colonies?

Maryland and Virginia.

Who ruled over Maryland?

Lord Baltimore, he died and then gave it to his son, Cecil Calvert.

What was the Act of Toleration?

In Maryland, it allowed all Christian freedom.

What economic problems did Virginia face?

Tobacco prices fluctuated too much.

What was Bacon's Rebellion?

Nathaniel Bacon, and other West Virginians didn't like how William Berkeley was running it. Too many native attacks. They attacked Berkeley with some success, then Bacon died.

What were the effects of Bacon's Rebellion?

Showed the sharp class differences. Example of colonial resistance to royal control.

What was an indentured servant?

A master pays a persons passage to America, then they work for a certain amount of time.

What was the headright system?

Virginia gave 50 acres of land to anyone who came to Virginia, or anyone who paid for another's passage.

Who was Roger Williams?

He wants the Church and State separate. He aggravates John Winthrop, and goes to Rhode Island where he starts Providence. He's actually nice to the Natives, and allows religious toleration.

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

She got kicked out by Winthrop for following antinomianism. She founded Portsmouth, which later joined with Providence to form Rhode Island.

What was antinomianism?

The idea that faith alone could save someone.

Who was Thomas Hooker?

He founded Connecticut and Hartford by leaving Boston.

What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)?

Made a representative government in Connecticut. First written constitution in America. Governor chosen by legislature.

Who was John Davenport?

He found New Haven in Connecticut.

What formed Connecticut?

New Haven and Hartford combined.

How did New Hampshire form?

The king cut a piece of the Massachusetts Bay off.

What was the halfway covenant?

It allowed for those who weren't that religious in New England to stay part of the faith. It was to keep the youth in the faith.

What was the new England Confederation?

New England joined together to stay safe from Europeans and Natives. Also for boundary disputes and runaway servants.

What was the effect of the New England Confederation?

First time unified colonial action.

Who was Metacom?

The chief of the Wampanoags.

What was King Phillip's War?

Metacom tries to attack New England. The Wampanoag get defeated after pwning up.

What were the Restoration Colonies?

The Carolinas, New York, and New Jersey

How did South and North Carolina differ?

The South had tons of slaves. They had a ton of rice for their economy. The North was a lot smaller plantations (tobacco farms).

How was New York formed?

Charles II sends the Duke of York to take over the Dutch area. He does, and is relatively nice. James II (Duke of York) tried to tax without representation.

How was New Jersey formed?

The king gave John Berkley and George Carteret the land. They just sold it off though.

How was Pennsylvania formed?

The Quakers took it.

Who were the Quakers?

They were peaceful people. They had equality for men and woman, and they believed in the person not the Bible. They were persecuted.

Who was William Penn?

A Quaker who was given Pennsylvania because the King owed him.

What was "The Holy Experiment"?

Penns idea to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and others, put liberal ideas into the government, and get money for himself

What was the Frame of Government (1682-1683)?

It guaranteed in Pennsylvania the a representative assembly elected by landowners.

What was the Charter of Liberties?

In Pennsylvania it guaranteed freedom opf worship for everyone and unrestricted immigration.

How was Deaware formed?

Penn gave the three lower counties Pennsylvania their own assembly. They formed Delaware.

Why was Georgia formed?

To be a buffer between Florida and South Carolina. Also a sending place of convicts from England.

Who was the governor of Georgia?

James Ogelthorpe.

What was mercantilism?

The idea that coloneis only exist to give to the parent country.

What were the Acts of Trade and Navigation?

They said: trade only with English or colonial ships and crews; all imports come from England; all exports to England

What were the positive effects of the Navigation Acts?

New England shipbuilding goes up; Chesapeake tobacco has a monopoly in England; England protects the colonies

What were the negatives of the Trade and Navigation Acts?

Colonial manufacturing limited; Cheseapeake farmers didn't get much for their crops; colonists had to pay a lot for imports.

What was the Dominion of New England?

King James II merged New England, New Jersey, and New York. They tried to limit colonial power. After the Glorious Revolution, the Dominion fell apart.

Who was Sir Edmund Andros?

He governed the Dominion of New England.

What was the Triangular Trade?

Rum from New England to West Africa. Slaves go to the Carribean. The sugar goes to New England for rum.

Why did the slave trade grow?

Reduced migration from English; the slaves were a dependable work force; the slaves were cheap

What was the Middle Passage?

The passage from Africa to the Carribean. Many slaves die on the way.

What immigrants came to America?

Few English, lots of German immigrants, Scotish Irish, Huguenots, Dutch, and Swedes. Africans the most.

Where did most of the immigrants settle?

The middle colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware)

What culture dominated the colonies?

English.

How did the colonies govern themselves?

Self-government. They each had a representative assembly. The governor either chosen by king, people, or proprietor.

To what degree of religious toleration was there?

Some colonies had more than others. All had some toleration though.

Did the colonies have hereditary aristocracy?

No. Social classes did develop though. People had more social mobility though.

What was the colonial family like?

Many people married young and had large families. Men usually did politics, landowning, and power. Women bore lots of children, did the housework, worked on farm, and took care of the kids.

What was substinence farming?

Providing enough to get by.

Did the colonies have a good monetary system?

No most done through trade, gold and silver popular trade items.

What Churches did a lot of people belong to?

Mostly Protestant. A lot of Presbyterians, Dutch Reformed Churche, Lutherans, Mennonites, Quakers, Congregational Church.

What was the Great Awakening?

A new fire being lit in religion. Told to stop sining, confess sins, and be emotion to not go to Hell.

Who was Jonathan Edwards?

Initiated the Great Awakening in Massachusetts with "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God". People had to repent or go to hell.

Who was George Whitefield?

An English man who preached the Great Awakening. People needed to openly profess themself, and they didn't need a minister.

What were the effects of the Great Awakening?

Divided the Old and New Lights. New Churches gained a lot of popularity. Lots moree religious diversity, and a call for separation of Church and State.

What was Poor Richard's Almanack?

Benjamin Franklin's book that was popular back then.

What was education like in the 18th century?

Very little. Some higher instutions like Harvard and Yale were opened up.

What new professions opened up for people?

Physicians, reverends, lawyers

What was the Zenger Case?

John Peter Zenger critized the New York governor. Andrew Hamilton argued that it was okay because it was the truth. The jury let him go, and it encouraged others to criticize more.

How were the colonial legislatures formed?

The bottom is voted by the people. The upper is chosen by the king or governor.

How did town meetings affect government?

They were the biggest form of government in the North where they often had small towns.

What were county governments?

Usually a sheriff in the South was the peace keeping person, not town meetings like the North.

How was the democracy limited in America?

White men with property were the only voters. Women, slaves, landless men, religious restrictions all kept one from voting.

Where was the French and Indian War fought.

In the colonies. France and England had to send troops over there.

How did the French and Indian War begin?

French were building forts on the Ohio River Valley to halt westward movement of British colonies.

Who do the English send to take over the French and Indian War in the colonies?

William Pitt

How does Pitt prepare the colonies?

He plans strategy, appoints peeople, and uses impressment.

What is impressment?

Forced enlistment.

What did George Washington do during the French and Indian War?

He tried to attack Fort Duquesne, but failed.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

Benjamin Franklin wrote it, it would be an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and getting taxes.

What was the effect of the Albany Union Plan?

It failed, but it was a precursor to Revolution working together.

Who was Edward Braddock?

A Virginian general that tried to attack Fort Duquesne, but failed.

What was the Peace of Paris?

Ended the French and Indian War. It gave Great Britain French Canada and Florida. Spain got French western territory and Louisiana for giving up Florida.

What was salutary neglect?

British empire ignores the colonies because they're not useful at that moment.

What did George III, and Parliament (the Whigs at the time) do?

They wanted to use the colonies more. They wanted to make the colonies a cost of maintaining the British empire.

What was Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)?

Chief Pontiac tried to attack the colonies. They didn't want the colonists to move west anymore. The British sent troops to destroy the Natives.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Colonists couldn't go west of the Appalacian Mountains. Didn't really enforce it, but the colonists were crazy if they did go. This also angered the colonists.

What was the Sugar Act of 1764?

Put a tax on sugar and other things to raise money for the Crown.

What was the Quartering Act of 1765?

It required colonists to house and feed British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

What was the Stamp Act of 1765?

Instituted by Lord Grenville, the Stamp Act put a tax on all stamps (paper stuff). This was the first direct tax.

How did people respond to the Stamp Act?

Everyone hated it so much. Taxation without representation.

Who was Patrick Henry?

He was a part of the House of Burgesse, and wanted Britain to recognize the colonists

What was the Stamp Act Congress?

Representatives met together to form it in New York. They said that only the elected representatives could pass taxes.

Who were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty?

Violent colonists who rebelled against Britain.

What was the Declaratory Act (1766)?

Grenville got replaced and Parliament repealed the Stamp Act. It also said that Parliament had the right to pass taxes and make laws in all cases.

What were the Townshend Acts?

New taxes collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. Allowed for the search of homes for smuggled goods. Suspended New York Assembly for defying the Quartering Act.

What was a writ of assistance?

a general lisence to search anywhere, rather than a judge's warrant to search a specific property.

What was the Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania?

Written by Dickinson, they said that Parliament could regulate commerce but could not pass taxes without consent of representative assemblies.

Who were Samuel Adams and James Otis?

Two extreme revolutionaries. They organized a lot of boycotts.

What was the Massachusetts Circular Letter?

Written by Otis and Adams, this went to all colonies and asked for a petition to repeal Townshend Acts. Britain threatened Boston.

Who was Lord Frederick North?

He took over after Townshend, and he repealed the Townshend Acts.

What was the Boston Massacre?

People threw poop balls at soldiers. They killed five people, and everyone freaks out.

What was the Committee of Corespondence?

Samuel Adams started it. They would exchange letters and stuff about suspicious British activity. Virginia set up the Intercolonial Committees after.

What was the Gaspee incident?

A British ship crashed into the coast of Rhode Island. Disguised as Natives, colonists burned the ship.

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

Tax on tea.

What was the Boston Tea Party (1773)?

Disguised as Natives, colonists go and burn down a tea ship.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

As retaliation to the Boston Tea Party, North passed some Coercive Acts and Quebec Acts.

What did the Coercive Acts (1774) do?

The Port Act closed the port of Boston until tea paid for, the Massachusetts Government Acts reduced Massachusetts legislature power while governor power increase, Administration of Justice Act alowed royal officials accused to be tried in England, the Quartering Act allowed British troops to be quartered in private homes.

What was the Quebec Act (1774)?

It made roman Catholic the religion of Quebec. Increased Quebec's size and set up a government without a representative assembly.

What was enlightenment?

A belief that the "darkness" of past ages could be corrected by using human reason in solving problems.

What was Deism?

The belief that God made the universe, but didn't interfer in human affairs. Trust human reason.

What was rationalism?

Trusting human reason to solve problems, and also science.

Who were John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

They were Enlightenment thinkers who pushed Enlightenment to the max.

What was the purpose of the first Continental Congress (1774)?

How to react to the alarming threat to their rights and liberties.

Who were the radicals at the First Continental Congress?

John Adams, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry.

What was in the letter sent to the King from the First Continental Congress?

The want Intolerable Acts repealed; want representative but not seeking independenceThey can set up rules but can’t run coloniesIf Acts not repealed, boycott.

Who was Paul Revere?

He warned William Dawes at Lexington to prepare for a fight at Concord.

Who were the Minutemen?

They were militia of the colonies.

What was in Lexington and Concord that the British wanted?

Military supplies

After defeating the Minutemen at Lexington, where do the British go?

Concord.

What happens at Concord?

Colonists pwn' it up.

Where was the Battle of Bunker Hill fought?

Breed's Hill

Who won the battle of Bunker Hil?

The Americans, they claimed. They did a huge number on the British troops.

Why was a Second Continental Congress called?

Lexington and Concord

What was the purpose of the 2nd Continental Congress?

To discuss new goals now that Britain is showing force

What did everyone agree on in the 2nd Continental Congress?

That war was necessary, however they disagreed on the purpose.

What were the Suffolk Resolves?

They were a product of the First Continental Congress. They called for a repeal of the Intolerable Acts by boycotting and preparing a military.

What was the Declaration of Rights and Grievances?

A product of the First Continental Congress, it was a petition to the king urging him to redress colonial rights. It also recognized Parliament's ability to regulate commerce.

What was the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms?

It put George Washington as leader, and it called for colonies to give troops.

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

Written by John Dickinson, it gave England an ultimatum of sorts. Give us representation or we secede.

What was the Prohibitory act (1775)?

King George III claimed the colonies in rebellion.

Who wrote Common Sense and what did it do?

Thomas Paine. It pushed a lot of people towards wanting independence from England.

When was the Declaration of Independence resolution approved, and when is the Draft approved?

July 2, 1776 - resolutionJuly 4, 1776 - draft

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

What did the Declaration of Independence include?

Principles that justified the revolution (Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness natural rights), and also grievances against the king.

How did the DoI handle slavery?

No more trading and purchasing slaves, but this was removed to get more signeratures.

Who were the patriots?

Fiercely loyal people who wanted to fight in the war. They made up about 40% of the population.

Who were the Tories/Loyalists?

People who sided with Britain. They made up about 20-30%.

What was Valley Forge?

The place Washington retreated to after the beating he recieved in the first years of the war.

What were Continentals?

The colonial money.

Who commanded Bunker Hill for the British?

Gage.

Who took over for Gage?

Howe

What was the turning point in the Revolution?

Saratoga.

What was Saratoga?

Horatio Gates fights Burgoyne in the North. He owns and gets France to join America.

How did Howe handle the war?

He could've crushed the Americans, but he let them squirm. He failed.

How did the Americans finance the Revolution?

They sold war bonds. Borrowed money. Used Militia diplomats which were representatives that went abroad. France.

Where did phase III of the Revolution take place?

Britain wanted to go South where they wanted to get Loyalists and slaves to join them.

Where did the last battle of the Revolution take place?

It was in Yorktown. Clinton (the new British general) stayed in the North.

Who fought in Yorktown?

Cornwallis (Britain) versus Washington and Frenchies.

Who was the main American general in the South?

Nathanael Greeneville.

How does America win at Yorktown?

They trap Cornwallis by land and sea.

How did the Treaty of Paris (1783) work?

Britain recognized American independence, Mississippi river western border of America, Americans get fishing rights in Canada, and Americans pay debts owed to British and Loyalists who they owned.

What were the Articles of Confederation?

American national unicameral government at first.

What powers did the AoC lack?

Tax, regulate trade, draft. States held most of the power. Also, foreigners hated them for not being able to pay or do anything.

What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?

It established a policy for surveying and selling western lands. It also set aside land for education.

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

It set the rules for creating new states. It also gave limited government to developing territories and banned slavery in the new regions.

What was Shay's Rebellion?

Daniel Shays led a revolt in Massachusetts against taxes. Massachussetts couldn't really handle it, neither could the national government. It showed that they needed a stronger national government.

Who was Mary McCauleey?

She was the famous woman who brought pitchers of water to soldiers on the battlefield. She also tried taking the spot of her dead husband.

Who was Deborah Sampson?

She tried impersonating a man to fight in the Revolutionary War.

Who was Abigal Adams?

She was a major advocate of woman's rights.

What was the Annapolis Convention?

It was a convention held between different states regarding the critical problems the Articles of Confederation was having. It led to the Constitutional Convention.

Where was the Constitutional Convention held?

Philadelphia.

What was the original purpose of the CC?

Just to revise the AoC.

Who led the CC?

George Washing.

What was the Virginia Plan?

Written by Madison, it favored larger states with more population. They favored a bicameral legislature.

What was the New Jersey Plan?

It was for small states and written by William Patterson. It offered equal representation from each state and the ability for Congress to tax.

What was the Great Compromise?

A bicameral legislature. House - Virginia. Senate - New Jersey. After approved, it added judicial and executive branches. It also ended slave trade in 1808, and counted slaves as 3/5 of a person. Signed in Sept 1787.

What was the commercial compromise?

It allowed for Congress to regulate trade, including putting tariffs on imports (not exports though).

Why was the electoral college system set up?

To avoid mob ruling.

Who were the main federalists?

Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

What did the federalists favor?

Loose interpretation of the Constitution, strong federal government, wealthy Northerners

Who were the main anti-federalists?

Samuel Adams, George Mason, Elbridge Gerry

What did the anti-federalists favor?

State rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution, Southern

What were the Federalist Papers?

Written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison they tried to convince people to be federalist.

Why was the Bill of Rights added?

To appease the anti-federalists and get the Constitution ratified.

Who was George Washington's cabinet?

SS - Thomas JefersonST - HamiltonSW - Henry KnoxAG - Edmund RandolphVP - John Adams

What was the Judiciary Act (1789)?

It established the Supreme Court with one chief and five other judges. They were to rule on the constitutionality of decisions by the state courts.

Who wrote the Report on Public Credit?

Alexander Hamilton

What were the goals of the Report on Public Credit?

Assumption of state debt, fund federal debt through bonds and loans and other nations, build the capital on the Potomac River; creates the National Bank shortly after.

Who promoted protective tariffs of infant industries?

Alexander Hamilton.

How did America respond to the French Revolution?

Many people wanted to join with the French (DR), while others preferred Britain (F)

What did Washington do about the French Revolution?

Neutrality to keep trade open.

Who was Citizen Genet?

He was the Frenh ambassador, who tried speaking directly to America for assistance. Washington kicks him out, but then lets him back in for political asylum.

What was Jay's Treaty (1794)?

John Jay was sent to make peace with Britain (they was takin our ships). It said that British people have to leave their forts, America can't aid the French, Britain would ease up on their attack, and they would have to agree to talk before acting on a problem.

How did America respond to Jay's Treaty?

They hated it.

What was Pinckney's Treaty (1795)?

Ambassador from America to Spain. Spain gave America the opportunity to use New Orleans as a trade port. Also solidified the Floridan border, and ceded some land from it.

What was the Treaty of Greenville?

After the battle of Fallen Timbers, the Natives fork over Ohio.

What was the Whisky Rebellion (1794)?

People angry over the excise tax on whiskey. Washington assembled a massive army to scare them. Resulted in people scared of Federalists and use of massive army.

What was the Public Land Act (1796)?

It established procedures for selling federal lands at reasonable prices.

What were the ideals of the Democratic-Republicans?

Strict interpretation of the Constitution, weak central government, pro-French, small army, agriculture, no tariffs

What were the ideals of the Federalists?

Loose interpretation of the Constitution, strong central government, pro-British, business centered, national bank, tariffs.

What did Washington advise in his farewell address?

Don't get involved in European affairs, don't make "permanent alliances", don't form political parties, avoid sectionalism.

What precedent did Washington set?

The two term tradition

Who won the election of 1796?

John Adams (F) with Aarron Burr as VP (DR)

What was the XYZ affair?

After ships attacked, Adams sends a delagate to France. They're met by Agents X Y and Z who want a bribe to let them see the king. People wanted war with France after that.

What were the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

To stop DR power from growing.

What was the Naturalization Act?

Made immigrants need to stay 14 years before citizenship.

What was the Alien Act?

The president could deport any aliens considered dangerous, and detain during war.

What was the Sedition Act?

Newspaper editors couldn't criticize the president or Congress.

What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?

In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, VA and KY tried to nullify their effects.

Who won the Revolution of 1800?

Thomas Jeffersn and Aaron Burr tied in votes (both DR). TJ won through the aid of AH.

What policies did Jefferson follow?

Keep the national bank and debt repayment. Stay neutral. Limit the central government, size of military, destroy the excise taxes, and reduce the national debt.

What was the twelfth ammendment?

Candidates run together to avoid a tiebreak.

Who was Robert Livingston?

The guy TJ sent to go buy New Orleans.

Why does Napoleon sell all of Louisianna?

He needed to put French money in Europe, and Toussaint l'Ouverture was owning him in Santo Domingo.

How much did America get Louisianna for?

15 million.

Why is Jefferson wary of taking the deal for Louisianna?

He doesn't know if he has constitutional power to do it.

What did TJ use to explore the Louisiana Purchase?

Lewis and Clark.

How did the Federalists still have power during the TJ regime?

John Marshall.

Why did the Marbury vs. Madison (1803) case come up?

On his last day of his presidency, Adams appointed someone. James Madison doesn't get the letter in time, so Marbury wants to sue him.

What was the ruling on Marbury vs. Madison (1803)?

COurt say sMarbury deserves the spot, but they can't force madison to give it to him. Marshall also declares the Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional because Congress can't control the court.

What was judicial review that Marshall established?

Supreme Court could excercise the power to say whether something by Congress or President is unconstitutional or not.

How did TJ respond to Madison vs. Marbury (1803)?

Tried to impeach Federalist judges.

Who challenged Hamilton to a duel?

Aaron Burr.

Who do the Essex Junto use to do their bidding?

Aaron Burr.

What happens to Burr after killing Hamilton and trying to have New England secede?

He is convicted for treason.

Who are "The Quids"?

They were a faction of DRs that opposed TJ.

How did TJ handle the Barbary Pirates capture of Americans?

He tried to kill the pirates, didn't work so he just paid them. Very emberrasing.

What was impressment?

Britain took over American ships, and used Americans as their workers.

What was the Chesapeake-Leopard affair?

British Leopard took over the American Chesapeake. Impressment. Got publicized, and anti-British feelings ran high.

What was the Embargo Act (1807)?

To prevent British and French ships from harrassing American ships, TJ prevented trade with them. Destroyed the American economy. NE even wanted to secede after that.

Who wins the election of 1808?

James Madison. He beats Charles Pinckney.

What was the Nonintercourse Act (1809)?

Allowed for Americans to trade with everyone but France and Britain.

What was Macon's Bill Number two?

U.S. would be able to trade with Britain and France, unless they attacked our ships.

Who wins the election of 1812?

Madison, he beats out DeWitt Clinton (F).

What were the causes of the War of 1812?

Britain and France not respecting ships, most Americans were pro-french, people in the West blame Britain for aiding the natives, maybe obtain Canada, Warhawks are crazy.

How did the invasion of Canada go?

It failed.

What did the Treaty of Ghent do?

It called for a stop to the fighting, it returned all conquered territory back to original state, recognized pre-war boundary between Canada and the States.

What was the Hartford Convention?

After the War of 1812, New England Federalists decide they want to secede. They fail though as America rebounds.

What was the time during Monroe's Presidency known as?

"The Era of Good Feelings."

Why was the "Era of Good Feelings" kind of a lie?

The sectionalism. It was intense.

What cultural nationalism developed during "The Era of Good Feelings"?

People became ferverant nationalist after the War of 1812. This was demonstrated through the arts and actions.

How did economic nationalism grow?

Through tariffs and The American System.

What was the Tariff of 1816?

It put a protective tariff on goods imported into America.

What was in Henry Clay's American System?

Protective Tariffs, a national bank, internal improvements.

Why was internal improvements the only part of the American System that wasn't followed?

Monroe and Madison didn't know if it was constitutional to put them into place.

When was the Second National Bank chartered?

1816.

What was the first panic of American history?

The Panic of 1819.

What caused the Panic of 1819?

Cotton prices fall dramatically. Banks credit can't really give. People stop paying off their debts.

What were Marshall's decisions aimed at?

Increading the power of the Judicial branch and pushing Federalist ideas.

What happened in Fletcher v. Peck (1810)?

States couldn't pass legislation invalidating a contract. (Georgia trying to do land fraud).

What happened in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

Marshall ruled that the National Bank was part of Congress's implied powers. States also couldn't tax the National bank. Supreme laws rule over state laws.

What was Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)?

New Hampshire wanted to make a college public that was private (Dartmouth). State couldn't change a private contract.

What was Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)?

New York wanted to give a monopoly to a steamboat company, but this conflicted with Congress charter. Marshall ruled that New York monopoly was unconstitutional, federal govt. has control over interstate commerce.

Why did America want to expand westward?

Native American land aquisition, economic pressures, improved transportation, and immigrants.

What did western states demand for growth?

land made at cheaper prices, improved transportation, and credit from state banks.

What was the Tallmadge Amendment?

Was to stop the expansion of slavery in Missouri. It stopped letting slaves in, and at 25 the slaves would be emancipated.

Why did the Tallmadge Ammendment fail?

Southerners didn't like the North encroaching.

What did Clay propose for the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri becomes a slave state. Maine comes in as free. 36, 30 line established.

What was the Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)?

It disarmed the Great Lakes. It also established the Canadian-American border.

What was the Treaty of 1818?

America and Britain agreed....shared fishing rights off of Newfoundland, joint occupation of Oregon, and northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel (establish border)

What part did Andrew Jackson play in getting Florida?

Pwn'd the Seminole.

What was the Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)?

Spain was worried the Americans would use force. They gave up Florida and it's Oregon claims for five million. U.S. had to give up Texas though.

Who wrote the Monroe Doctorine?

JQA.

What did the Monroe Doctorine say?

Americas no longer colonized by Europe; foreign actions on the Americas an attack on the U.S.; U.S. will not get involved with Euro colonies; U.S. will not get involved with Euro affairs.

What was the Lancaster Turnpike?

A major road going in Pennsylvania. It was a successful toll road, and example of internal improvements.

What was the Cumberland Road

It went from Virginia to Maryland. Connect North and South

Why did Madison veto the Cumberland Road support?

Didn't know if it was constitutional.

What was the importance of the Erie Canal?

It linked western farms with eastern cities. And it lead to much more canal building.

Who invented the steamboat?

Robert Fullton.

What was the effect of railroads?

Major boost in transportation. Made cities like Chicago and Detroit book.

What did Eli Whitney do?

Cotton gin and interchangable parts of guns.

How did corporations raise capital after the War of 1812?

They were allowed to use stock.

Who was Samuel Slater?

He took the cotton-spinning machine blueprint from England.

What was the Lowell System?

They used women as their primary source of labor.

Why did specialization decrease?

Industrialization.

Why did unions fail?

Immigrant workers, state laws, and economic depressions with unemployment

How did the market revolution affect women?

They began to have less children and gain more control over their lives.

What happened to the economy with the market revolution?

It became better, people got wealthier.

How did the market revolution affect slavery?

Made the South depend even more on slavery, and attatched them to the economy further.

How did the industrial revolution affect sectionalism?

Increased the differences between the North and South.

What was urban life like?

Crowded housing, poor sanitation, lots of disease, and crime.

What did Cyrus McCormick invent?

The mechanical reaper.

Why did new cities spring up in the Old Northwest?

Railroads. They also were on rives, and they served as spots where eastern goods could come then be distributed.

Why was there a surge in immigration in the 1830s-1860s?

Cheap ocean transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, U.S. becomes a dream like place.

Why did the Irish flood into America and where did they tend to go?

The potato famine. They went to the slums on the east coast.

Why did German immigrants flood America and where did they go?

Economic and political hardships in Germany. Most went to the Old Northwest to farm.

Why did the Nativist party form?

They were mostly native-born protestants that didn't like the Catholics. They didn't want the immigrants to take jobs or land.

What was the Native American Party?

A party formed of Nativists.

What actual political party did the Native American Party form, and who did they kill?

They formed the Know-Nothings, and they killed the Whigs.

Why Cotton king?

It owned all other crops in the South. It was also incredibly profitable.

What was slavery the "Peculiar Institution" and why?

Slavery. It was only in the U.S., Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.

Who were Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner?

Slave revolt leaders.

Were the slave codes legal? Why didn't they work?

No they weren't legalized. Enforcement was too shoddy.

Where did most of the free Africans go?

To cities where they could get property. Only about half were actually in the North.

How did the planters keep power?

Domininating the slate legislature.

Why did the poor whites defend the slave system?

They still believed they were better, and they hoped one day they would get slaves of their own.

Who were the mountain people?

People from the mountains in the South that opposed slavery. They were all for the Union and raised self-sustaining crops.

What was education like in the South?

Upper class put a huge emphasis on education. No one else really gets one though.

How did the Natives adapt to their new life on the plains?

They rode horseback. A few tribes herded buffalo.

Why was the frontier dangerous before the Civil War?

Indian raids. Malnutrition and diseases. Away from all educated people.

What was another name for the Age of Jackson?

The Age of the Common Man.

Why was their male suffrage during the Jacksonian Era?

Men strived for equality. At least white equality. Everyone pushed to have their gifts or talents get them further. All white men began to be able to vote and hold office regardless of class or religion.

What was "King Caucus"?

It was a closed-door meeting of political party members in Congress that decided on the runners for office.

What was King Caucus replaced by?

Large meeting halls where political party leaders and the commoners would decide on who to nominate. Anti-Masons were the first to do it.

Who were the Anti-Masons?

They reached out to groups who had shown little interest in politics. They attacked the secret lives of the Masons.

How were the presidential electors chosen?

By the people of the state.

What was the spoils system?

Jackson gave power in government to his friends and those he owed, rather than those qualified.

Who won the election of 1824?

John Quincy Adams.

How did the Corrupt Bargain come to be?

Jackson and JQA didn't recieve enough electoral votes. jackson had more popular votes.

What was the corrupt bargain?

JQA convinced Clay to get him the votes he needed for pres to be secretary of state.

What was the Tariff of 1828 called, and who put it into place?

JQA, Tariff of Abominations.

Who dominated the election of 1828?

Jackson.

What was the Peggy Eaton affair?

Peggy Eaton, a wife of Jackson's cabinet member, was bullied by the other wives. Jackson got angry because they had made fun of his wife in the election. He tried to force the cabinet to be nice, but they resigned. Late Calhoun did too, Van Buren became the new VP.

What was the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)?

Ruled that the Cherokees weren't a foreign nation that could sue in a federal court.

What was Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

Ruled that the Georgian laws had no ruling in Cherokee territory.

Wat was the Indian Removal Act (183)?

It allowed for the president to move the Natives to wherever was conveniant.

What was the Trail of Tears?

Thousands of Cherokee moved, many die on the way.

How did Jackson view state's rights?

He favored them.

What was Jackson's view on central government?

Limit Congress and Judicial power. Strengthen executive power.

Why did South Carolina attempt to nullify the Tariff of Abominations?

They thought it was crippling their economy.

What was SC's ideology behind the Nullification Theory?

Each state had the right to obey a federal law or declare it null.

What were the Webster-Hayne debates?

Webster and Hayne both fought over the nature of the Union under the Constitution.

What did Jackson feel about the Nullification Theory?

He just wanted to keep the Union together. He passed a Force bill which allowed him to bring the military to SC. They backed off then, in exchange for lowering the tariff.

Who was the leader behind the Nullification crises?

John C. Calhoun.

Why did Jackson veto the rechartering of the National Bank?

He thought it served the rich and wealthy only. He supported states rights. He didn't like Biddle, and Biddle was conspiring with Clay to recharter it.

What does Jackson do after destroying the National Bank?

He gets a new Secretary of Treasury, Roger Taney, who deposits the money into state banks (pet banks).

How did the Whigs differ from the Democrats?

They favored an expanded federal government, they feared ultra rapid expansion of the economy

How did the Democrats differ from the Whigs?

They favored a steady growing economy, the common man (white male), and pro-states rights.

What was the Specie Circular?

It required that all future purchases of federal lands be made in gold or silver.

Why did the Panic of 1837 occur?

Specie Circular. People couldn't exchange money for gold at banks. Europe pulls out of our stock..

How does Van Buren handle the Panic of 1837?

Mostly just Laissez-faire. He creates a treasurey system where the banks ad government are divorced. No federal money goes into a private bank.

Who wins the election of 1840?

William Henry Harrison, however he dies soon and John Tyler takes over.

What is the antebellum period?

The decades before the Civil War characterized by movements of reform and change.

Why did the Second Great Awakening occur?

Lots of focus was put into reason and Enlightenment, and religious faith was weakening.

Who was Timothy Dwight?

A leader in the Second Great Awakening. He was a leader of revivals.

Who was Charles G. Finney?

A revivalist in New York ("burned over district") who made people fear damnation. He told people they were free through faith and hard work. The middle class loved these ideas.

What two denominations dominated the South in the Antebellum period?

Baptists and Methodists

Who was William miller?

He told people that Christ was coming again soon. They were called the Millerites.

Who was Joseph Smith?

The founder of the Mormons.

What was the Mormon faith based on?

They were connected through Native Americans to the lost tribes of Israel. They were mostly in New York, history in them hills.

Where did the Mormons go after Illinois, and who took over?

They want to the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Brigham Young took over.

What was the Romantic movement?

The idea that stressed intuition, feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature.

Who were the transcendentalists?

New Englanders who believed that humans had to grasp reason, which was using intellect and emotions. Understanding wasn't enough.

Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson?

He was a nationalist transcendentalist who urged for a unique American culture. He argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters. He was anti-slavery.

Who was Henry David Thoreau?

He wrote the book Walden, where he lived in solidarity for two years. He was a huge advocate of using nature to find oneself. he also wrote an essay "On Civil Disovediance" which stressed nonviolent protest. He encouraged people to not pay taxes if it encouraged unjust things (Mexican War).

Who started Brooks Farm?

George Ripley.

What was Brooks Farm known for (1841)?

It was a community where everyone worked together towards self-realization. It was kind of socialist, fell apart though.

Who were the Shakers?

They redifined women's roles by making them equal. Everyone was celibate. They were known for their shake They desired social order over individual freedom.

Who started the Shakers?

Mother Ann Lee.

Who started new harmony?

Robert owen.

What was New Harmony?

A prominent utopian community that focused on the problems that the Industrial Revolution caused.

who started the Oneida Community?

John Humphrey Noyes.

What was the Oneida Community known for?

Sex was very controlled. People could have multiple partners, but it was monitors. Woman wanted to be lberated from lust. The society raised kids, not parents.

Who was Charles Fourier?

A French socialist that started Fourier Phalanxes. They were socialist communities.

What was the Hudson River School?

During the Antebellum Period, the Hudson River School was a community of painters that painted American nature and ordinary things. They wanted to prove that America > Europe.

Who was Washington Irving and what did he write about?

He wrote "The Legend of Sleepy hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" which idealized American life.

Who was James Fenimore Cooper and what did he write about?

he wrote about American wilderness and nature. "The Last of the Mohecans" "The Deer Slayer".

Who was Walt Whitman and what did he write about?

He wrote the poetry "The Leaves of Grass", which stressed individualism and democracy.

Who was Edgar Allen Poe?

he wrote "The Raven" and was very dark and morbid.

Who was herman Melville?

he wrote Moby Dick, which conveyed courage, individualism, and revenge.

Who was Nathaniel Hawthorne and what did he write about?

He wrote The Scarlet letter, which focused on pride, faith in oneself, and realism.

Why was the temperance movement so huge in the Antebellum Period?

People drank. Heavily. People blamed it as the source for crime, poverty, and social unrest. Women liked it because then their husbands would stop spending time, money, and abuse.

What was the American temperance Society?

A society formed that encouraged people to be abstinent of drinking through moral arguments.

Who were the Washingtonians?

They helped recovering alcoholics in the 1840s by saying it was a disease.

Who opposed the Temperance Movements?

Irish and German immigrants.

What did the asylum movement open?

Asylums, Penitenteries.

What was the purpose of the asylums?

To reform criminals, not just put them in jail.

Who was Dorothea Dix?

She tried to improve conditions for criminals and especially emotional disturbed people. She got mental hospitals opened.

Who were Thomas Gallaudet and Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe?

They opened up schools for the blind and deaf during the Antebellum period.

What were penitentiaries?

They put prisoners in solitory, hoping that they would reflect and repend for their sins.

What was the Auburn system?

In New York, it was a strong enforcement of rules on prisoners. It put in moral and work programs for the prisoners.

Who was Horace Mann?

he was a major reformer of education in the 1830s. he stressed that democracy was pushed through public education.

What was the effect of the education reforms in the 1830s?

Literacy skyrocketed in the North and South. Specialized jobs opened for those with an education in industry and business.

What were the McGuffey readers?

Textbooks that were pushed in the 30s that taught children morals.

Why were men and women roles strengthened during the Industrial Revolution?

Men went to work. Women pretty much had to stay at home and take care of the children.

Who was Sarah Grimke?

She wrote the letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837).

Who were Lecretia mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Two major feminist women.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)?

A feminist meeting.

What was the document written at the Seneca Falls Convention?

The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. It plagiarized the Declaration of Independence.

What was the American Colonization Society?

It tried to send free Africans back to Africa. They wanted to banish free blacks from society.

Who started the American Antislavery Society (1831)?

William Lloyd Garrison.

What newspaper did Garrison write?

The Liberator

What view of slavery did Garrison hold?

The immediate end to all forms of slavery in all areas.

What was the Liberty Party?

They were a political abolitionist party. Similar to the Free-Soil party.

Who was Frederick Douglas?

A former slave that wrote The North Star.

What was Douglas' view on slavery?

A slow, gradual decline to the end of slavery.

Who were other major black abolitionists?

Harriet tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, and William Still.

What did David Walker and Henry Garnet advocate?

That slaves revolt against their master.

What was Nat Turner's rebellion?

it was in the South in 1831, Nat Turner got 55 whites killed. In retaliation the whites killed a bunch of people.

What was the American Peace Society (1828)?

They wanted to abolish war. They influenced New England reformers to oppose the Mexican War.

Who was Sylvester Graham?

He invented graham crackers (people wanted to eat all whole grains during the Antebellum period.

What was phrenology?

The idea that the shape and size of a person's skull determined their character and ability.

What was Manifest Denisty?

The idea that it was America's destiny to expand.

Why did lots of Americans go to Texas?

Mexico was offering land to those who settled there.

Who was Stephen Austin?

The man who brought tons of Americans to Texas.

Who was Antonio López de Santa Anna?

The crazy dictator of Mexico.

Who was Sam Houston?

The man who took over Austin's military leadership when he got sick.

What was the Alamo?

Where mexicans slaughtered a ton of americans.

How did Texas get its independence?

Houson captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that gave Texas its independence.

Did the Mexican government acknowledge the treaty at the Battle of the San Jacinto River?

No.

Why did both Jackson and Van Buren deny Texas' request for annexation?

Political opposition, Mexican war, upset slave-state free-state balance

What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?

It divided the land between Maine and Canada that they had disputed over. Also settled boundary for Minnesota.

Why was Oregon disputed over so much?

Russia, U.S., Britain, and Spain all had claims over it.

Why did the U.S. claim Oregon?

Lewis and Clark, the Astor trading fur post, and they had discovered the Colombia River.

Who won the election of 1844?

James K. Polk.

Who did Polk take after?

Jackson.

What did Polk favor that differed him from a lot of others?

Annexation of Texas, California, and Texas.

What was "Fifty-four Forty or Fight"?

The slogan used by many people supporting Oregon. This was a reference to the latitude line between Alaska and Oregon.

What is a dark horse?

A lesser known candidate whose just thrown in there (Polk).

Who got Texas annexed?

John Tyler.

How did Polk handle the Oregon dispute?

He made a treaty with Britain.

What was in the Oregon treaty (not name) with Britain?

Oregon split in half at the 49th parallel. U.S. gave Vancouver Island and allowed Britain to sail the Columbia River.

Why did Senate approve of the Oregon treaty with Britain?

War was already started with Mexico. Don't fight Britain too.

Who did Polk send to convince Mexico to sell Cali and New Mexico, and settle the border between Texas and Mexico?

John Slidell.

What did Mexico reject from Slidell?

A 25 million dollar offer for California.

How did Polk attempt to convince Congress to go to war with Mexico?

The debt they owed America.

Who led American troops in the Mexican War?

Zachary Taylor.

Why did Congress approve of the Mexican War?

Mexicans had killed some provoking Americans on the Rio Grande.

What was the Spot Resolution, and who made it?

Lincoln made it. It demanded for physical evidence that Mexicans had killed an American on their own soil.

Who was John C. Fremont?

The person in Cali who overthrew Mexican rule and created the Bear Flag Republic.

Who took over Mexico City?

Winfield Scott.

Who took Sante Fe?

Stephen Kearney.

What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo do?

It established the Rio Grande as the border of Texas, and the U.S. would give Mexico 15 million for California and New Mexico.

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

It forbade the use of slavery in any territory obtained from Mexico.

What was the purpose of the Wilmot Proviso?

To stop the expansion of slavery.

What was the Young America movement?

A political movement that favored expansion and free trade.

What was the Ostend Manifesto?

The idea of purchasing Cuba from Spain by Pierce.

Why did Southerners support the Ostend Manifesto?

Another slave state.

Who was William Walker and what did he do?

He was a Southern expansionist that tried to take Central America without the government's support and make them pro-slave.

What was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)?

It said that neither Britain nor the U.S. could make any canal route in central america.

What was the Gadsden Purchase (1853)?

It gave America the Southern areas of New Mexico and Arizona for 10 million.

Why was the Gadsden Purchase important?

It opened up the idea that a trans-continental railroad would be built in the South.

What was the Great American Desert?

The area in the 1850s and 1860s between the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Coast. Hardly populated.

Who were the Mountain Men?

Fur traders who went to the west to trade with Natives.

What was the mining frontier?

The tons of gold in California.

Who did the gold rush attract?

Dream seekers in the East who followed many long arduous trails to get there, and Chinese people.

Why did the trip west eliminate lower class people?

It was expensive.

What was the Urban Frontier?

The newly sprung cities in the west. (San Fransisco, Detroit).

What industrial technology was invented in the 40s?

The sewing machine and the the electric telegraph.

Who invented the sewing machine?

Elias Howe.

What were canals replaced by?

Railroads.

What did the railroads do?

Connected the East and Midwest. Allowed for Eastern products to get shipped faster. Northern advantage in the Civil War.

Who was Matthew C. Perry?

He went to Japan and opened up negotiations there with trade.

Why did the Panic of 1857 occur?

Inflation from the gold rush. Farmers overplant wheat. Lots of people buy land on credit.

What were the causes of the civil war?

Slavery, constitutional disputes, economic differences, and political blunders and extremism

What was the Free-Soil Movement?

It a political group that favored limiting the expansion of slavery, and they supported free homesteads and internal movements.

Who was Lewis Cass?

He was one of the first advocates of popular sovereignty.

Who won the election of 1848?

Zachary Taylor.

Who wrote the Compromise of 1850?

Henry Clay.

What things did the Compromise of 1850 include?

- California becomes a free state- Southwest organized without restricting slavery- deny Texas claim to Rio Grande- Assume Texas's debt- abolish slave trade in DC- Slavery allowed in DC- Create more effective fugitive slave laws- Congress has no right to interfere with interstate slave trade

Who wrote the Omnibus Bill?

Stephen Douglas.

Who takes over after Taylor dies?

Millar Filmore.

What was in the Omnibus Bill?

- California admitted as a free state- New Mexico a territory and Rio Grande border of Texas solved- Utah territory and slavery not referenced, popular sovereignty- New fugitive slave slave laws- Slave trade abolished in DC, but slavery not

What was the Fugitive Slave Act?

Northerners were required to chase after any runaway slaves.

Why wasn't the Fugitive Slave Act all that effective?

Hard to enforce.

What was the Underground Railroad?

It helped slaves escape into the North or Canada. Hariet Tubman led it.

What was Uncle Tom's Cabin?

An antislavery book written in 1852.

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

What was the Impending Crisis of the South?

A book that showed how slavery was hurting Southern economics.

Who wrote Impending Crisis of the South?

Hinton R. Helper.

Who was George Fitzhugh?

He wrote tons of proslavery books in the 1850s. He compared the capitalist system to slavery in the North.

Who won the election of 1852?

Franklin Pierce.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) do?

It split Kansas and Nebraska and allowed them to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.

Why did Douglas push for the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

So the transcontinental railroad could go through the North. Thus, teh moneybags.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act do the Compromise of 1820?

It essentially destroyed it.

What was the Republican Party's focus?

They focused on the North and West. They wanted to limit the expansion of slavery, and they also supported homestead stuff. They also liked them tariffs.

Who won the election of 1856?

James Buchanan.

What was the New England Emigrant Aid Company?

They moved anti-slavery people to Kansas to push for an antislavery Kansas.

What was "bleeding Kansas"?

Proslavery and antislavery people fight over popular sovereignty to decide whether Kansas is slave or free state.

Where did the proslavery people gather in Kansas?

Lecompton.

Where did the antislavery people gather in Kansas?

Topeka.

What was the Sumner-Brooks Incedent?

Sumner was a senator who gave a speech "The Crime Against Kansas" and he also personally attacked another SC senator, Brooks. Butler's nephew, Brooks, then caned Sumner. Brooks became a hero in the South.

What was the Lecompton Constitution?

Lecompton passed a proslavery Constitution for Kansas. Buchanan vetoed it because not all of Kansas agreed. It got vetoed twice by the antislavery people until finally it passed, and Kansas was a free state.

Why was the Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) case?

Dred Scott wanted his freedom because he had been on free soil for two years before he returned.

Who was Chief Justice during the Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) case?

Roger Taney, a democrat.

What did Taney rule in the Dred Scott case?

Dred had no right to to sue in a federal court because the original Constitution didn't intend for Africans to be citizens. Congress couldn't deprive a person of their property without due process of law. Declared Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

What were the Lincoln-Douglas Debates?

Debates between Lincoln and Douglas for senator.

What does Lincoln ask Douglas at Freepoint, Illinois debate?

Who should have ultimate authority over slavery in the new territory?

How does Douglas answer Lincoln at Freepoint?

He says that he agrees with Dred Scott, but it's more important that the people have what they want in their territory.

What do the Debates do for Lincoln?

Get his name out there, and shows that he wants to keep slavery from expanding.

What happened at John Brown's Raid at Harper Ferry?

Brown tried to take military supplies in Virginia to arm the slaves. Lee handles the situation and Brown gets a son killed. Brown gets hanged.

What does John Brown become to the North?

A martyrr.

Who wins the election of 1860 and by how much?

Lincoln, but only by a small margin. The democrats were too divided.

What was the Crittenden Compromise?

It was a compromise during the lame-duck session of Buchanan that would reestablish the Missouri Compromise line. Lincoln said no.

What questions did Reconstruction hope to answer?

How the South will be rebuilt.Future of former slaves.What happens to Confederate leaders.

Why were the freed slaves not truly freed?

Free didn't equate to political, economic, or social equality.

How was the Southern economy after the Civil War?

In ruins, plantations and farms ravaged.

How did Abe deal with the Confederate government?

He never negotiated, didn't acknowledge secession.

What happened to those with Confederate bonds?

They became useless.

What happened to the Southern male population after the Civil War?

25% of it died.

How did Southern whites treat blacks after the Civil War?

Terribly. There was tons of tension, they tried to keep them down.

Who coined "Forty acres and a mule"?

George Julian (IN) and Charles Sumner (MA).

What was "Forty acres and a mule"?

It would give every free slave 40 acres of land from Confederate leaders.

How did "Forty acres and a mule" change?

They sold the land cheaply, so that the federal government could make bank.

What was Reconstruction?

Government response to rebuilding the South.

What was the goal of Reconstruction?

North and South cooperate to rebuild the South.

How did many Northerners treat Reconstruction?

They want to punish the South.

What was Freedom defined as during Reconstruction?

Who it's applied to.

How did freedom apply to Southern whites?

They could control their own destiny, and shape their own lives.

How did freedom apply to Southern blacks during Reconstruction?

Freedom from bondage.

What was the 13th ammendment?

Abolished slavery formally.

How did the Union handle enforcing the 13th Ammendment?

Keep troops in the South to protect blacks.

What was the goal of the Freedmen's Bureau?

(1865) to provide food, establish schools, and prepare blacks for a future life. (also for poor whites, they didn't attend though.)

What was the greatest effect of the Freedmen's Bureau?

Education and schooling.

How did Southern whites react to the Freedmen's Bureau?

They thought it was the North favoring the blacks.

Why were the Southern politicians kept out of Congress during Reconstruction?

Congress was primarily Republican, they feared adding the South would flood Democrats in.

What was the Northern dream of the South during Reconstruction?

Shaping it into a mini North.

What did the Conservative Republicans think?

Slavery abolished, have conditions for readmition.

What did the Radical Republicans believe?

Punish Confederate leaders, white Southerners deprived of voting, legal rights of blacks protected, take rich white Southern land and divide it among the slaves.

Why did the Radicals want to give Southern blacks land?

So they had property to vote.

When was Lincoln's Plan established?

1863.

What did the 10% plan do?

It provided a general pardon to all Confederate Southerners who pledged loyalty and accept slavery is abolished. It wanted to give blacks the right to vote. It let states into the Union when 10% of the voters take the oath. Gave the right to vote to slaves who were educated, have property, and serve the Union Army.

How do the Radicals react to the 10% Plan?

They hate it, and reject all states that try to follow it.

Who proposed the Wade-Davis Bill?

Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis.

Why did Congress want the Wade-Davis Bill?

It was more strict than the president's plan.

What did the Wade-Davis Bill include?

It said that the president could appoint a temporary governor in conquered states until a majority of the residents pledged that they never supported the Confederacy. Then they could have a Constitutional Convention.

Why does the Wade-Davis Bill fail?

Lincoln vetoes it.

What was Johnson's Background?

A poor Tennesseer who hated the Planter Elite. He was the only senator that remained after the secession from the South. As a result, Southerners hate him and Northerners don't trust him. He was a strict believer of the constitution and very racist.

What was Presidential Reconstruction?

Johnson's attempt at solving Reconstruction. He didn't want to help the slaves.

What was Restoration?

(1865) Johnson's plan for Reconstruction. It said that Confederates who had 20k or more lost the right to vote. Confederate debt would be dealt with later. Ratify the 13th Ammendment, and Confederates must beg him for a pardon.

What were the Black Codes?

They gave whites control over blacks. Blacks couldn't rent or buy land or get loans for land. They were forced to sign work contracts and could not testify in court.

Why was the Freedmen's Bureau reestablished?

To fight the black codes. They go and nullify contracts.

What was the 1866 Civil Rights Act?

It declares black citizenship and allows for the federal government to get involved at a state level to aid blacks.

What was the 14th Ammendment?

It defines citizenship and gives blacks citizenship.

How did the Radicals get the South to ratify the 14th Ammendment?

It put penalties in representation if states didn't ratify or pass it.

What does it mean to be disenfranchised?

To lose the right to vote.

What was Congressional Reconstruction?

Congress's attempt to rebuild the South.

How did Congressional Reconstruction handle the Southern states?

They lumped the Confederacy into five military districts with each have a military commander as a governor.

What was the job of the military governor in the military districts of the South?

To register qualified voters.

What do the registered voters by the military commander do at the convention?

They set up a new State Constitution acknowledging slave rights.

What was the 15th Ammendment?

It guarantees blacks the right to vote.

What does the 15th Ammendment leave open?

Voting restrictions.

What does the 15th Ammendment actually say?

"no person could be deprived the right to vote based on color or condition of servitude."

What was the Tenure of Office Act?

The president can't remove civil officials without Senate consent.

What was the Command of the Army Act?

President can't issue military order except through military commander (can't fire 'cept through Senate approval)

Why were the Command of the Army Act and Tenure of Office Act passed?

To limit executive power.

What was the Impeachment of 1868?

Johnson's ob was to enforce the law. He fires his secretary of War without asking senate (Tenure of Office Act). They try to impeach, but removal fails by 1 vote.

Who won the Election of 1868?

Ullysses S. Grant.

Why does Grant win in 1868?

He's a war hero, and 500k blacks voted for him.

What was the Reconstruction government in the South like?

25% of whites can't vote; state governments want to remove restrictions on Southern white voters.

Who were scalawags?

Southern Republicans (former whigs) who don't feel close to the Democrats. They were typically wealthy planters and bankers who were just interested in the Southern economy.

Who were carpetbaggers?

Northerners who went South to influence. They were seen as dirt, but were actually middle class people who want to aid the South. Most are teachers and missionaries who want to aid blacks.

How did Grant fill his cabinet?

Spoils system.

What was the Credit Mobilier?

French Construction Company is building Union Pacific Railroad. Send fake contracts taking money from U.S. government. Members of Congress and VP involved in this. Grant finds out later, but is forgiven.

What was the Whiskey Ring?

Ben Bushido, Grant's Secretary of Treasury, finds out that tax collectors scamming federal government on alcohol. Grant had no idea, and is forgiven.

What was the Indian Ring?

Grant finds out his Secretary of War, William Bullknap, was accepting bribes from natives to keep a trade post. America does not forgive, it does not forgive.

Who won the Election of 1872?

Ullysses S. Grant (R).

Why did the Panic of 1873 occur?

Jay Cook had a huge bank and firm. Invested it all into railroads, and everyone else fails as no money is circulated.

How did the Panic of 1873 affect the dollar?

They tried printing more money. We know how that goes.

What was the greenback movement in 1873?

To print money without being backed. Grant was opposed, but they thought they'd pay it back eventually.

Who won the Election of 1876?

Rutherford B. Hayes (R).

Why did Rutherford B. Hayes (R) win the election of 1876?

Three southern states (FL, LO, SC) in question. Removed and Hayes wins.

Who were redeemers?

They were white supremacits in the South who took government from the Republicans in the South. They favored states-rights and lower tariffs.

What was the Amnesty Act of 1872?

It removed the final restrictions for ex-Confederates to vote.

What was the effect of the Amnesty Act of 1872?

It reestablished the power of the Democrats in the South.

What was the Compromise of 1877?

It said that for Hayes to be president he must end fed support for Republicans in the South and support a trans-continental railroad in the South.

What was the "Great American Desert"?

Land between the East and Oregon/gold. (Mississippi - Pacific)

What was the Comstock Lode?

It was a huge gold area in Nevada. So many people flocked to it that it got statehood.

What was responsible for many western states getting statehood?

The mining frontier.

How did California respond to the Chinese in the gold rush days?

They forced them to pay a Miner's Tax. Chinese Exclusion Act.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)?

It prohibited immigration to the U.S. by Chinese laborers.

What were the bad effects of the mining boom?

Environment destroyed. Native Americans in ruins. Silver and gold flooding destroyed the value of gold and silver backed currency.

Who were vaqueros?

Mexican cowboys.

Why did cattle raising boom in the 1880s?

Railroads opened up the area to cattle selling. Lots of large open space. Mexicans and blacks could be hired to work for you for cheap. Vaqueros already got the techniques down.

Why did traditional cattle raising end?

Overgrazing, blizzard and drought in 1885, homesteaders push in, barbed wire. Wealthy people turned to other ways to raise cattle, with hay and such.

Why did so many people flock to the Great Plains?

Homestead Act of 1862 that offered 160 acres home thing.

How did people adapt to the Great Plains?

They used barbed wire, "dry farming", deep plowing, Russian wheat, irrigation.

What was Oklahoma before everyone rushed in?

Place where they threw all of the Natives.

Who wrote "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893)?

Frederick Jackson Turner.

What was "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" about?

It said that the frontier was always a place open for a fresh start for America. It embodied indepndence and individualism and was classless. Without a frontier America would turn into Europe.

What were Reservations?

Area set aside for Native Americans.

What was the life of Plains Indians?

Nomadic with a focus on buffalo.

Who wrote A Century of Dishonor and what was it about?

Helen Hunt Jackson, it outlined the injustices done against Natives.

After A Century of Dishonor, how did most want to treat the Natives?

They wanted to assimilate the Natives into white societies.

What did the Dawes Severalty Act do (1877)?

It broke up tribal organization and divided the tribal lands into 160 acre plots. It gave citizenship to the Natives that stayed on the land for 25 years.

Why didn't the Dawes Act work?

Most of the land given was sold by the government to whites or others. There weren't many Natives left.

What was the Ghost Dance movement?

It was a religious movement by the Americans supporting Native American ideals.

How was the Ghost Dance put to an end?

U.S. government killed Sitting Bull, massacred Natives in the Battle of Wounded Knee.

What was the Indian Reorganization Act (1934)?

It promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.

What was the New South's economy?

Lots of textiles opened and railroads were constructed. Many cotton sharecroppers left though.

Why did the South remain in poverty after the war?

Most of the financers were Northerners. Half-wage workers and longer hours. Sharecroppers. South started late at industrialization, and little education.

How did the Southern agriculture change after the Civil War?

It stayed cotton, but there was major over production. Most were tenants, and a lot relied on the Crop-Lien system.

What was the crop lien system?

Merchants gave out a loan, then the farmer would pay it back in Spring when the crops get teh money. Usually it was extreme interest rates.

Who was George Washington Carver?

An African who suggested diversification in the South.

What was the Farmers' Southern Alliance?

Southern farmers that tried to get political reforms to solve their economic problems.

What was the Colored Farmers National Alliance?

For Southern African Farmers, as opposed to Farmers Southern Alliance

How did the redeemers keep attention off of the economic problems to stay in political power?

Focus on segregation.

What did the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 establish?

Congress couldn't legislate against the racial discrimination of private citizens.

What was Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

It said that separate but equal was okay.

What followed the case of Plessy v. Ferguson?

Tons of segregation laws.

What were Jim Crow Laws?

Segregation laws.

How did whites keep Africans from voting?

Literacy tests, poll taxes, and political primaries for whites only.

What were grandfather clauses?

You could vote if your grandfather vote.

Who was Henry Turner?

He formed the International Migration Society, that pushed for Africans to go to Africa.

Who was Ida B. Wells?

Editor of the Memphis Free Speech, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow Laws

Who was Booker T. Washington?

A former slave who developed the Tuskegee school. He wanted to teach Africans trade.

What was the National Negro Business League?

Established by Booker T. Washington, it supported African American businesses.

What was commercial farming?

Raising single cash crops then selling them for money or goods. Farms became very large, and almost like factories. (often in the North/West).

How were farmers affected during the 1880s?

Price of crops fall as international countries compete, and the money in the U.S. was getting messed up. Middlemen take a lot of the money. Taxes were high.

What are cooperatives?

Businesses owned and run by the farmers to save the costs charged by the middlemen.

Who established the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry?

Oliver H. Kelley.

Why was the National Grange established?

Social and educational experience for farmers. It also took political actional against middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

What was Munn v. Illinois (1877)?

It said that the state could regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

What was Wabash v. Illinois (1886)?

It said that individual states couldn't regulate insterstate commerce.

What was the Insterstate Commerce Act?

It required railroad rates to be reasonable and just.

What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?

It was set up by the Interstate Commerce Act. It investigated interstate practices and prosecuted. It lost most of it's cases in court though.

What was the National Alliance?

A national organization of farmers.

What did the National Alliance do at Ocala?

It attacked the other political parties. They wanted direct election of senators, lower tariff rates, graduated income tax, and new banking system run by the federal government.

Why did the National Farmer's Alliance fail?

Horrible management and kept blacks out.

What did the National Farmer's Alliance push at Ocala?

Direct election of senatorsLower the tariffGraduated Income taxNew federal ranking banking systemIncrease the money in circulation (inflation affects farmers less)Government should provide storage for crops

How did the U.S. government deal with natives in the 1860s?

They sent agents who were supposed to negotiate with the Natives. The agents gave them hope, but never followed through.

Who did the government make an arragement in 1868, when gold was discovered there?

The Sioux.

Who was Sitting Bull?

Sioux who fought against Americans trying to get on land in the reservation.

What was Little Big Horn (1876)?

Sioux vs. the 7th Cavalry of U.S. Army. General Custer vs. Sitting Bull.

Who was General Custer?

Famous civil war general who fought at little big horn.

What was the outcome of Little Big Horn?

Sioux slaughter Custer and his men, U.S. government retaliates.

Who was Chief Joseph?

Leader of the Nez Perce.

How did the Nez Perce react to the Little Big Horn?

Chief Joseph wants to unite with the Sioux who fled to Canada by going in crazy patterns.

What does the U.S. government do to the Nez Perce?

They send them to Kansas, but tell them that they're going back to Oregon with their original life.

What was the Union Pacific, and who was building it?

The Irish. Started from the East.

What was the Central Pacific, and who was building it?

Railroad from California. Built by Chinese.

How much railroad is built from 1862 to 1899 in the transcontintal railroad?

From 30,000 to 200,000.

Why was there a mass slaughter of bison in the 1860s - 90s?

They were getting in the way of the railroads.

Why did the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 fail?

Natives don't want to be assimilated; 25 years is a long time to wait.

Who were the 59ers?

Miners in Colorado.

What was Comstock Lode?

A massive mine found in Nevada/Colorado. 340 million dollars worth of gold comes out of it.

What was the miners tax?

California charged 20$ a month on all foreigners.

Where was the hub of cattle drivers?

Kansas City.

Why did the U.S. come out on top after the Civil War?

Natural ResourcesAbundance of immigrantsGrowing population, good transportationCapital plentifulLaborsaving technology inventedNice government policiesTalented entrepreneurs

Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?

He merged railroads into the New York Central Railroad. (set a gauge)

Why did the federal government give land grants to railroad companies?

Push people out west, and it linked the East with the West.

Who was Jay Gould?

He destroyed the railroad market by fraud in the 1860-1900s.

What are pools?

Companies secretly fix rates and share profits.

How did railroads survive pre-1900?

They offered rebates to big customers, and huge prices to smaller customers.

What effect did the Panic of 1893 have on railroads?

It forced them to go bankrupt. J. Pierpont Morgan took them over.

What are interlocking directorates?

The same directors run competing companies.

What was the Bessemer Process?

The process of producing steel. It made steel mainstream.

What was Andrew Carnegie's background?

A poor Scottish immigrant child.

What is vertical integration?

It was the idea of purchasing all companies that help make the end product. (steel, mining, refining, ship, etc.)

What is horizontal integration?

Lump all businesses that do the same thing into one corporation. (Rockefeller oil).

Who purchased the Carnegie Steel Company?

JP Morgan for over 400 million dollars. It became United States Steel.

What was John Rockefeller's background?

He came from Cleveland, Ohio.

What company did Rockefeller start?

Standard Oil in 1870.

How did Rockefeller come to own?

He flooded the market with cheap products, then bought out his competitors. He paid railroad companies not to ship his competitor's stuff.

How did Rockefeller avoid the Sherman Antitrust Act?

He made his trustees the heads of his bought out competitor's businesses.

What is a trust?

A group of people that rule over a company.

What did the Sherman Antitrust Act do?

It prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.

What was United States v. E. C. Knight Co.?

It said that the Sherman Antitrust Act could only be applied to commerce, not manufacturing.

What was the concept behind laissez-faire?

That the economy should regulate itself. Run according to supply and demand.

What is social darwinism?

You're poor because it's your fault.

What was Rockefeller's gospel of wealth?

God gave it to him. It was God's favor. He applied the Protestant work ethic.

What did Reverand Russel Conwell preach?

Everyone had a duty to become rich.

What was Carnegie's gospel of wealth?

The rich had a responsibility to carry out projects of civic philantrophy for the benefit of society.

What did Samuel F.B. Morse invent?

The telegraph.

What was the transatlantic cable?

It allowed for telegrams to be sent cross country.

Who was Alexander Graham Bell?

He invented the telephone.

What contributions did Edison make?

Many inventions. The idea of a team of researchers working together. No longer indepndent.

Who was George Westinghouse?

A huge inventor that invented things such as the air brake for railroads and a plan for city electricity thing.

How were consumer goods marketed pre-1900?

Through catalogs (Sears. Roebuck). Some chain-stores were established (Macy's and Marshall Field). Refrigerated railroad cars, packaged goods. Shopping became a pastime.

Where was there a concentration of wealth post-civil war?

In the hands of the rich. They owned 90% of the wealth.

What was the Horatio Aleger, Jr. myth?

It was that anyone could come into extreme wealth through honesty, hard work, and a little luck.

Why did the middle class grow post-Civil War?

New factories needed people to work white-collar jobs. Industrialization needed service of people to administrate them.

What did David Ricardo believe about wages? And how did this affect people's beliefs about wages post-Civil War?

His "iron law of wages" said that raising wages would increase the working population, and more availability of workers would lead to a decreas in wages.

What was the average income of a family in 1890?

Less than 380$ a year.

How much did you need to make to be above the poverty line pre-1900?

600$ a year, but most people made only 400-500.

By 1900 how many women were in the workforce?

one in every five.

Why was life as a factory worker horrible?

Monotony, danger, often change jobs.

How did industry fight against the struggles of organized labor?

Lockout - closing factory before organizedBlacklist - name of bad employees circulateYellow-dog contracts - sign agreement not to join unionPrivate guards and state militia - put down strikesCourt injunctions - fight against strikes

What was the railroad strike of 1877?

RR copmpanies cut wages, than a massive strike of people stopped working. Hayes had to usefederal troops to end the strike.

What was the National Labor Union?

Men only. It tried to organize all the workers in all states. It wanted higher wages, lower work day, equal rights for minorities, worker cooperatives.

Who led the Knights of Labor?

Uriah Stephens.

What were the goals of the Knights of Labor?

They used everyone to fight for cooperatives, no child labor, no trusts and monopolies.

Why did the Knights fail?

Loosely organized.

What was the Haymarket bombing?

80,000 Knights were in Chicago. 200 anarchists were in Chicago Strike broke out at McCormick Harvester Plant. Someone threw a bomb in Haymarket Square. Seven people sentenced to death. Knights of Labor and unions fell out of favor.

Who led the National Labor Union?

William H. Sylvis.

Who led the American Federation of Labor?

Samuel Gompers.

What were the goals of the AF of L?

They wanted to raise women's wages (to push them out of the workforce, no one would want to hire), work on relationship between labor and management, better wages hours, conditions.

How did the AF of L get its way?

Collective bargaining. Walk out until employeer negotiates a new contract through collective bargaining.

What was the Homestead Strike?

Carnegie's Homestead Steel plant cuts wages. They use guards and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers' walkout.

What was the Pullman strike?

Pullman made sleeping railroad cars. He cut wages. The workers appealed to Eugene V. Debs, the leader of the American Railroad Union. Big catastrophe.

How was the Pullman strike solved by Pullman?

He attatched the sleeping cars to mail cars. Got the federal government to want to help him.

What was In re Debs?

The Supreme Court allowed the use of court injunctions against strikes.

What was Taylorism?

Scientific Management. A theory of management style that analyzes productions. It was to blend training with machines so that specialized workers would not be needed. It removed the dependence of businesses on certain workers.

What child labor laws were passed during the Gilded Age?

Children had to be 12 and a limit on hours was passed.

Who was Henry Frick?

The leader of the Homestead Steel Plant where the Homestead strike took place. He hated unions.

Who were the Pinkertons?

The private guards hired by Frick.

What was the Columbian Exposition?

The gathering of tons of people in Chicago to see the new civilization in 1983.

Who were the "old" immigrants?

Northwestern European immigrans. British, german, scandanavian (Protestants)

Who were the "new" immigrants?

Came from Southern and eastern Europe. They were often Roman Catholics who were poor.

Who made the Statue of Liberty?

Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi in 1886. It was a beacon of hope for immigrants.

What was Ellis Island?

The place in which immigrants passed through to get into America. Tighter restrictions on immigration were enforced here.

What was the contract labor law?

It prevented contracted labor (pay for workers to come here, then they leave when they get enough money) to protect the American workers.

What was the American Protective Association?

Nativist societ that was openly prejuddiced against Roman Catholics.

How did urbanization progress in America?

More and more people moved into cities. By 1920, more people were living in urban than rural environments.

Why did urbanization occur in the early 1900s?

Tons of immigration. New economic opportunities. African Americans flooded the cities.

What were streetcar cities?

They allowed for people to live a fair distance away from the city by being able to take the street car into work. Segregated the poor and the rich.

Why were skyscrapers becoming mainstream?

Land costed more. Elevators. Central steam heating radiators.

What were ethnic neighborhoods?

The poor insides of a city where tons of people crammed into small rooms with maybe a window. Disease spread rapidly.

What were ghettos?

Very poor ethnic neighborhoods where each ethnicity maintained its language and culture.

Why was there massive suburban growth in the 1900s?

Lots of cheap land, cheap transportation, cheap house building, ethnic and racial prejudice in the center, Americans like freedom.

Who was Frederick Law Olmsted?

He designed one of the first "park" suburbs.

What were political machines?

Groups of people who gave out political jobs to supporters. They essentially controlled the poor to give them political power through a few good acts.

What was a party boss?

They controlled political machines. They managed different social, ethnic, and economic groups in society to give power to the political machine.

Who was Henry George?

He wrote Progress and Poverty, a book that highlighted the growing inequalities in wealth caused by industrialization.

Who was Edward Bellamy?

He wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, it envisioned a future where poverty, greed, and crime didn't exist.

What were settlement houses?

They taught English to immigrants, education of children, and they gave immigrants culture (music and art). They tried to relieve the effects of poverty.

Who was Jane Adams?

She started Hull House, a settlement house that was successful.

What was the Social Gospel Movement?

Apply Christian values to social problems. They wanted to help the urban poor.

Who was Walter Rauschenbusch?

He wrote many books urging religions to take up the cause of social justice. He got a lot of Protestants to help the poor.

Who was Dwight Moody?

He was a Protestant that helped urban evangelists adapt traditional Christianity to city life.

What was the Salvation Army?

They helped give the poor basic necessities while teaching the Gospel.

Who was Mary Baker Eddy?

She taught that good health was the result of thinking about "Father Mother God". She founded Christian Science.

What did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony establish in regards to women's suffrage?

National American Women's Suffrage Association

What was the Women's Christian Temperance Union?

They advocated abstinence of alcohol. They believed that alcohol was the cause of poverty.

Who was Frances E. Willard?

She led the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

What was the Antisaloon League?

They persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and boards.

Who was Carry A. Nation?

He raided bars and saloons in Kansas. He didn't want to wait for legislation.

Who was Anthony Comstock?

He formed the Society for the Suppression of Vice. This was the watchdoog of American morals.

What was the "Comstock Law"?

It prohibited mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material.

What did Charles W. Eliot do?

He allows electives to be taken at Harvard. (unheard of)

What was John Hopkins University?

It was the first university to specialize in advanced graduate studies. It emphasized research and free inquiry.

What did Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. teach?

Law should evolve with the times and changing needs, not be based on traditon and precedents.

What did Clarence Darrow argue?

Criminal behavior caused by enviornment of poverty, neglect, and abuse.

Who was W. E. B. Du Bois?

He was the first black to get a degree from Harvard. He studied crime, and he argued for equal rights of blacks. Integrated schools.

Who was Bret Harte?

A realist who depicted the life of rough mining camps.

Who was Mark Twain?

The first great realist author. He showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society.

Who was William Dean Howells?

A realist who showed the problems of industrialization and unequal wealth in his novels.

Who was Stephen Crane?

A naturalists who wrote that the urban environment could destroy the lives of teens.

Who was Jack London?

He was a naturalists who wrote about the conflict between nature and civilization.

Who was Theodore Dreiser?

He was a naturalist write that portrayed a poor working girl in Chicago. He also wrote about the ruthlessness of indiustrialists.

Who was Thomas Eakins?

He painted the everyday lives of working-class people. Also painted human anatomy.

Who was James McNeill Whistler?

Painted "Whistler's Mother" that was a study of color. It influenced development of modern art.

Who was Mary Cassat?

She painted using many colors in impressionism.

What was the Ashcan School?

It was a group of social realists that painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods.

What was the Armory Show of 1913?

It hosted a bunch of abstract, nonrepresentational painting that most Americans didn't like. (they realized their mistakes by the 50s though.

Who was Henry Hobson Richardson?

He changed American architecture by giving it a more Romanesque style.

Who was Louis Sullivan?

He changed architecture by making a style of tall, steel framed office buildings in Chicago. Also established the Chicago School of architecture.

Who was Frank Lloyd Wright?

He made an organic style of architecture that was in harmony with its natural surroundings. Seen in his prairie houses.

Who was Frederick Law Olmstead?

He planned a lot of city parks and scenic boulevards. Central Park was one of them.

Who was John Philip Sousa?

A great march director and composer of the early 1900s.

Who were Jelly Roll Morton and Buddy Bolden?

African Americans that introduced the the American Public jazz.

What was jazz?

African rythms done with western-style instruments and mixed improvisation.

Who was Scott Joplin?

He wrote "Maple Leaf Rag". He established ragtime.

Who was Joseph Pulitzer?

He had the first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation. World, was the name of the paper. It was about sensational stories of crimes and crusing stories about political and economic corruption.

Who was William Randolph Hearst?

He pushed scandal and sectionalism massively high in the media in the early 1900s.

Why did amusement grow so much in the early 1900s?

Less hours worked, improved transportation, advertising, decline of restrictive Puritan and Victorian values.

Who were Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey?

They established the circus as a form of mass entertainment.

What were Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley?

They were actors in large Wild West shows to urban audiences.

Who was John L. Sullivan?

The first famous athlete of the era of cities. He was a boxer

What was the melting pot?

The great mixing of cultures that created the Europeans into a new culture in America.

What was cultural diversity?

The remaining separate of many cultures. Anti-melting pot if you will.

Why did amateur sports become popular in the era of cities?

Sports became to be valued as valuable sources of exercize.

What were bachelor sports?

Sports considered unfit for women; they should just stay out of it.

Who competed in the Election of 1880?

James Garfield (R) vs. Winfield Hancock (D)

Who won the election of 1880?

James Garfield.

Who was Chester Arthur?

He takes over for Garfield after he dies.

What was the Civil Service Reform?

Government workers had to qualify for their position, no spoils system.

What was the Pendleton Act?

Government jobs filled in by a competitive test.

Who competed in the election of 1884?

James Blain (R) vs. Grover Cleveland (D).

Who wins the Election of 1884?

Grover Cleveland.

What were Blains' mistakes in the Election of 1884?

Goes to private dinner with big industrialists and talks about campaign financing; allows Protestant ministers to bash the Democrats.

What was the Dependant Pension Bill?

Federal assistance to those who can't work.

Why did the Dependant Pension Bill fail?

Cleveland vetoed it.

Who competed in the Election of 1888?

Cleveland (D) vs. Benjamin Harrison (R).

Who did Benjamin Harrison leave in control of his presidency?

His staff. Primarily James Blain. (Teddy Roosevelt was in his staff too).

Why was their an urbanization movement?

Unskilled workers were attracted to the city, city offered entertainment, transportation was improved.

What two kinds of housing were used in ghetto 1900?

Dumbell tenements and row homes.

Who generally controlled Congress during the Gilded Age?

The Democrats.

Who were the Stalwarts?

Traditional Republicans in the Gilded Age that believed in the political machine. Led by Roscoe Conkling, party boss of New York.

Who were the Halfbreeds?

They were Republicans in the Gilded Age who wanted to limit political machine power. James Blain led them.

Who were Mugwumps?

The neither Stalwarts nor Halfbreeds. Fencesters.

Who was Thomas Reed?

He was the Speaker of the House during the Gilded Age; he essentially controlled it.

What was the Greenback Party?

They formed during the Gilded Age, and they wanted more money in circulation.

What was the Specie Resumption Act?

It redeemed greenbacks, and got America back on the gold standard.

Who was James B. Weaver?

Ran for the Populists in the Election of 1992.

What was the Crime of 1873?

When they stopped the coining of silver.

What was the Bland-Allison Act?

It allowed for a limited amount of silver coinage, 16-1 gold ratio.

Who was Benjamin Harrison?

He won the Election of 1888.

What was the Billion Dollar Congress?

Under Harrison, Congress spent $1 billion on navy, internal improvements, steam ships, and funding the economy.

What was the McKinley Tariff?

It was designed to help merchants. It increased the tariffs to 48%; this is quite high.

What was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890?

It increased the coinage of silver. (not enough to please farmers though.)

What did the Populist Party believe in?

Family farmers struggling; technology destroying tradition; give farmers a political voice; earn more money, work less; raise crop prices, monitor production.

What was the Omaha Platform of the Populists?

Direct election of senators, state laws enacted by voters rather than through initiatives and referendums in the ballot.

What did the Populists view on the economy?

Unlimited coinage, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone owned by U.S. gov., loans and warehouses for farmers, eight hour work day.

Who competed in the Election of 1892?

James Weaver (P), Ben Harrison (R), Cleveland (D)

Who wins the Election of 1892?

Cleveland (D)

Why did the Panic of 1893 occur?

Several corporations go bankrupt which causes the smaller ones and stock to crash. Unemployment reaches 20%.

How does Cleveland handle the Panic of 1893?

Lassiez-faire.

What two major railroad companies collapsed in the Panic of 1893?

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.

Why was there a massive gold drain in 1890s?

With the panic, everyone cashing out silver for gold.

Who was Jacob A. Coxey?

A Populist who led an army to protest the government, and force them to create jobs.

What was William H. Harvey's Coin's Financial School?

It said that American's troubles were caused by the conspiracy of rich bankers. Going to silver would help the commoners.

Who was William Jennings Bryan?

The Democrat/Populist candidate who said the famous "Cross of Gold" speech.

What was the "Cross of Gold" speech about?

Gold is crucifying everyone. Go to silver bitte.

Who were the "Gold Bug" Democrats?

They split from the "free silver" Democrats.

Who was William Mckinley?

He was the Republican candidate for the election of 1896. Gold standard + Tariff = Republican.

Who was Marcus Hanna?

A rich banker who financially supported William McKinley.

What was the Dingley Tariff of 1897?

It created a higher tariff.

Who was William Seward?

He was the Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson. He kept the French and British out of the Civil War.

What was "Seward's Folly"?

The purchase of Alaska.

Why did the U.S. turn towards Imperialism?

Open up worldwide markets for growing economy and source of raw materials.

What was international Darwism?

All the countries compete globally to be the best. They extend their influence by taking over others. The strong should survive, the weak die.

Who was Josiah Strong and what was Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885)?

It stressed that Protestant Americans had a duty to colonize lands for the purpose of missionizing.

Who was Alfred Thayer Mahan?

He was the admiral of the U.S. navy after the Civil War, and he thought that to be a world power, you must have a strong navy. Merchant marine should exist, and a canal should be built in Central America. Navy based in Pacific and Caribbean.

What was the Pan-American Conference?

Blaine invited a ton of people from Western countries to visit the U.S. South America and Latin America were actually represented.

What was jingoism?

Intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy.

What was the British-Venezuelan border dispute?

Britain tried to make a big deal about a border, but Richard Olney, an American, tried to enforce the Monroe doctorine. Britain backed down and US - Britain relations improved.

Who was General Valeriano Weyler?

Spain sent him to subdue the Cubans.

What was yellow journalism?

Sensational reporting for sales. Influences public opinion heavily.

What was the De Lôme letter?

It was sent by the Spanish ambassador back to the king. U.S. media intercepts it and publishes it. It was a hate letter towards the president. Big deal.

What was the Maine?

U.S. battleship in Cuba mysteriously explodes. Spanish are blamed.

What was the Teller Ammendment?

It said that the U.S. would let Cuba rule itself once the Splendid Little War finished.

Who was George Dewey?

Leader of navy in Spanish-American war.

What was Dewey's strategy in the Spanish-American War?

Send troops at Cuba and Philippines.

Who was Theodore Roosevelt before 1900?

He was the assistant to the secretary of the navy.

Who were the Rough Riders?

Volunteers under Teddy Roosevelt who pwnd in Cuba.

What was the deciding battle in Cuba during the Spanish-American War?

The battle of San Juan Hill. The Rough Riders destroyed.

How did the U.S. get Hawaii?

American missionaries flood Hawaii. They help overthrow Queen Liliuokalani. McKinley annexes them. Territory until 1959.

What did the Treaty of Paris (1898) include?

Ends the Spanish-American War; Cuba is independent; U.S. will honor Cuban independence; U.S. pay 20 million to purchase Philippines from Spain. Guam thrown in there at the end.

What did the U.S. take from the Spanish-American War that wasn't in the treaty?

Puerto Rico.

Why didn't the government want to annex the Philippines?

First time U.S. take heavily populated area of people with different race and culture. Deprive Filipinos right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Get U.S. involved in affairs in Asia.

Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?

He led the Filipino rebels against the Americans.

What popular Americans opposed imperialism?

Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie. They didn't think it followed Monroe Doctorine.

Who competed in the Election of 1900?

William Jennings Bryan (D, anti-imperialist) vs. William Mckinley (imperialist)

Who takes over after McKinley is assassinated?

Teddy Roosevelt.

What is Teddy's famous saying?

"walk softly, carry a big stick."

What was the Platt Ammendment?

U.S. government pressured Cuba to put into it into their Constitution. Cuba not allowed to approve treaties without U.S. approval and allows U.S. to put naval bases in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay).

Who was John Hay?

McKinley's Secretary of State who put in a lot of foreign policy towards China.

What was the Open Door Policy?

Hay's plan in China where all countries would have an equal sphere of influence in China.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

China responds to the massive sphere of influence. Chinese nationalists rebel, but Americans kill them in Beijing.

What was Roosevelt's big stick policy?

Make the U.S. a world power.

What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)?

British allow the U.S. to build canals in Central America now.

Who was George Goethals?

Engineered the Panama Canal.

What struggles did the U.S. face in building the Panama Canal?

Yellow fever. Columbia had owned Panama (U.S. paid them off). Panama people don't want it.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

Roosevelt's policy towards British sending warships to make Latin Americans pay their debts. Roosevelt would send their own gunboats to occupy a country's ports and make sure they pay their taxes to the Europeans.

What was the Russo-Japanese War?

Japan owns Russia. Roosevelt has them negotiate in America, and Japan feels the Americans cheat them out. (Treaty of Portsmouth)

What did the "Gentlemen's Agreement" spring out of?

California segregating Japanese in different schools.

What was the "Gentlemen's Agreement"?

Japanese restrict immigration. U.S. stop segregating Japanese schools.

What was the great white fleet?

Teddy sent this fleet around the world to show off the U.S. power.

What was the Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)?

Japan and U.S. would respect each other's Pacific possessions. Japan would support Open Door Policy.

What was dollar diplomacy?

Taft's foreign policy. He wanted to promote U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad.

What was the Lodge Corollary?

Henry Cabot Lodge blocked Japan from buying a part of Mexico. He introduced an extra section (Lodge Corollary) to the Monroe Doctorine that excluded all non-Euros from having land in the West too.

What was New Freedom?

Wilson's attempt at foreign affairs. Promised moral approach to foreign affairs.

What was the Jones Act (1916)?

Wilson passed it. It gave full territorial status to Philippines. Gauranteed bill of rights and male suffrage in Philippines. Promised Philippine indepndence once stable government established.

Who was Victoriano Huerta?

Militaristic leader of Mexico who took over after killing the Democratic leader in 1913.

What was the Tampico Incident?

Wilson wanted to aid the rebels in the Mexican Civil War. He blockaded Tampico, a few Americans went on shore. Mexicans captured them and war was imminent.

Who were the South American ABC Power's?

Argentina, Brazil, Chile.

Who was Venustiano Carranza?

Led the new government of Mexico after Huerta fell out of power.

Who was Pancho Villa?

A Mexican rebel. He attacked tons of Americans after Carranza took power.

What was the expeditionary force in Mexico?

Wilson sent tons of American troops to catch Villa.

Who was John J. Pershing?

He led the expeditionary force in pursuing Villa in Mexico.

What is Progressivism?

Movement by the people to curb the power of special interest groups. They go after political parties and urban political machines. They want change.

What are the goals of the progressive movement?

Society capable of improvement and advancement. Direct and purposeful intervention. Economy could advance too. They also want to protect people with the government.

What were the Progressives known as?

The "Great Fixers".

What did the Progressives pursue in regards to monopolies?

They didn't want power concentrated in one area so they want the federal government to break trusts.

What was the Social Cohesion that the Progressives pursued?

To develop society where everyone depends on each other and tries to make things better.

Did the progressives place their faith in religion or knowledge?

They wanted to apply natural and social sciences to everything. Change the government by modernizing.

Who were the muckrakers?

Progressive journalists who wrote articles exposing corruption. They encouraged people to be active.

Why did the Muckrakers start to fall by 1910?

They already covered most things and businesses start to bribe magazine publishers not to publish their articles.

Who was Lincoln Steffans?

He wrote "Shame of the Cities" which exposed the corruption in local governments.

Who was Ida Tarbell?

She wrote "History of the Standard Oil Company" which exposed the corruption in the oil industry.

What was the Social Gospel?

Progressivism and religion combined to say that you're responsible to help anyone you saw who needed it. It gave progressives a moral reason to reform.

What were the goals of the settlement house movement?

To look at environment and personal development. Not all problems come from religion or genetics. A cleaner environment leads to more potential.

What was taught at settlement houses?

Immigrants were taught about American middle class values and days spent bettering themselves.

How were jobs reformed in the Progressive Era?

Professionals formed different societies to prove they were legit because impersonators flooded places. (AMA formed (American Medical Association))

Who was the "New Woman" in the Progressive Era?

The new woman supported progressivism. More women colleges opened and women gained a more assertive identity.

Why did women's clubs form?

It was a way for women to gather and discuss social issues. They tried to influence men to pass the laws they want. (woman/child labor and suffrage)

What were the goals of the women's clubs?

Pressure the governemnt to pass the laws they want. Open idea of female unions.

What was the Women's Trade Union League (1903)?

Raise money to strike or bailout women or form marches.

What was suffrage?

Women have the natural right to vote. They believed that if women could vote than no wars would be fought.

What was the National American Womens Suffrage Association?

Association that backed women's suffrage.

When did women get the right to vote?

In 1919 most states allowed women to vote.

What was the 19th Amendment (1920)?

Gave women the right to vote.

Who were William James and John Dewey?

They advocated pragmatism by testing out ideas.

What was pragmatism?

A philosophical movement or system having various forms, but generally stressing practical consequences as constituting the essential criterion in determining meaning, truth, or value.

Who was Henry Demarest Lloyd?

He wrote about the corruption of Standard Oil and other oil companeis.

Who was Jacob Riis?

He wrote How the Other Half Lives, which was about the horrible lives that the poor people lived in the tenaments.

What was the Australian Ballot?

It was the first time that voters went into a secluded area and voted.

What were direct primaries?

They allowed the people to nominate the party candidates.

Who was Robert La Follette?

A Wisconsin gentleman that first introduced direct primary in the U.S.

What was the Seventeenth Amendment (1913)?

It allowed for the direct election of senators.

How did Progressives get politicians to listen to the will of the people?

Initiative, referendum, and recall.

What was initiative?

Voters could compel legislature to consider a bill.

What was referendum?

Method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballot.

What was recall?

Voters could remove a corrupt politicial from office by majority vote.

Who was Samuel M. Jones?

He was a Progressive mayor in Ohio that provided free kindergarten, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Who was Tom L. Johnson?

He was a Progressive mayor in Ohio that fought for public ownership of utilities, and also tax reform.

What was the "Wisconsin Idea"?

Direct primary law, tax reform, and regulation of railroad rates set in place by La Follette.

What was the Square Deal?

Anthracite Coal Miners' Strike. Roosevelt called them to the White House and forced the owner to give in and give the miners higher wages and less hours.

What did Roosevelt do in regards to trusts?

He followed the Sherman Antitrust Act in trying to break the "bad trusts" that were stifling America. He allowed the "good trusts" that kept prices low through efficiency.

What was the Elkins Act (1903)?

Gave the ICC power to stop railroads from giving rebates to favored customers.

What was the Hepburn Act (1906)?

It gave the ICC power to fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

Who wrote The Jungle?

Upton Sinclair

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)?

It forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs.

What was the Meat Inspection Act (1906)?

It allowed federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants and make sure they met sanitation levels.

What was the Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)?

It provided money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in the West.

Who was Gifford Pinchot?

First director of the U.S. forest service.

Who won the Election of 1908?

Taft (R) over Bryan (D).

What policies did Taft follow?

He busted a lot of trusts. He also was a large conservationist.

What was the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910?

It gave the ICC power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies.

What was the Sixteenth Amendment?

It allowed the U.S. government to collect an income tax.

What was the Payne-Adlrich Tariff (1909)?

Raised the tariff rate. Taft supported it although he said he was going to lower the tariff.

Who was Joseph Cannon?

He was a conservative that ruled the House. Progressive Republicans wanted to get rid of him, but Taft didn't care.

Who was Eugene V. Debs?

Head of the Socialist Party of America.

What was the Bull Moose Party?

Progressive Republicans headed by Roosevelt.

Who won the Election of 1912?

Wilson (D) over Taft (R) and Roosevelt (BM)

What was New Nationalism?

Strong federal government regulations helping the people.

What was New Freedom?

Wilson's idea of bringing back free and fair competition to the economy. He attacked the triple walls of privilege, tariffs, banking, and trusts.

What was the Underwood Tariff (1913)?

It substantially lowered the tariff rate. It also included a graduated income tax.

What was the Federal Reserve Act (1914)?

It established a national banking system that distributed Federal Reserve Notes.

What was the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)?

It strengthened the power to break up trusts. It also exempted unions from being prosecuted as being trusts.

What was the Federal Trade Commission (1914)?

It was an agency that investigated and took action agagainst any unfair trade practices.

What was the Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)?

Federal banks were set up that loaned farmers money at low interest rates.

Why did many Southern African Americans migrate to the northern cities after 1900?

Race relations go down hill, boll weevil destroys cotton crop, jobs in northern facotires.

What was the Niagra Movement (1905)?

Du Bois and other black intellectuals met in Niagra Falls. They discussed a program of action and protest.

What was the NAACP (1908)?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Started by Du Bois, they wanted to abolish segregation and give African Americans an education.

What was the National Urban League (1911)?

They wanted to help those migrating from the South to northern cities.

How did the Germans attempt to break the naval blockade in World War I?

Submarine warfare.

What was the Lusitania Crisis?

Germans sank a British ship, the Lusitania, without warning. There were Americans on it and America freaked out.

What was the Sussex Pledge?

Germany tried to keep America out of World War I by pledging not to attack any more ships.

Who were the Allied Powers in World War I?

Britain, France, Russia.

Who were the Central Powers/Triple Alliance in World War I?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy).

How did Britain affect American propaganda in World War I?

They supplied American media with information about the war, and they only really gave horrific German messages.

How did America prepare for World War I?

The National Defense Act (1916) increased the regular army, and America sent tons of supplies to Britain and France until the army was ready.

Who is Jeannette Rankin?

The first woman in Congress.

Who was Edward House?

Wilson's Secretary of State who tried to get Europe to negotiate.

What was the Zimmermann Telegram?

Germany sent a letter to Mexico telling them that if they allied themselves with Germany, then Germany would help Mexico get its territories back after the war.

How did the Russian Revolution affect Wilson's neutrality policy?

After they stopped being Communist, Wilson was more likely to enter the war on the Allie's side.

How did the U.S. mobilize for World War I?

They raised a ton of money through bonds. Unnecessary factors shut down, and coal was saved. Lots of loans.

Who was George Creel?

Head of propaganda in the U.S. for World War I.

Was the Espionage Act (1917)?

It put people in jail for up to twenty years if they tried to incite rebellion in the army or obstruct the operation of the draft.

What was the Sedition Act (1918)?

Prohibited people from talking bad about the U.S. government.

What was Schenk v. United States?

Constitutionality of the Espionage Act upheld. Man convited for distributing pamphlets against the draft.

What was the Selective Service Act (1917)?

It was the draft passed in the U.S. that called men into war by lottery.

Who were the Bolsheviks?

Russian Communist rebels.

Who led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I?

John J. Pershing.

Who wrote The Fourteen Points?

Wilson.

What was included in the Fourteen Points?

Recognition of freedom of seas; end to practice of secret treaties; reduction of national armaments; impartial adjustment of colonial claims; self-determination for various nationalities in Austrian-Hungarian empire; General association of nations made (Leage of Nations).

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Treaty that ended World War I. Germany lost colonies, had to pay a bunch, accept guilt of war. Territories owned by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia taken. League of Nations set up.

Who were the Big Four at Versaille?

Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States.

Why didn't the U.S. ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

Republicans led by Henry Lodge had a majority and heavily opposed it.

How would the Republicans ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

Only if the treaty had reservations. The irreconcilables had to be removed.

Who was A. Mitchell Palmer?

Attorney General who arrested a bunch of anarchists, Socialists, and labor agitators after World War I on limited evidence.

Who was Emma Goldman?

She experienced a Palmer Raid, and was a famous woman who got deported.

Who won the elction of 1920?

Warren G. Harding. "Return to normalcy".

Who were the Ohio Gang?

The people Harding answered to. They helped him get into office so he was in their debt.

What was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff?

It set the tariff rate at 35%. Europe backlashed by raising their tariffs. Due to the tariff, they also couldn't pay back their World War I debt.

What was the Bureau of the Budget?

It placed producedutes for goverment expenditures to be placed on a single budget for Congress to vote on.

What was Teapot Dome?

Scandal with Harding. His Secretary of Interior, Albert Fall, accepted bribes for land on federal reserves.

Who won the election of 1924?

Calvin Coolidge. "The business of America is business."

What was the Dawes Plan (1924)?

To negotiate the war debt, American banks would loan Deutschland and they would pay us back. It fostered economic growth until the Great Depression.

What was the McNary-Haugen Bill (1924)?

It would have established parity. Coolidge vetoed it.

What is parity?

Math formula used to set prices especially on farm prices so they can cover production costs. They would take US surplus and dump abroad.

What was the Emergency Quota Act of 1921?

Restricts immigration to 3% of each nationality based on 1910 census.

What was the Immigration Act of 1924?

Reduces immigration to 2% based on the 1890 census and cuts off Asian immigration.

What was the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925?

Whether to teach evolution or not. Clarence Darrow got William Jennings Bryan to admit that there could be more than one interpretation of Bible stories. Scopes is fined and loses the trial.

Who defends John Scopes?

Clarence Darrow.

How did entertainment change in the 1920s?

They started to focus on celebrities such as Jack Dempsy and Babe Ruth.

How did music change in the 1920s?

Jazz grew. Charleston new dance.

What was the first full movie?

Birth of a Nation. KKK after the Civil War.

How did women change in the 1920s?

Became flappers with bobbed hair, smoke, and shorter skirts.

Who was Marcus Garvey?

He founded the United Negro Improvement Association. Free blacks from whites and move back to Africa.

Who won the election of 1928?

Herbert Hoover. First time radio used in an election.

Why did business experience lots of prosperity in the 1920s?

Lots of productivity increases. (assembly line). Oil and electricity powered factories much more. Government hardly interfered with businesses.

What was an open shop policy?

Keeping jobs open to nonunion workers.

What is welfare capitalism?

Businesses give their workers improved benefits and better wages in order to keep them from unionizing.

Who was Charles Lindbergh?

He flew the airplane across the Atlantic.

Who was Margaret Sanger?

She pushed for birth control in the 1920s.

What was modernism?

They believed that the theory of evolution could be used along with the Bible.

Who were Fundamentalists?

They took a literal view of the Bible. No evolution.

Who were popular revivalists in the 1920s on the radio?

Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.

Who was Gertrude Stein?

She labeled the 1920s writers as the "lost generation".

What was the "lost generation".

The writers of the 1920s who were of disillusionment. Criticized the excess of the 1920s.

Who were popular writers of the 1920s?

Fitzgerald, Hemmingway, Elliot.

What was functionalism (architecture)?

Form follows function.

Who were popular products of the Harlem Renaissance?

Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington, Claude McKay.

What was the 18th Ammendment?

Prohibition of alcohol.

Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?

Anarchistic Italian immigrants who were unfairly accused of crimes. Executed. Showed the nativism of the 1920s.

What main nativist group ran the 1920s?

The KKK.

What was the Washington Conference (1921)?

They talked about naval disarmament with tons of countries.

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

Signed by all countries it outlawed aggressive use of force to achieve national ends. It permitted defensive wars and had little punishment if you broke it.

What was the economy like in 1928 - 1929?

Booming to no end. Stock prices doubled from May to September. Middle class buy stock on credit.

What was the Bull Market (May - Sept. 1929)

Everyone in stock market benefiting and everyone making money quick.

What two blips preceeded the Stock crash?

October 21 it crashed and October 24. Both times government/private investors rescued it.

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

Lack of diversification (put all money in automobiles or construction); unequal distribution of income (too many buying on credit); Credit Structure (anyone could get credit); America's position in the international trade (Europeans don't buy because they think US unstable)

What was voluntary cooperation?

Hoover tried to convince businesses to keep production at the same level and don't fire workers. The federal government would help fund.

Why did voluntary cooperation fail?

Businesses would lose too much money.

Why did Hoover do badly at healing the Depression?

He was a nazi about trying to balance the budget.

What was the Agricultural Marketing Act?

Set up a farm board that would regulate prices and sell surplus abroad.

What was the Howley-Smoot Tariff?

1930, it set the tariff at 49%.

What was the unemployment rate during the Great Depression?

25%

What was the Dust Bowl (1930)?

Severe drought on the Great Plains. Farmers kept plowing it and dust and land lost fertility. Most farmers head west, specifically to California.

What popular literature resulted from the Great Depression?

John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath, Richard Wright Native Son, Life magazine

What was the Bonus Army March?

Through the Bonus Bill, World War I veterans were promised $1000 by 1945. Veterans go to Washington to claim the money early. George Patton breaks them up.

Who won the Election of 1932?

Franklin Delanor Roosevelt "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

What was the 20th Amendment?

Shortened the inauguration date to January 20th. Passed after FDR wanted to get in earlier.

What were FDR's 3Rs?

Relief for the poor, recovery for businesses, reform of economic institutions.

When was Black Tuesday?

October 29, 1929; the stock market crashed.

What was the debt moratorium during the Great Depression?

The U.S. suspended the debt held by the Europeans from World War I.

What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)?

Owned by the government, they gave loans to prop up faltering financial institutions, banks, and railroads.

What was special about Eleanor Roosevelt?

She was the first first lady who was active.

Who was Frances Perkins?

The first woman on a presidential cabinet.

What was the brain trust?

The group of economic advisors that FDR relied on.

What was the Hundred Days?

FDR's first hundred days as president where Congress passed more legislation than ever before.

What was the bank holiday?

On March 6, 1933 FDR closed all the banks. He explained that they would reopen after the government reorganized them.

What was the 21st Amendment?

It repealed the 18th which prohibited alcohol to raise money.

What were fireside chats?

FDR's attempt to talk to the American public through radio conversations. He tried to get people to reinvest in banks and such.

What was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation?

It guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5000.

What was the Public Works Administration?

The gave money to state and local governments to build roads, bridges, and other public works.

Who was Harold Ickes?

Secretary of Interior who ran the PWA.

What was the Civilian Conservation Corps?

They employed young men in the Great Depression to work on projects on federal lands in exchange for some pay to their families.

What was the Tennessee Valley Authority?

They hired tons of people in the very poor Tennessee Valley. They built dams and did other work. The TVA sold electricity at lower rates.

What was the National Recovery Administration?

They guaranteed reasonable profits for businesses and fair wages and hours for labor by seting codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices. It also gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively.

What was Schechter v. U.S.?

It said the National Recovery Administration was unconstitutional.

What was the Securities and Exchange Commission?

It was to help regulate the stock market and place limits on the speculative practices that led to the stock market crash.

What was the Federal Housing Administration?

They gave construction and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones.

What was the second New Deal aimed at?

Relief and reform.

What was the Works Progress Administration?

They spent tons of money to give people jobs. They gave jobs to tons of people who were just living on relief money.

Who was Harry Hopkins?

He was head of the Works Progress Administration.

What was the National Labor Relations Act (1935)?

Guaranteed worker's right to join a union, and also the union's right to to bargain collecively. Outlawed business practices unfair to labor. National Labor Relations Board set up.

What was the Social Security Act (1935)?

It put a tax on earnings. It gave money to retired people over 65 and gave money to the unemployed, disabled, and dependants.

Who won the election of 1936?

FDR over Alf Landon.

Who was Father Charles E. Coughlin?

He was a Catholic priest that broadcasted weekly in the 1930s. He wanted inflated currency and nationalizing banks. He became kind of a fascist.

Who was Dr. Francis E. Townshend?

He fought for a plan that would guarantee senior citizens income. The Townshend Plan as he called it would give 200$ to all those over 60 by using a 2% federal sales tax.

Who was Huey Long?

He was dangerous to FDR. He called for a huge tax on the wealthy which would give families $5000 a year. He tried to run for president, but was assassinated.

What was the Supreme Court reorganization plan?

It would give the president the power to add justices if there were justices of a certain age. FDR hoped to control the Supreme Court because they were owning him. Congress shot the plan down though.

Who were the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1936)?

They were a huge union that opposed the AFL. They organized unskilled workers and people of all kinds.

Who was John L. Lewis?

The leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

What were sit-down strikes used in during the 1930s?

People would just sit down at assembly lines and not do anything.

What was the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)?

Put in a minimum wage; maximum workweek of 40 hours (time and a half for overtime); child labor restrictions for those under 16.

Why did depression occur in 1937 again?

Contractionary federal policy.

Who was Marian Anderson?

She was an African American who was denied to sing at the Constitution Hall. Eleanor Roosevelt and Ickes than gave her a private concert.

What was the Fair Employment Practices Committee?

It assisted minorities in getting jobs in defense industries.

Who was A. Philip Randolph?

He was an African American who headed the Railroad Porters Union and threatened for equal job opportunities resulting in the Fair Employment Practices Committee.

What was the Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act (1934)?

It gave land back to the tribes and supported the preservation of Native American culture.

What was Manchuria?

The area of China that Japan took over in World War II.

What was the Stimson Doctrine?

In response to Japan taking Manchuria; The U.S. refused to acknowledge Manchukuo as a regime.

What was the Good-Neighbor Policy?

FDR promised the Latin American countries to be good to them. He wanted to protect them from European aggression and also protect the U.S. in turn.

What was the London Economic Conference (1933)?

Economic conference by the League of Nations they wanted to stabalize currencies. FDR withdrew.

When did the U.S. recognize the Soviet Union and why?

FDR recognized it in 1933 in order to boost the economy.

What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)?

It gave the Philippines independence by 1946 and U.S. military withdrawl.

Who was Cordell Hull and what did he do?

He was FDR's Secretary of State and heavily reduced tariffs.

Who was the Fascist leader of Italy?

Benito Mussolini.

Who were the Axis Powers?

Japan, Germany, Italy.

What was the Nye Committee (1934)?

They said that the U.S. got involved in World War I was to serve the greed of bankers and arm manufacturers.

What were the Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)

They prohibited arms shipments and U.S. citizens to go on vessels of beligerent nations. Forbade loans and credits to beligerents. Forbade shipment of arms to opposing sides of Spain's Civil War.

Who was Fransico Franco?

The leader of the Spanish Fascists who won their civil war.

What was America First Committee?

They tried to get American public opinion to go against war (WWII) by getting famous people to go around and speak against it.

What was Italy's first Fascist attack?

Taking over Ethiopia.

What was the deal with the Rhineland (1936)?

That was supposed to be demilitarized but Hitler sent troops into it.

What was the Sudetenland?

The area of Czechoslovakia that spoke German. Hitler took it over and France and Britain just gave in to appeasement.

What was FDR's idea of quarantine and why did it fail?

After China got invaded, FDR wanted the democracies to quarantine the aggressor. Public opinion wanted isolationism though.

How did Britain and France finally get into World War II?

They said that if Poland was attacked they would declare war. They of course did after the blitzkrieg attacks.

What was "cash and carry"?

It went against the neutrality acts by allowing beligerents to trade with the U.S. if they just used their own ships.

What was the Selective Training and Service Act (1940)?

Drafted men even before the U.S. entered World War II. Drafted 1.2 million in one year.

What was the destroyers-for-bases deal?

Britain got 50 destroyers in exchange for allowing the U.S. to build military bases on British islands in the Caribbean.

Who won the Election of 1940?

FDR "your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars" over Wendell Willkie.

What were the four freedoms FDR wanted to fight for?

Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

What was the Lend-Lease Act (1941)?

Britain could get all its arms from the US on credit.

What was the Atlantic Charter?

FDR and Churchill drew up a charter that determined what peace objectives would be in place after the war was over. It called for self-determination, no territorial expansion, and free trade.

When was Pearl Harbor?

December 7, 1941.

When did the U.S. enter World War II?

December 8, 1941.

What was the Office of Price Administration?

They regulated citizen's lives during World War II to conserve resources through managing wages, rents, prices, and rationing.

What was Smith v. Allwright (1944)?

It's unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans to exclude them from voting in primaries.

What was Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)?

Supreme Court said that the U.S. government internment policy was justified in wartime.

Who took over after FDR died?

Harry S. Truman.

Who won the Election of 1944?

FDR.

What was the Battle of the Atlantic?

German submarines verse allied ships to control the Atlantic shipping langes.

Who was Dwight Eisenhower?

He led the Allied troops in D-Day.

When was D-Day?

June 6, 1944.

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

Germany's last attempt to win World War II by attacking through Belgium.

What was the Battle of Midway?

An American victory over the Japanese on the Pacific that turned the war in their favor.

Who was Chester Nimitz?

The admiral who thought of the idea of island hopping where the U.S. skipped islands and seized only the strategic ones.

Who was Douglas MacArthur?

He commanded the U.S. navy in the southern Pacific during World War II.

What was the Manhattan Project?

They developed the atomic bomb.

Who was J. Robert Oppenheimer?

The man who led the Manhattan Project in developing the atomic bomb.

When and where did the U.S. drop the atomic bombs?

Hiroshima - August 6Nagasaki - August 9

Who were the Big Three in arranging the peace conference for the end of World War II?

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.

What was Yalta?

After Europe was won the Big Three drew up their plans.- Germany divided in occupation zones- Free elections in Eastern Europe- Soviets enter war against Japan- Soviets gain some land in the Pacific and get stuff from Manchuria- United Nations formed

What 5 elements are decided at the Yalta and Potsdam Conference (1945)?

- Divide Germany into zones based on where troops are stationed- Hold free election in Eastern Europe- Soviets enter war in the Pacific, and also get territory in the Pacific- Form the United Nations- Worldwide meeting to form the United Nations

Where did the United Nations first meet?

San Francisco.

Who is on the UN Security Council?

US, USSR, Great Britain, France, China

What happens at Potsdam?

They decide that Germany and Berlin are going to be kept divided. Germany to pay reparations to Stalin (only his section is forced to though), Japan has to surrender.

Who quoted the Iron Curtain?

Churchill.

Who was the Nationalist leader of China before Mao Zedong had to be?

Chiang Kai-Shek

How does Truman try to prevent communism from spreading?

Throwing money at non-communist countries.

Who does Truman help first with money to prevent the USSR from growing?

Turkey and Greece.

What was the Marshall Plan?

Secretary of State George Marshall gave 12 billion to western Europe to turn them from communism.

What does the National Security Act of 1947 do?

Unifies the branches of the US military under the Department of Defense. Forms the CIA and FBI.

How many people joined NATO?

12 countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

How does Stalin try to get the other nations to pull out of Berlin?

He tries to blockade and starve out the other sections.

How does Truman stop the Soviet blockade of Berlin?

Berlin airlift for ten months.

What was NSC68(National Security Council)?

It was a report on foreign policy. It grew the US military and budget by a ton. Also it's goal was to build alliances with other non-communist nations and convince Americans that a military build-up was necessary.

Who wins the Election of 1948?

Truman.

What was Truman's Fair Deal?

He wanted to raise the minimum wage, expand Social Security, and give more unemployment coverage.

How much of Truman's Fair Deal does Congress give in to?

Expand Social Security and ban racial discrimination.

What does "The buck stops here" mean and who said it?

Truman, it means that the president takes ultimate responsibility for all things.

Where did the Koreans divide?

The 38th Parallel.

Who was the leader of South Korea?

Syngman Rhee.

How does the UN get the right to be involved in the Korean War?

USSR was boycotting the UN. No objections.

How did the UN fail at taking North Korea?

China got involved and owned up.

Why did MacArthur get fired and how did America respond?

Insubordination, he didn't follow Truman's orders. Americans were upset, they loved MacArthur.

What was the McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)?

All communist groups had to register with them. Americans can't support communist nations. Detention camps are allowed. Truman tried to veto but was overrun.

What was HUAC?

The House of Unamerican Activities Committee. They interrogated American groups they thought to be communist. Hollywood 10 and such.

Who was Alger Hiss?

A member of the state department who leaked info to the USSR.

Who were Ethel and Juliet Rosenburg?

Jewish Americans convicted of leaking to the USSR and were killed.

Who was Joseph McCarthy?

He created a list of suspected communists in the State Department. No one ever was convicted but he raised a ton of confusion.

Who won the Election of 1952?

Dwight D. Eisenhower (R).

Who was Jackie Robinson?

Famous black baseball player.

What was Brown v. Board of Education?

Desegregate schools.

Who was Thurgood Marshall?

The first black justice.

What was the economy like in the 50s?

Booming.

What caused the economic growth of the 50s?

Huge government spending.

How do corporations change during the 50s?

They begin to consolidate a lot more. Industries diversifuy.

What progress did the United Auto Workers' Union make in the 50s?

They striked at GM and demanded annual wage increases proportionate to the standard of living in exchange for no more striking. GM agrees to the elevator clause.

Who does the AFL merge with in the 50s?

The Congress of Industrial Organization. They often had management problems.

What were the post-war contracts that AFL-CIO made?

Agreement between unions and industrialists; control for benefits.

What drugs come out in the 50s?

Sulfa for strep throat. Penicilin. Tuberculosis, yellow fever, tetnis, polio vaccine.

Who made the polio vaccine?

Jonas Sulk. Special because ANYONE could get it; even them eight year old terrorists.

What famous pesticide grew in the 1950s?

DDT; it was only found out later that it was harmful to humans.

What was UNIVAC?

Universal Automatic Computer. Was developed for the census. Started the development of IBM.

What is the deal with Echo Park?

US government wanted to put a dam in Echo Park. The people say no and Sierra Club gets involved and shuts them down.

Who were the Sierra Club?

They fought to preserve national parks. They restarted environmentalism after Echo Park.

Who was Eisenhower's Secretary of State that did a lot?

John Dulles.

What was Dulles' massive retaliation plan?

Respond to communist movements with nukes and massive threats.

What was Brinksmanship?

Living on the edge of war, military first.

Who is Nasser?

Crazy leader of Egypt that overthrew King Farouk.

Why did Nasser want the Suez Canal?

It was vital to Egypt and Nasser wanted to control it. British and French take it. US want the canal too.

What is the Eisenhower Doctorine?

US help Middle East if they're threatened by communism.

Who takes over after Stalin?

Kruschev

What is the Open Skies Policy asked for by Eisenhower?

US and USSR could fly over each other freely. Rejected by Kruschev.

What was Kruschev's response to the Open Skies Policy?

The Peaceful Coexistance; US and USSR live together peacefully.

Who was the first country in East Europe to fight against communism?

Hungary.

What was Sputnik?

The Soviet satellite first launched into space.

What was the National Defense Act?

Help support kids studying math, science, or foreign languages.

Who wins the election of 1956?

Eisenhower, but Congress is overrun by Democrats.

What was the culture of the 50s?

Consumerism booms, credit skyrockets. Middle class ocused. Suburbs grow. Men work. TV enforces ideal lifestyle.

Who were the beatniks?

Emos of the 50s.

What were Levittowns?

Suburbias full of the same exact houses.

What was the U2 Summit?

Kruschev and Eisenhower to meet concerning Berlin. Plane shot down over USSR. Kruschev wants an apology; US gives one but denies spying. USSR doesn't go to the meeting.

Who was the pilot of the plane that flew over Germany?

Frances Gary Powers.

How did Cuba go communist?

Fidel Castro took out Batista. Lead an uprising and kicked foreigners out. US cut ties, and USSR gives them machines for sugar.

Who was Ho Chi Minh?

Communist Vietnamese man.

Who owned Vietnam before they want crazy?

French, then Japan took in World War II, then Japan.

Who was the nationalist in Vietnam?

Diem.

What was the Domino Theory?

If one country goes to communism than the ones around fall to it.

What was Other America?

By Michael Harrington. Poverty in the US in the 50s.

Who wins the Election of 1960?

John F. Kennedy.

Why is the election of 1960 unique?

It was the first televised campaign with televised debates. People's personalities became very important to winning.

What was the New Frontier?

JFK's domestic goals. Urban renewal, medical care for the elderly, education, cut taxes.

Why did the New Frontier fail?

Republicans controlled Congress.

How did JFK approach communism differently than Eisenhower?

He wanted a more flexible approach. Don't just nuke them.

What organizations did JFK establish?

Green Beret, Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress.

What was the Bay of Pigs?

CIA train a bunch of Cubans under Eisenhower's suggestion. JFK lets them attack Cuba. Promised airforce and thought more cubans would join in but it failed.

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

US gets pictures of Soviet equipment going to Cuba in 1962. The air force go over Cuba and see the missiles. USSR says it's because US has missiles in Turkey. JFK blockades Cuba. Kruschev says they'll remove if US removes from Turkey.

Who were the Vietcong?

North Vietnam's army.

Where is Vietnam divided?

At Geneva Accords, along the 17th parallel.

How did the culture between North and South Vietnam differ?

Very traditional in the North and also quite poor. Wealthier and less traditional in the South.

Who were the National Liberation Front?

They were the Vietcong in North Vietnam.

Why do buddhists go crazy and kill themselves in South Vietnam?

Diem tries pushing Catholicism on everyone.

Why does JFK organize a coup of Diem?

Diem is destroying South Vietnam with his Catholic pushing.

Who takes over after JFK dies?

Lyndon B. Johnson.

What Lyndon B. Johnson's New Frontier plan called?

Great Society.

What was the Economic Opportunity Act?

Put one billion dollars for youth programs, small business loans, and job training.

How does LBJ alter health insurance?

He starts medicare which gives insurance to the elderly, and medicaid which gives health insurance to the disabled.

What was the Office of Economic Opportunity?

It pushed for community action. Give the poor a job and want to participate in the community.

Why did the Office of Economic Opportunity fail?

It was too hard to impliment, not everyone would want to participate in the community. Doesn't eliminate poverty. Costs three billion dollars.

What was the Immigrant Act of 1965?

Cuts quotas and sets a cap on total immigration.

What did LBJ do to taxes?

Cut them.

What was the result of the Great Society?

Raise morality, but didn't cut all problems LBJ wanted to fix. It was very expensive.

What was the Freedom Summer of 1964?

Rush to register tons of blacks to vote. The KKK killed three volunteers. Raised the question of how far will people fight? Martin Luther King Jr. starts his marches.

What was the Watts Riot (1964)?

In California a white cop hit a black. Huge riot resulting. Ten thousand rioted and thirty four died. Blacks resent the police.

What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin?

US navy was attacked here and Congress gives the President power to send troops to Vietnam.

What was Vietnam's War of Attrition?

Destroy the North Vietnamese physically, mentally, spiritually.

What was the Tet Offensive?

North Vietnamese destroy the US on Tet (Vietnamese New Year).

Who won the Election of 1968?

Richard Nixon (R)

Who was Nixon's Secretary of State?

Henry Kissinger.

What was "Vietnamization"?

Nixon tried to slowly pull troops out of Vietnam while giving South Vietnam the money to help support themselves.

What is the Nixon Doctrine?

Asian allies get U.S. support but no extensive use of U.S. ground forces.

How did Nixon actually expand the War in Vietnam?

He started bombing Cambodia.

How did youths respond to Nixon's attacks on Cambodia?

They had huge uproars. At Kent University a bunch of people were shot.

What was My Lai?

Massacre of women and children in Vietnam by U.S. soldiers. Heavily publicized.

How did Kissinger get peace with Vietnam?

He said he would pull out troops and get back its prisoners of war.

What were the Paris Accords of 1973?

Promised a cease-fire and free elections in Vietnam. Didn't actually end the war though.

What were the Pentagon Papers?

Secret government documents about the deceptions and mistakes of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam.

Why did the Democrats not nominate Robert Kenedy for the 1968 Election?

He gets assassinated

What's the Students for Democratic Society?

They protest a ton about civil rights and Vietnam.

Who are the weathermen?

Branch of the Students for Democratic Society that are violent and give a bad rap.

Who were the New Half in the 70s?

They were a lot of young people who pushed for the government to help others. They attacked the government and the economy and supported Karl Marx.

Who were the hippies?

They like sexuality and supported birth control and abortion. They challenged materialism, gender roles, and the environment n the 60s.

Who was Betty Friedan?

She wrote Feminine Mystique a book about how women were in concentration camp. She interviewed college and free women and ignites feminism.

What was the Equal Pay Act (1963)?

Women get just as much if they do the same work.

What was the Equal Rights Amendment?

Congress passed but the states didn't ratify it.

What is the National Organization for Women (NOW)?

In 1966 they were formed, Betty Friedan helped. They protested women's rights. In the 60s it was women in work. In the 70s it was abortion.

What is ecology?

The study of interrelationships within the natural world

What was Earth Day?

On Aprill 22, 1970 it was started and sparked a lot of environmentalism.

What was the National Environmental Protection Act?

It enforced antipollution standards.

What were the Clean Air and Water Acts (1970 & 1972)?

Enforced cleaner air and water

What did Nixon promise in regards to Vietnam?

"Peace with Honor". End involvement but get international stability.

What did the Hawks argue for Vietnam?

USSR was involved. Gotta keep 'em out.

What did the Doves argue in regards to Vietnam?

Internal conflict, leave 'em alone.

Who was Henry Kissinger?

Nixon's shady advisor.

What was Vietnamization?

Turning the war over to the Vietnamese. Slowly drawing the Americans out.

What was the Nixon Doctorine?

US give South Vietnam aid and training but no longer ground troops.

How many troops were in Vietnam in 68 compared to 72?

540,000 - 30,000

What was the My Lai Massacre?

1968 US troops kill women and children there. The commanding officer didn't stop them and they burned the village to cover it up. The press blow it up.

What went down with Cambodia?

Kissinger says they should build military bases there. Nixon starts to authorize Cambodian bombings in 1970. Put new presedent in Cambodia who is a pushover Lon Nol.

What was the Kent State Massacre (OH)?

May 4, 1970. Student protest and 4 kids killed by the national guard. Nine are injured. As a result the Congress repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

What are the Pentagon Papers?

1971 the papers discuss military problems, how the government tries to cover the truth, truth of Gulf of Tonkin, cost. Gets leaked. Nixon threatens New York Times. Supreme Court allows.

What were the Christmas Bombings?

Tons of bombings in the 1972 Christmas season. Nixon and North Vietnam discuss.

What was the armistice between the US and North Vietnam?

North Vietnam realease 500 prisoners of war. Put leader who stabilizes Vietnam in. Free election and ceasefire. Nixon removes all troops by 1973.

What were the results of the Vietnam War?

US lost 58,000 men. Spent $118 billion. North Vietnam captures Saigon -> Ho Chi Minh City.

What is détente?

Things calm down between US, USSR, and China. Doesn't last very long. Helps create treaty - US and USSR.

What is SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)?

Freeze current number of ICBMs.

What happened with the Supreme Court during Nixon's presidency?

Warren gets replaced by Burger and conservative judges overwhelm the court.

What is New Federalism?

Nixon's agenda.

What is revenue sharing?

Revenue sharing is that each state and city handle their own social programs, no longer federal government. In New Federalism.

What is stagflation?

Economy starts to go down. Econsomic slowdown and high inflation.

How did Nixon try to fix the economy?

Nixon cuts federal spending. Take US off of the gold standard. 90 day wage and price freeze. Impounding funds.Cut OEO.

What is impounding funds?

Not going to spend money that congress et aside to pay for social programs - illegal.

What did Nixon replace the OEO with?

Family Assitance Plan which guaranteed a set amount of money for every family. Congress rejects though.

Flashcards: AP US History