Religious War # 1
Religious Wars in Holy
Roman Empire (Germany)
1520s -1555
300,000 revolt
100,000 die
The Protestant Reformation
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Religious War # 1
300,000 revolt
100,000 die
German Peasants Revolt!
Peasants in Germany revolted in 1524 and
looked to Luther for support.
Why did they revolt?
economic burdens, taxes
How did Lutheranism contribute to their revolt?
nobles & wealthy princes were also rebelling against established Church
power
What did Luther do?
Why?
He took the middle road- supported revolt against church but didn’t
support complete freedoms for peasants
The Protestant Reformation
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Politics in Germany during the Reformation
“Germany” was a loosely affiliated group of Principalities, free imperial cities,
and ecclesiastical (church based) principalities.
All pledged loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom they elected,
States had gained a great deal of independence from the Emperor and they
wanted to keep it.
How did this contribute to adoption of Lutheranism by Princes?
Lutheranism, which preached separation from the church and keeping all the tithe money in
Germany itself, made “breaking away” very attractive
The Protestant Reformation
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Charles V: King of Germany, Spain, and more
Charles V (Hapsburg) was heir to the Spanish throne (as
Charles I)
• He ruled over a far-flung empire. 4 million square miles!
• Spain and its possessions,
• Hapsburg territories of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and the Low Countries.
• Also, selected as the Holy Roman Emperor, which had traditionally gone to
the Hapsburgs.
• New world of the Incan and Aztec empires
• He wanted to stamp out Lutheranism and exert stronger control
over the princes, but he had other problems.
The Protestant Reformation
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Charles V: His Frustration and local religious wars in Germany
Charles wanted to preserve Catholic unity in his
empire, but had to deal with other problems. What are
they?
War with France that lasted from 1521 until 1544.
The Pope (Clement VII) had sided with the French
King against Charles V of Spain, Germany, etc. Charles
had to send troops to fight the French.
Incursions in the east from the Turks. Had to send
troops to fight them.
Finally, many individual rulers of the German states
supported Luther.
The Protestant Reformation
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1 of 3 Peace
Treaties you have
to know
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
The Protestant Reformation
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By the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to Germany
Lutheranism had taken hold and princes were unified and organized.
Forced to enter into the Peace of Augsburg 1555
Terms?
Allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism
within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the
independence they had over their states. Subjects who did not wish to
conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were
free to migrate to different regions in which their desired religion had
been accepted.
Did it create religious tolerance?
some but not much
spreads widely
Consequences for Lutheranism?
And so it spreads....
Switzerland
A civil war in
Switzerland based
on religious
differences
Zwinglianism
New flavors of Protestantism emerged in Europe. Switzerland was the heart of
two other movements.
Zwinglianism- another Protestant religion but it differs from Lutheranism in some
doctrine.
Founded by Ulrich Zwingli. Starting in 1518 he preached in Zurich.
Zwingli is killed and Zwinglianism is defeated in Swiss civil war in 1531 between Catholic and
Protestant states.
Calvinism
After the death Zwingli, protestant leadership in Switzerland passed to
John Calvin.
1536 Institutes of Christian Religion puts him at the forefront of
Protestantism.
Similarities and differences with Lutheranism?
Predestination
the elect vs. the reprobates
Predestination means that God in an had determined in advance
who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the
reprobate).
Calvinism
1536 Calvin creates a Calvinist theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland
People who deviated could be punished, even for such
“crimes” as dancing and gambling.
He set up a court (Consistory) to oversee the moral life and
doctrinal purity of people of Geneva, Switzerland
SINNER!
He set up a court to oversee the moral life
and doctrinal purity of Genevans.
Calvinism
Became a relatively
militant and unforgiving
doctrine. American
Puritans were
Calvinists.
He set up a court to
oversee the moral life
and doctrinal purity of
Genevans.
Calvinism
Calvin’s success in Geneva
made it a powerful center
of Protestantism.
John Knox, spreads Calvinism to
Scotland. Presbyterian Church.
Spreads to France—Huguenots.
Netherlands and eastern Europe.
By the mid-16th century Calvinism had
replaced Lutheranism as the militant
form of Protestantism.
He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal
purity of Genevans.
And so it spreads....
And so it spreads....
France
Religious War # 2
Civil Wars of France
mid 1500s-1600
somewhere between
30,000 and 700,000
die
Calvinists
Protestants in
France are called
Huguenots.
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
French Civil Wars had two intertwined causes: Religion and
struggle between crown and nobles.
Fight between the Catholic majority and the Huguenot (Calvinist)
minority.
Battle between the ruling Valois-Bourbon house and the nobles
over how much power the monarchy would have.
Huguenots came from all layers of society including the nobility.
•Proportion of Huguenots among the nobility was much higher than
in the population as a whole.
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Why were so many nobles Huguenots?
House of Bourbon became Huguenots.
Next to the Valois in the royal line of succession.
Rules the southern French kingdom of Navarre.
The Valois monarchy is staunchly Catholic.
Because it has control of the church, it has little incentive to give Protestants a
break
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Ultra Catholics of France
During the period a militantly Catholic group emerged—ultraCatholics.
Favored strict opposition to the Huguenots.
•Ultra-Catholics had loyalty of large sections of the country
•Received money and support from the papacy and the Jesuits.
St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572
Massacre took place six days after the wedding of the
king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of
Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage
was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and
prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic
Paris.
5000 to 30,000 dead.
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France
In 1589 Henry of Navarre succeeds to the crown
•He is from House of Bourbon and leader of the Huguenots
•What does he do to get the nation to accept him and end the Civil
War?
The Protestant Reformation
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2 of 3 Peace
Treaties you have
to know:
Edict of Nantes
What was the first treaty you need to know?
Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555
France
Edict of Nantes (1598)—
• Catholicism is the official religion of France
• Huguenots guaranteed freedom of worship and right to
all political privileges.
• Huguenots have the right to fortify their castles and
towns.
And so it spreads....
Europe in
General...the
Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
the Anabaptists
Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists
considered all believers equal.
Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians
were considered priests.
Women were often excluded from the ministry, however.
the Anabaptists
Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state.
Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms.
They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill.
Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded
dangerous radicals.
the Anabaptists
Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists.
Anabaptist catcher
The metal cattle catcher was called an Anabaptist Catcher. The Anabaptist, meaning
second baptism, was used by the state churches to describe those who believed in adult
baptism. Today, the term is accepted by these very groups.
And so it spreads....
Spain
under Phillip II
Spain (under Phillip II)
Phillip II --son of Charles V (HRE).
Charles abdicates in 1556.
He divided his empire between his younger brother Ferdinand, who gets
Holy Roman Empire and Austria and his son Phillip, who gets Spain,
Netherlands and New World possessions.
Phillip’s goals:
Strengthen the central monarchy in Spain
Exert stronger authority over his territories.
Strengthen power of Church and beat back Protestantism...
Spain (under Phillip II)
Spain (under Phillip II)
Spain is a strongly Catholic nation. See themselves as nation chosen to protect
Christianity from Protestantism.
Phillip becomes the greatest advocate of militant Catholicism and ushers in an age of
Spanish greatness and power.
Insists on strict conformity to Catholicism and adherence to dictates of monarchy
Holy League and Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Who do they defeat?
Spain (under Phillip II) and the Spanish Netherlands
Spanish Netherlands were very
important to Spain. Why?
Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s
control over the area led to revolt. Why?
Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists
destroy Catholic Churches.
Phillip sends in 10,000 troops under the
Duke of Alva
William of Orange.
English Aid to Netherlands
1609 truce ends the war
Core of modern Dutch Netherlands.
And so it spreads....
Back to Germany
and
other parts of Europe
More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe
Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and social
crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to the religious turmoil
and wars, other factors contributed:
•Economy began to retract.
•Italy, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the renaissance
period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers.
•Spain’s fortunes declined.
•Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to dislocation of
farmers and intermittent food shortages.
Results in leveling and even slight decline in the population of
Europe after 150 years of growth following the period of the Black
Death.
More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe
Witchcraft
Economic and Social upheaval results in
social tensions that manifest themselves in
witchcraft craze.
Causes?
As many as 100,000 trials
Who was most frequently accused?
Why?
Religious War # 3
Thirty Years Wars
1618-1648
estimated
11,500,000 die
Thirty Years War 1618-1648
Last of the religious wars, (Protestants v Catholics in
HRE) but also dynasty rivalry and balance of power.
•King of Bohemia and the big pile of dung
•Started in the Holy Roman Empire
Causes?
Protestant Union
Catholic League
Austrian and Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Bourbons
Thirty Years War 1618-1648
This series of wars involved almost all of
Europe
The armies completely denuded the land
Famine and disease were significant
Thirty Years War 1618-1648
This series of wars involved almost all
of Europe
The armies completely denuded the
land
Famine and disease were significant
War devastates Germany.
1/3 of urban and 40% of rural population
destroyed.
Economy ravaged
Thirty Years War
As these territorial
boundaries change there
is increasing religious
tension especially when
Calvinism joins in battle
of faith (they weren’t
mentioned in the Peace
of Augsburg)
This will lead to the Thirty
Years War between
Catholic and Protestants
3 of 3 Peace
Treaties you have
to know:
Treaty of
Westphalia (1648)
What was the first treaty you need to know?
Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555
What was the second treaty you need to know?
France- Edict of Nantes- 1598
Europe (mainly HRE)
• Treaty of Westphalia 1648
Terms
• End of HRE as real political entity.
Each of the German princes
recognized as sovereign, independent authority
• Independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands acknowledged.
• France gets Alsace, increasing its size and prestige.
• France allowed to intervene at will in German affairs.
• Pope denied the right to intervene in German affairs.
• Portugal recognized as independent of Spain.
France emerges as the dominant nation in Europe.
Now Europe is looking more like the Europe you know
•Why the Treaty of Westphalia is so
important
Europe
countries are recognized as sovereign polity. no
papacy overlord anymore.
Imposes peace after century of ugly religious slaughter over
points of christian doctrine like transubstation (is the body
blood of Christ or not?)
Important because great Enlightenment philosopher John
Locke says religion dangerous. (it is about uniformity v
consciousness)
Debate on source of political authority - goes beyond the
mere statescraft of Thomas More