Anatomy and Physiology 101: Chapter 4, Cells
I.
Metabolic Processes
A. Define Metabolism:
B. Distinguish between Anabolism and Catabolism:
C. Illustrate a dehydration synthesis reaction between two monosaccharides:
1.Is the reaction you drew anabolic or catabolic?
2.Identify three other organic molecules that can be formed by dehydration synthesis:
1.
2.
3.
D. Illustrate a hydrolysis reaction of a disaccharide:
1.Is the reaction you drew anabolic or catabolic?
2. What are three other molecules that can be decomposed by hydrolysis?
1.
2.
3.
II.
Enzymes
A. Define an enzyme:
B. What is a substrate?
C. Provide 4 characteristics of enzymes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
D. Illustrate a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme:
1.Label the substrate(s)
2.Label the active sites
3.Label the enzyme-substrate complex
E. What three factors limit the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions?
1.
2.
3.
F. Metabolic Pathways
1.Define a metabolic pathway
2.Illustrate a metabolic pathway
3.What is a rate-limiting enzyme?
G. Cofactors and Coenzymes
1. What is a cofactor?
2. Vitamins are coenzymes, which means they are:
III.
Energy for Metabolic Reactions
A. Define Energy
B. List 5 forms of energy:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Although energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can be changed from one form to another.
Provide an example of changing energy from one form to another:
D. Define Cell Respiration:
E. ____________ ____________ is a molecule that carries energy in a form that cells can use.
1. Illustrate a generic ATP molecule, and draw a reaction that releases energy from the
ATP. What are the products of this reaction?
2.What is oxidation?
IV.
Cell Respiration
A. Identify the three major reactions of cell respiration (a fourth minor reaction may also be added):
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic reactions:
C. Which of the major reactions of cell respiration are anaerobic? Which are aerobic reactions?
D. Aerobic reactions occur within which cell organelle?
E. Which two molecules carry electrons released in respiration to the electron transport chain (etc)?
F. Reaction 1: Glycolysis
1.Where does glycolysis occur?
2.How many ATP are produced from glycolysis (net gain)?
3. Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
4.List the three major steps in glycolysis:
1.
2.
3.
5.Identify the three major products of glycolysis:
1.
2.
3.
G. Reaction 2: Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Acetyl CoA
1.What are the major three products of this reaction?
1.
2.
3.
2. Which product is the substrate for the citric acid cycle?
H. Reaction 3: Citric Acid Cycle
1.The citric acid cycle occurs within the ______________
2. Is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
3.Identify the 4 major products of this reaction:
1.
2.
3.
4.
I. Reaction 4: The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
1.Where does the ETC occur?
2.Is the reaction aerobic or anaerobic?
3. What is the purpose of the Transport Chain Complexes (I, II, and III)?
4. Which enzyme converts ADP and Phosphate into ATP?
5. Which two molecules supply the electrons for the ETC?
1.
2.
6. What is the role of oxygen in ETC?
7.Oxygen is converted into _________ by the end of the ETC reaction.
8.How many ATP are produced by the ETC?
J. Anaerobic Reaction:
1.Without Oxygen, NADH produced from glycolysis donates its electrons to _________,
which forms ____________ _____________ as a product. This acid is converted back to
glucose by the _____________ once oxygen supplies are available.
V.
Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
A. Overview
1.The information that instructs a cell to synthesize a specific protein is encoded in the
sequence of ____________________ ________________.
2. Define Genetic Code:
3. Define Gene:
4. Define Genome:
B. DNA
1.What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?
1.
2.
3.
2.DNA is a double-stranded molecule, and the two strands run in opposite directions,
which means they are ________________.
3.List the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and provide a symbol for each:
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.What are the two complementary base pairs in DNA?
1.
2.
5.What type of bonds stabilizes the two strands of DNA?
C. DNA Replication
1. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
2. DNA replication occurs in which part of the cell?
3. Which enzyme catalyzed DNA replication?
4. What is meant by “semiconservative” replication?
5. List the three main events of DNA Replication:
1.
2.
3.
6.If the DNA template reads ATCGACCGT, what is the sequence of the new strand of
DNA? ______________________
D. Transcription
1. List three ways that RNA differs from DNA:
1.
2.
3.
2. What is transcription?
3.What type of RNA is produced from transcription?
4.Which enzyme catalyzes transcription?
5. Where does transcription occur in a cell?
6. Given the following DNA sequence: ATCGCCGAT, list the correct RNA transcript
_______________
E. Genetic Code
1.What is a codon?
2. Which codon is the “start codon”, and what is the amino acid it encodes for?
3. What is the purpose of a “stop codon”?
F. Protein Synthesis (Translation)
1. Where does translation occur in a cell (location and on what particles)?
2. What type of RNA carries amino acids to the site of translation?
3. What are anticodons and where are they found?
4. During translation, amino acids are joined together by ____________ bonds.
5. What is posttranslational modification?