AP World History
Crash Course Review (Units 1-5)
MS. SHEETS
UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL
Foundations/Classical Period
CHAPTERS 1 - 5
Neolithic Revolution
6000-4000 BCE
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CHARACTERIZED BY THE START OF AGRICULTURE
PEOPLE SETTLED AND CIVILIZATIONS EMERGED
STARTED TREATING WOMEN LOWER THAN TRADITIONAL
HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES
Caste System
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INTRODUCED BY THE ARYANS TO THE INDIANS
(HINDUISM)
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Wanted to distinguish themselves from non-Aryans
A SOCIAL ORDER DETERMINED BY KARMA
HEREDITARY; ONLY MARRY WITHIN CASTES, AND
COULD NOT MOVE OUT OF CASTE IN LIFETIME
CASTE SYSTEM
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Brahmans (Priests)
Kshatriya (Kings, warriors)
Vaisya (Merchants)
Sudra (Craftsmen and Artisans)
The Untouchables
Hammurabi’s Code
1772 BCE
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MESOPOTAMIA (BABYLON)
HAMMURABI’S CODE WAS THE FIRST SET OF WRITTEN
LAW
LAWS WERE SPECIFIC TO SOCIAL STATUS AND GENDER
OF THE OFFENDER.
PUNISHMENTS WERE TO FIT THE CRIME (EYE FOR AN
EYE)
Mandate of Heaven
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FORMED DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY THAT JUSTIFIED A
RULER’S REIGN.
STATED THAT THE HEAVENS WANTED A PERSON TO RULE
AND IF THEY RULED BADLY, THEY COULD LOSE
HEAVEN’S FAVOR.
PERPETUATES DYNASTY CYCLE BY NEW DYNASTIES
ARGUING OLD DYNASTIES HAVE LOST THE MANDATE
Ashoka
269-232 BCE
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INDIAN; MAURYAN DYNASTY; CONQUERED MOST OF
INDIA
EXTENDED MAURYAN TERRITORY, GAINING CONTROL OF
ALL BUT SOUTHERN TIP OF INDIA
CONVERTS TO BUDDHISM, SPREADS BUDDHISM
THROUGHOUT INDIA; TOLERATES HINDUISM WHICH
REMAINS THE DOMINANT RELIGION IN INDIA
INCREASED TRADE, EXPANDED AGRICULTURE
EMPIRE DECLINED AFTER HIS RULE
3 Ethical Systems of China
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CONFUCIANISM(551-478 BCE)
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D A O I S M ( 5 TH C . B C E )
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Formed by Confucius
Valued obedience and respect, emphasized proper societal role
Predominant philosophy
Valued nature, frugality, simplicity
Followed the force or “dao”
LEGALISM
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Valued punishment for wrongdoing
Strict ethical system; government must control people
Qin Shi Huangdi
221-201 BCE
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PROCLAIMED HIMSELF “FIRST EMPEROR OF CHINA”
RULED AFTER THE WARRING STATES PERIOD DURING
THE QIN DYNASTY (221-201 BCE)
LEGALIST; BURNED BOOKS
USED FORCED LABOR TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF
CHINA
CENTRALIZED BUREAUCRACY BY TAKING CONTROL OF
FEUDAL ESTATES
UNIFIED CHINA CULTURALLY; STANDARD WEIGHTS,
MEASURES
Augustus Caesar
27 BCE – 14 CE
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PART OF THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
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Augustus Caesar, Lepidus, and Marc Anthony
FORMED THE ROMAN EMPIRE; FIRST ROMAN EMPEROR
LED TO A PERIOD OF ROMAN PEACE (PAX ROMANA)
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MILITARY EXPANSION
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Improvements in women’s status; public works; common coinage;
stadiums; highway safety
Conquered Britain, Germany, Mesopotamia, Greece
FIRST SOCIAL WELFARE – BREAD AND CIRCUSES
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Creation of public approval through shallow means
Hellenism
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THE SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE BY ALEXANDER THE
GREAT
CHARACTERIZED BY BLEND OF GREEK AND MIDDLE
EASTERN CULTURES
LONG-DISTANCE TRADE FLOURISHED
ENDS 146 BCE, WITH CONQUEST OF GREEK PENINSULA
BY ROME
Post-Classical Period
CHAPTERS 6 - 15
Manorialism
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN LANDLORDS AND PEASANT
LABORERS (SERFS) WHO LIVE ON ESTATES (MANORS)
SERFS WERE OBLIGATED TO GIVE THEIR LORD A
PORTION OF THEIR PRODUCE
LORDS PROTECTED SERFS AND PROVIDE EVERYDAY
NEEDS
LOCAL LEVEL; NO INVOLVEMENT OF MILITARY
LOCAL POLITICS WITH REGIONAL ARISTOCRATS IS MOST
COMMON FORM OF ORGANIZATION
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Abandon manorialism for feudalism during Viking invasions
Sunni v. Shi’ite
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TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF ISLAM (ORIGINALLY A
POLITICAL DISPUTE)
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Sunni: argued that rule didn’t have to be direct descendant from
Muhammad (Abu Bakr)
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85%
Shi’ite: ruler had to be a direct descendant from Muhammad (Ali)
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15%
Sinification
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THE SPREAD OF CHINESE CULTURE
EVIDENT IN KOREA, VIETNAM, JAPAN
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Taika Reforms in Japan
Cities, schools, courts organized like Chinese
Buddhism spreads
Chinese writing and law codes
Great Schism
1054
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POPE EXCOMMUNICATED THE PATRIARCH OF
CONSTANTINOPLE, AND THE PATRIARCH
EXCOMMUNICATED THE POPE
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WESTERN EUROPE
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Clerical celibacy; which bread?; state >church or church>state?
Catholicism; Pope in Rome; Priests practice celibacy, use Latin;
Iconoclasm
EASTERN EUROPE
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Greek (later Russian) Orthodox; Patriarch in Constantinople; Clergy
could marry; Greek language
Five Pillars
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CONFESSION OF FAITH:
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PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA
CHARITY
FASTING DURING RAMADAN
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Allah is the only god, Muhammad is his prophet
Commemorates Muhammad’s first revelation
PRAY 5 TIMES A DAY
Magna Carta
1215
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SIGNED BY KING JOHN IN 1215
RECOGNIZES THE SUPREMACY OF WRITTEN LAW
CREATED A PARLIAMENT TO RESTRICT KING JOHN’S
POWERS
Pax Mongolica
13th-14th centuries
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MONGOL PEACE
RELATIVE PEACE AMONG THE LAND CONQUERED BY THE
MONGOLS
FREEDOM OF RELIGION
INCREASE IN WOMEN’S RIGHTS
FACILITATED SILK ROAD TRADE
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Spread Bubonic Plague
Split Inheritance
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INCA PRACTICE
1 ST B O R N S O N H A S T H R O N E
2 ND B O R N S O N H A S W E A L T H
T H I S L E D T O 1 ST B O R N H A V I N G T O C O N Q U E R N E W L A N D S
TO GAIN WEALTH EVERY GENERATION
Empress Wu
690-705
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ONLY FEMALE TO EVER RULE CHINA
TANG DYNASTY
WISHED TO MAKE BUDDHISM STATE RELIGION
SUPPORTED BUDDHIST ART AND SHRINES
ENDOWS MONASTERIES
GIVES TAX BREAKS AND DONATIONS OF LAND TO
BUDDHISTS
Kublai Khan
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TOOK THE TITLE OF GREAT KHAN
CONQUERED CHINA; YUAN DYNASTY (1279-1368)
WIFE PLAYED AN INFLUENTIAL ROLE IN GOVERNMENT
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN MONGOLS AND CHINESE
CIVIL SERVICE EXAM DISBANDED
DISLIKED BY CHINESE
Feudalism in Europe and Japan
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EUROPE
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King
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Lords
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Knights (Vassals)
• Peasants (serfs)
JAPAN
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Shogun
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Daimyo
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Samurai
• Peasants
Early Modern Era
CHAPTERS 16 - 22
Martin Luther
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UPSET BY INDULGENCE AND CORRUPTION IN CATHOLIC
CHURCH
1517: WRITES 95 THESES
ORDERED TO RECANT AT DIET OF WORMS, BUT REFUSES
SPREAD OF LUTHERANISM
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Salvation is by faith alone
Bible is ultimate authority
All humans equal in eyes of God
Literacy increases; promotion of love between husband and wife
Printing press
Counter Reformation
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COUNCIL OF TRENT CREATED CHANGES IN THE CHURCH
IN RESPONSE TO LUTHER AND OTHERS
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Attempted to strengthen church by teaching and missionary work
Abandon sale of indulgences
Use art to assert personal relationship with Christ
Sociedad de castas
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NEW SPAIN SOCIAL ORDER
PENINSULARES: COLONISTS BORN IN EUROPE
CREOLES: PEOPLE BORN IN COLONIES TO SPANISH
PARENTS
MESTIZOS: PEOPLE WITH EUROPEAN AND LATIN
AMERICAN DESCENT
MULATTOS: PEOPLE WITH EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN
DESCENT
INDIANS
SLAVES
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494
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DIVIDED THE UNCLAIMED REGIONS OF THE WORLD
BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
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Awards Brazil to Portugal
SPAIN GETS EAST OF LINE; PORTUGAL, WEST
INEFFECTIVE AND SOMETIMES IGNORED
REMEDY TO POPE’S LINE OF DEMARCATION (1493)
Janissaries
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OTTOMAN EMPIRE
STANDING ARMY OF CONVERTED AND ABDUCTED YOUNG
CHRISTIAN BOY SOLDIERS FROM THE BALKANS
CONTROLLED THE ARTILLERY AND FIREARMS SO THEY
WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMPONENT OF THE
MILITARY
Akbar the Great
1560-1605
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MUGHAL EMPIRE
MUGHAL GOLDEN AGE IN INDIA
HAD A VISION TO REUNITE INDIA
MODERNIZED MILITARY
RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE; DIN-I-ILAHI
OUTLAWED SATI
ENCOURAGED REMARRIAGE; DISCOURAGED CHILD
MARRIAGE; DISCOURAGED FEMALE SECLUSION
ENCOURAGED GOOD RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MUSLIMS
AND HINDUS
Zheng He
1405-1433
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MING DYNASTY
EXPLORER
STOPPED DUE TO EXPENSE OF ENORMOUS SHIPS AND
XENOPHOBIA PROMOTED BY NEOCONFUCIANS
Ivan III (Ivan the Great)
1462-1505
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EXPELLED THE MONGOLS FROM RUSSIA
ASSERTED CONTROL OVER ALL ORTHODOX CHURCHES
EXTENDS RUSSIAN TERRITORY
Tokugawa Shogunate
1603-1868
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TOKUGAWA IEYASU CONSOLIDATES POWER ON JAPAN BY
REORGANIZING DAIMYOS AROUND HIMSELF
PROHIBITED JAPANESE TO LEAVE JAPAN AND ALLOWED
MINIMAL WESTERN CONTACT
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European contact was with Dutch and only on Deshima Island
Little contact with China and Koreas
Culture thrived: Buddhism and Shinto remained center
Modern Era
CHAPTERS 23 - 27
Napoleon Bonaparte
1801-1815
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EMPEROR OF FRENCH EMPIRE
QUICKLY TAKES OVER MUCH OF EUROPE BUT STOPPED
IN RUSSIAN WINTER IN 1812
TRIES TO CONQUER EGYPT; FAILS IN BATTLE OF
PYRAMIDS AND BATTLE OF NILE
EXILED TO ELBA IN TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
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CAPTURED AT BATTLE OF WATERLOO
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Escapes, re-gathers an army
Exiled to St. Helena
CAUSES NATIONALISM TO SPREAD THROUGHOUT
EUROPE
Toussaint L’Ouverture
1791-1804
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HAITI WAS A FRENCH COLONY FOR SUGAR
LED HAITIANS TO VICTORY AGAINST THE FRENCH IN
THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION
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Claims Enlightenment and French Revolution ideas apply to French
colonies
Monroe Doctrine
1823
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DOCUMENT ISSUED BY JAMES MONROE THAT
PROHIBITED EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE WITH LATIN
AMERICAN COUNTRIES
Sepoy Rebellion
1857
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SEPOYS: NATIVES OF INDIA THAT ARE LOYAL TO
EUROPEAN POWER
SEPOYS ANGERED BY NEW RIFLES THAT REQUIRE THEM
TO USE THEIR TEETH TO TEAR OPEN CARTRIDGES
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Animal fat as lubricant
LED TO BRITISH RAJ AND DISSOLUTION OF BRITISH
EAST INDIA COMPANY
Berlin Conference
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ISSUED BY OTTO VAN BISMARK TO DIVIDE AFRICA
AMONG EUROPEAN IMPERIAL POWERS
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Scramble for Africa
HELD LITTLE REGARD TO CULTURAL BOUNDARIES OF
THE AFRICAN PEOPLE
AFRICAN REPRESENTATIVES NOT PRESENT
LED TO AFRICAN UNREST, VIOLENCE, AND DIFFICULTY
IN ESTABLISHING INDEPENDENCE
Spanish-American War
1898
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CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAIN
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USS MAINE EXPLODED IN HAVANA HARBOR
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US businesses concerned about their investments in Cuban sugar and
tobacco
“Remember the Maine; to Hell with Spain!”
US GOES TO WAR AGAINST SPAIN
US GAINS PUERTO RICO, THE PHILIPPINES, AND GUAM
“INDEPENDENCE” FOR CUBA
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Allowed for direct US involvement in Caribbean
Opium War
1839-1842
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BRITISH BEGAN SELLING OPIUM TO CHINA AND
ALTHOUGH CHINA OUTLAWS IT, BRITISH CONTINUE TO
TRADE
CHINA WANTS TO END BRITISH TRADE; BRITISH ARGUE
FOR FREE TRADE RIGHTS
BRITAIN AND FRANCE EASILY OVERPOWER CHINA
TREATY OF NANKING
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Hong Kong is British colony for European trade
Extraterritorality rights
Spheres of Influence
Global Era
CHAPTERS 28 - 36
Sun Yat-Sen
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FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA
LEADER OF NATIONALISTS (KUOMINTANG)
DIES 1925; NATIONALISTS LED BY CHIANG KAI -SHEK
World War I
1914-1918
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MAIN CAUSES
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SPARKED BY ASSASSINATION OF AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE
FERDINAND BY SERBIAN NATIONALIST PRINCIP
GERMANY ATTEMPTS TO TAKE FRANCE THROUGH
ATTACKING BELGIUM; STALEMATE (TRENCH WARFARE)
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Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Schlieffen Plan
TRIPLE ALLIANCE VS. TRIPLE ENTENTE
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Austria, Germany, Italy (who will switch)
England, France, Russia (later America)
US joins (Zimmerman Telegram + Lusitania)
RUSSIA WITHDRAWS (TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK)
TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919
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Balfour Declaration
1917
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JEWISH NATIONALISTS LIVING IN BRITAIN (ZIONISTS)
APPEAL TO ARTHUR BALFOUR
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BALFOUR ISSUES THE BALFOUR DECLARATION, WHICH
GRANTS JEWS RIGHTS TO THE HOLY LAND, AS LONG AS
PALESTINIANS ARE NOT DISPLACED
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Led by Theodor Herzl after Dreyfus Affair
The problem is there is no way to do that.
ULTIMATELY LEADS TO CONSTANT WARFARE.
Kwame Nkrumah
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1957: PRIME MINISTER OF INDEPENDENT GHANA
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Gained complete independence from Britain
Fairly peaceful decolonization as there is not a large amount of
Europeans present
TRIES TO REVIVE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN CULTURE
BECOMES A LEFTIST AUTHORITARIAN RULER AND IS
OVERTHROWN BY A MILITARY COUP WHILE VISITING
VIETNAM
Vladimir Lenin
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LEADER OF THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1917
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OCTOBER REVOLUTION, 1917
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Lenin and Communist Party take power in Russia
REFORMS
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Nicholas II abdicates, later his family is killed, ends Romanovs
Provisional government put in place
Gave land to peasants
Control of factories given to workers
Withdrew from WWI
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
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Reforms in order to promote agricultural development
Reduce economic strain on peasants
World War II
1939-1945
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AXIS VS. ALLIED POWERS
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Germany, Japan, Italy
US, UK, Soviet Union
JAPAN SEIZES MANCHURIA, EXPANDS INTO CHINA (RAPE
OF NANKING)
HITLER AND STALIN’S NON-AGGRESSION PACT, 1939
BLITZKRIEG
JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOR; US USES ATOMIC
BOMBS
BATTLE OF MIDWAY AND BATTLE OF STALINGRAD ARE
TURNING POINTS
BATTLE OF BULGE IS GERMANY’S LAST EFFORT; HITLER
COMMITS SUICIDE
HOLOCAUST
Cold War
1945-1991
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US AND WESTERN EUROPE VS. RUSSIA AND EASTERN
EUROPE
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Capitalism, Democracy
Communism, Dictatorships
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
IRON CURTAIN
VIETNAM WAR, KOREAN WAR
MARSHALL PLAN FOR ECONOMIC REBUILDING
CONTAINMENT
RED SCARE
Great Leap Forward
1958-1960
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CHINA; MAO ZEDONG
CREATION OF LARGE COMMUNES
MEANT TO HARMONIZE MAO’S IDEAL OF A IDYLLIC
RURAL CHINA MADE UP OF PEASANTS YET STILL
INDUSTRIALIZE
BACKYARD INDUSTRIES (STEEL)
WIDESPREAD FAMINE
MAO NO LONGER LEADER OF CHINA AFTER, BUT STILL
PARTY LEADER
Rowlatt Act
1919
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LAW PASSED BY BRITISH IN INDIA LIMITING FREE
SPEECH, RIGHTS OF PRESS, ETC.
INDICATES TO INDIANS THAT BRITISH ARE NOT
GENUINE ABOUT MOVING INDIA TO INDEPENDENCE
SPURS NATIONALISM
Ayatollah Khomeini
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RULED IN IRAN AFTER IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979
OVERTHROWS SHAHS
RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM
REJECTION OF THE WEST
ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALIST
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Women required to wear traditional clothing
Stoning for adulterous women
Amputation for limbs
Qu’ran becomes basis of legal system
Saddam Hussein
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DICTATOR OF IRAQ
IRAN-IRAQ WAR
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PERSIAN GULF WAR
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Attacks Iran to gain oil fields in Western Iran
Attacked Kuwait to attempt to gain larger share of world’s oil
K I L L E D A T S T A R T O F 2 1 ST C E N T U R Y
Apartheid
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SOUTH AFRICA; LEGAL RACISM
AFRIKANERS IMPLEMENT IT
LED TO SOUTH AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE FROM PROTEST
LED BY NELSON MANDELA
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Mandela jailed, but later freed
First president in South Africa in free and legal election