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Finished off Unit 1:
Introduced stratification:
Getting you thinking task
In depth look at
Stratification
Class systems:
1. Caste
2. Feudal
3. Industrial
Social Mobility
OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES
LO:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson, I
will understand:
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
By the end of the lesson, I will be
able to:
1. Understand Social
Stratification
2 Understand different types
of Class systems
3. How categories influence
sociologists.
1. Identify key features of class
systems
2.Discuss what Is meant by social
stratification.
LO: Exploring stratification in British Society
3. Evaluate the importance social
stratification
Outcome 1 of assignment : Social stratification:
The way people or different groups are
categorised or placed into hierarchical structure
based on their way of life
You could think about stratification like layers:
Stratification = Strata=
term borrowed from
Geology = layering of
society into strata from
which an hierarchy
emerges
Q: why do you think it is
important?
Defining social stratification
Why it is important
Consider the following questions
1. 1.important
Why do you
• Hierarchy
has: think it is
reflects ranks
of peopleimportant
to have a class
wealthy,system?
poor
• reflects the power
2.
What
benefits
are
there?
(Social status) they have
3. amount
What drawbacks
and the
of social are there?
influence
4. Once born into a class, do you
• Reflects think
the degree
of your life?
is effects
opportunity
members
5. How
easy is it to come out of
have to change their
determined
position this
in this
hierarchy class place?
SOCIAL STATUS
A person’s social status means, their
social importance
INPUT 1
Social Stratification
Teacher
What order would
youthan
put these
WhyAssistant
do we value some roles more
others?
Shop
people in?
Doctor
Member
of some
Parliament
Why should
jobs get paid more than others?
You should be able
Prince
to explain
What does it tell us about their social
status?how you
Builder
put them in order...
Do they have power?
LO: Exploring stratification in British Society
Social status
can be assigned in two ways based on
the two systems
•
•
•
•
Ascribed
Achieved
Q: What do you• think
Given at birth
• Hard work
these
two
ways
have
in
family- Queen
• Education
common?
Culturegirls are second • Marriage
class citizens
• Special talent
• Religious- Pope
• Good fortune: winning
• Closed societies
the lottery
• Open societies
Examples of closed societies
• YouTube video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5eyXPA
vGfM
• French pre- revolution era
Q: What are the chances
• Table: 6.1
for social mobility in the
Caste and feudal
Closed societies?
systems
Example of an open system
• An open class system is
an economic system
that has upward
mobility, is achievement
based, and allows social
relations between the
classes.
• United states- Steve
Jobs
• However you can go
down the system!
In conclusion
• The degree that a society is open or closed will
effect a persons social mobility ( ascribed, or
achieved) and hence their chance for moving
into another social status , and also their very
life…
• Most systems operate on a continuum
Table :6.1
Class and Stratification
Lesson 2: 04/11/2014
Lesson outline
Last Lesson
This lesson
Next lesson
Learning outcomes
covered last week for
Criteria 1.1 of unit :
Learning outcomes (From
unit)- Understand the
difficulties in defining and
measuring social class.
• Must:
• define social mobility in
relation to social class
• Name two social class
scales
Learning synopsis for next
week: fulfilling criteria 2.1
• Must: define social
stratification and define
social status
• Should: explain open
and closed societies
with examples
• Could: evaluate the
differences between
open and closed
societies
• Should explain two
ways of measuring
social mobility and
relate to social class
scales
• Could: evaluate the two
scales of social mobility
• Looking at the new
social class scales
• Compiling what we
know: Preparing for
section A. part 1 of
assignment
Last lesson reminder
•
•
•
•
1. Define Social stratification
2. Define social status?
3. describe a open society and a closed society
Evaluate the negatives and positives of these
types of society
• 4. In your opinion: What changed in society to
bring about the ability to improve your social
status?
What is social mobility?
Social mobility: what is it and how we
can we measure it!
• Defined as the ability to move from one social
class to another- so it is how we measure
social class (part of C2.1)
• It can be Either up or down!
• Determines your social class Based on
Meritocracy
• There are two types of social mobility:
Intergenerational mobilty
• Intergenerational social mobility refers to the
relationship between the socio- economic
status of parents and the status their children
will attain as adults (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD, 2010)
• Comparison of statuses over time with a
family
• Father was a mechanic, son is a doctor: hence socially
mobile
Intra generational mobility
• Intra-generational mobility refers to the
changes in someone's social mobility
throughout the course of his or her lifetime.
• Person starts out as a factory packer, then
years later is a nurse
• socially mobile
Why is it important to measure
social mobility?
Conclusion
• Social mobility is the way to measure social class…
However…
• 1. what could affect social mobility?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohIk3IELXF8
• But what is social class?
Outcome 2/2.1 of assignment:
what is Social class?
• Groups of people who
share a similar rank – or
economic position.
• We use occupation as the
measure for social class
• T: Why use occupation?
for example what can
money ‘buy’ you?
• T: Is there any drawbacks?
Wealth
Education
Occupation
Power
Social
activities
Working towards 2.1
how social class as been measured
using social mobility studies
•
•
•
•
Social class scales:
The registrar general’s scale
The Hope- Goldthorpe scale
National Statistics Socio-economic
Classification (NS-SEC) 2001
Independent group work and mini
presentation
• Group 1
• Hand-out and
worksheet
• Group 2
• Hand-out and
worksheet
The Registrar General’s scale (RGS)
History and application
• Used since 1911
• Thousand of jobs into six
classes
• Based on occupational head
of the family
• Positives: Has been used to
show differences in
educational achievements
and also life expectancy
• Main classification system
hence it is valid as it is
comparable to past data
Any negatives?
Negatives of this scale (RGS)
• Bias towards non- manual occupations, as study
was done by the RG staff
• Failed to recognise those that did not work
• Unemployed were classified on their last job,
however many had never worked!
• Sexist?
• Same classes still has access to different wages
and promotions
• Didn’t recognise the self employed!
The Hope-Goldthorpe Scale (HGS)
• Also known as the Oxford mobility study
• Differs from the previous as a different system
of measuring classed was used
• Focused on market rewards gained from
occupations
• 7 class system
• Long range mobility: 7.1% of sons from class 7
were in class 1
Lesson: 07/11/2014
Aiming at criteria 2.1
Review of lesson
•
•
•
•
Check learning: must, should, and could.
Please answer the following questions
1. what does social mobility mean?
2. what is the name of the two scales we
looked at today?
• 3. how do they explain social mobility
• 4. anything wrong we these two scales?
• Hand the answers to me with your name on!
Last lesson
Last lesson
This lesson
Next lesson
• How we define social
class
• How we measure social
class:
Social mobility
Social mobility scales:
• Registrar general scale
• Hope-Goldthorpe scale
Finish off criteria 2.1
How we measure social
class
Scales to look at:
NS- SEC scale
Must : identify the key
features of the NS SEC
scale
Should explain how this
scale is better then the
older ones
Start looking at the
Post modernist perspective
(Exam)
Could evaluate the
limitations of all the scales
and to measuring social
classes
A couple of questions
• 1. a positive and negative of the registrar
general scale
• 2. a positive and negative of the HopeGoldhorpe scale
The NE-SEC scale
• A3 handout and tasks
An even newer scale…
•
•
•
•
•
BBC NEWS article
What is it about?
How many classes is there now?
Why is this study better?
What are the conclusions of the study?
For your assignment- Criteria 1.1
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction:
Define social stratification
Based on wealth and Power (social status)
But sometimes your family status- titled
Two different class systems Ascribed (Caste) / achieved
(industrial)
• Mention that we used to be caste- but with the reform
act of 1832, led way to social mobility (handout: rise of
the middle class).
• Since then scale by Registrar general highlighted 6
classes (industrial class system)
Criteria 2.1
• Define social class, mention you can be up and down
• social mobility intergenerational (father vs son), intra
generational (one person over time) – these are the
two ways of gathering data to measure class!
• Important to measure social mobility because….brief
statement here!
• Class systems – measured by occupation (all bar the
new system)
• What is wrong with using occupation?
• New scale- three tools to measure class
• Conclude
POSTMODERNISM : EXAM
LAST LESSON
THIS LESSON
NEXT LESSON
Looked at:
Social class and scales
The outline of the first
assignment
Must: Define
Postmodernism
Recap on postmodernism
and the first assignment
Should: Explain the
relevance of
postmodernism to the
understanding of class
Could: Evaluate the
approach
• Sociology is looking at the societal influences
that affect groups and even individual people
• So what changes in society affects us all
Before enlightenment
• Submission to
authority and church =
Feudal system
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=HCPp7XWZ
fHo 3:04
• Everyone behaved in
the expected way for
the social class
• Emphasis on the bible
_religious
• However (Hand-out )
However money and
rise of importation led
to serfs earning vast
money (social mobility)
also manor keepers
became landlords
renting to serfs with
money!!
•
Enlightenment : The light of reason
and the changing role of the serfs…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(Period in which people want to think for themselves…
Major writers/ scientists Kante 1784, Descartes, Francis
Bacon and others: challenged authority (church, king) to
free people from superstition and uncritical way of
thinking: promoted rational sense
The scientific method: reductionist
No longer religion that tells you what to do, instead you
are relying on your own resources and rational thought
For your own watching: (Words of the world – youtube
video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Vkx7hNXE3Y)
Emergence of the industrial period, created 4 areas
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b04n1mrb/theart-of-gothic-britains-midnight-hour-2-the-city-and-thesoul (7:40)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0B28_gwj0M
What happened +Task
•
•
•
•
4 areas happened:
1 Industrialisation
2. Urbanisation
3. centralised
government
• 4. rational scientific
thinking..
• Handout:
• Read each section
• 1- why is each of these
a good thing?
• How as it shaped our
society today?
An example : William Wundt
• Separated psychology
from philosophy by
analysing the workings
of the mind in a more
structured way, with the
• Before this:
emphasis being on
objective measurement • Personality down to
nature: Horoscopes
and control
• Mental illness: affliction
• Experimental design
of god or possessions
Conclusion
• Social mobility is born: we have entered a
MODERN way of life: MODERNITY
• There is a class identity and consciousness- that
you can become through achieved methods
• How we are expected to behave in this new
modern world…
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2k1iRD2f-c
•
Modernity is born
Helped along with
industrialisation
An achieved Social class and
social mobility is born
People have a feeling of
anything is possible…
There is no God to punish
you…
A more meritocratic
system…
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=0JSahEDRjvw
• Group behaviour changed
• Voting changed
• Women could work
• Immigration
• Task :p25: item 1 and Q1
- a group identity is born..
However- social identity is still
changing
• Some would argue that
Modernity is dissolving /
fragmenting….
• Things like social class are
less important now….
(Consider this)
• Giddens (2000)- too much
choice to be apart of
social classes anymore
• Areas that have changed
and impacted on this are:
• Work
• Culture
• Identity
• Globalisation
• Knowledge
Changing to Identity and ‘groupness’ …
•
•
•
•
‘Old me’: modern
Family background
Social class
Area I live in…
New Me: postmodernist
• Designer labels:
• Being seen in the
right places
• Car I drive
• Buying the right
clothes
What do these shops say about a
person?
Primark
VS
Designer shops
Tayler (1990): society has been transformed into
‘something resembling an endless shopping mall
where people now have much greater choice about
how they look, what they consume and what they
believe in’.
Clothing comparison:
Social class ideals
Today:
Identity
Conclusion: The death of class
• Jan Pakulski and Malcolm Water (1996)
• Social class is just another, unimportant way
to group people….
• People can choose
• Hand-out and task
Conclusion from task
• Consumerism makes it possible for people to create different
identities and associations, and to relate to each other in ways
that are more flexible and fluid than used to be the case when
relationships were dominated by social class and economic
status…
• We can choose our sexuality: girls kissing girls (popular on the
drinking weekend!)
• Men can wear pink and makeup…
• More interracial relationships…
• All these things are more important then social class
Other groups that have affected the
decline of social class:
• Culture: media saturated- as led to trends in
consumption tell us what to do.. Shabby chic?
• Work: jobs are no longer for life…
• Globalisation: resulted in symbols influencing
our life.. For example, Pepsi or Coca Cola
• Knowledge: no faith so lets live the way we
want to live…..
Criticism of Postmodernism
• Exaggerated: we still live very much in a
hierarchical society
• Social class suggests our social status
• And our success in life…
Moore (2004)
• Can we prove it?