broad; gm (+) & gm(-); not active against anaerobes
What is the spectrum for Aminoglycosides?
they possess inherent resistance due to their lack of oxygen need for EDP1
Why are Anaerobes resistant to Aminoglycosides?
KES, Pseudomonas, TB
What are some bacteria this drug is active against?
inherent, chromosomal alteration of 30s ribosome, porin deletion, methylation of 16s ribosome, r-factors
What are specific methods of Amingoglycoside resistance (5)?
ribosomal protection
-methylation of 16s ribosomal RNA; this is how a specific strain of streptomyces protects itself from the antibiotics it produces.
- this is now present in bacteria especially Pseudomonas
rapid, horizontal
Ribosomal protection transfers from Actinometes to bacteria through _________ transfer.
decreased ab binding, altered tRNA structure that allows for ab bound ribosome to maintain function, can bind to ribosome and remove ab
What are the consequences of ribosomal protection? (3)
plasmid transfer of extrachromosomal R-factors
What is considered the MOST important mechanism of Aminoglycoside resistance ?
acetylation of amino groups; phosphorylation or adenylation of hydroxyl groups
How does R-factor work?
nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade, teratogenic
What are serious adverse effects associated with Aminoglycosides?
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunit; causing codon misreading and breaks polysomes
Aminoglycoside MOA?