𖹭 Hypertension: The kidneys regulate extracellular fluid volume and hence influence blood pressure. Compensatory mechanisms in response to high blood pressure can lead to chronic kidney damage.

𖹭 Congestive Cardiac Failure: A fall in cardiac output leads to renal hypoperfusion, registered as hypovolemia. Compensation results in pulmonary edema.

𖹭 Diabetic Nephropathy: As a consequence of diabetes (poor glucose control and hypertension), the filtering system of the kidneys gets destroyed over time.

𖹭 Lithium Treatment Resulting in Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Lithium treatment can result in acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to a reduction of AQP2 expression. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a condition characterized by kidney or nephron dysfunction, leading to insensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine.

Learn: Structure and Function of the Renal Tubule (Physiology)