3.3 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN CELLS
7.1.A. STUDENTS KNOW CELLS
F U N C T I O N S I M I L A R LY I N A L L
LIVING ORGANISMS.
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
•
Air is a mixture of elements
•
Key Concept: “An element is any substance that
cannot be broken down into simpler substances.”
•
Elements found in living things- carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
•
An element is made up of atoms, the smallest unit of
an element
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
• Key concept: “When two or
more elements combine
chemically, they form a
compound.”
• Most elements form
compounds (in living things)
• The smallest unit of a
compound is a molecule
• Carbon dioxide is a
chemical compound
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
• Water is a compound
• Water makes up more than
2/3 of your body
• Key concept: “Most chemical
reactions within cells could not
take place without water.”
• Water dissolves chemicals,
helps cells to keep their size
and shape, and keeps the
temperature from changing
quickly
• Key concept: ”Carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids are important groups of
organic compounds in living
things.”
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
• Inorganic Compounds- does
not have the element carbon
(example: water, table salt)
• Organic Compounds- have
carbon (example: carbon
dioxide)
• Key concept: “Most chemical
reactions within cells could
not that take place without
water.”
CARBOHYDRATES
• Carbohydrate- an energy-rich
organic compound made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
• Sugars are produced during the
food making process in plants
• Plant cells store extra energy in
starch (carbohydrates)
• Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice
• Key concept: “In addition to
providing energy for the cell,
carbohydrates are important
components of some cell parts.”
• The cellulose found in the cell wall is
a type of carbohydrate
• When you eat carbohydrates your
body breaks it down into starch and
sugar
LIPIDS
•
Lipids- energy–rich organic compounds made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen
•
More energy than carbohydrates
•
Cells store energy in lipids
•
Types of lipids: fats, oils, and waxes
•
Key concept: “In addition to their functions as an energy
source, lipids also make up most of the cell membrane.”
PROTEINS
•
Proteins- large organic molecules
made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sometimes sulfur
•
Protein molecules are made of amino
acids.
•
Amino acids combine to make
thousands of different proteins
•
A lot of the structure of cells is made of
proteins
•
Make parts of cell membrane and
many of the organelles in the cell
PROTEINS
•
•
•
Key concept: “The proteins
known as enzymes perform
important functions in the
chemical reactions that take
place in cells.”
Enzyme- type of protein that
speeds up a chemical reaction
in a living thing
Enzymes are needed for many
chemical reactions that are
needed for life, those chemical
reactions either would take
longer or wouldn’t happen at all
if enzymes weren’t there
NUCLEIC ACIDS
•
Nucleic acids- very long organic molecules
made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, phosphorus
•
Key concept: “Nucleic acids contain the
instructions that cells need to carry out all
the functions of life.”
•
2 kinds of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
•
DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid) genetic
material that carries information that passes
from parent to child
•
RNA- (ribonucleic acid) a nucleic acid that is
important in the production of proteins
•
RNA is found in the cytoplasm and the
nucleus
SECTION 3: CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
IN CELLS
W H AT A R E E L E M E N T S A N D
COMPOUNDS?
H O W I S W AT E R I M P O R T A N T T O T H E
FUNCTION OF CELLS?
W H AT A R E T H E F U N C T I O N S O F
C A R B O H Y D R AT E S , L I P I D S , P R O T E I N S ,
AND NUCLEIC ACIDS?