21st Century College English: Book 4
Unit 5: Part A
Prison Studies
Unit 5: Part A
•
•
•
•
Pre-Reading Activities
Text A: Language Points
Exercises
Assignment
Prison studies
Pre-Reading Activities
• Preview
• Pre-Reading Listening
Pre-Reading Activities
Preview
Reading can be so many things:work or joy, reality or escape,
obligation or opportunity. In this unit, three very different
authors reflect on how the act of reading has profoundly
changed their lives for the better. In Text A, political activist
Malcolm X remembers how his “Prison Studies”gave him a
truly deep love of learning and a better opportunity to develop
intellectually than any school could have. Text B, “reading for
life”, discuss the many benefits of reading, from simple
pleasure to helping one make the most of one’s career
opportunities. Finally, in “Moon on a Silver Spoon “, Eudora
Welty describes the intense childhood love of books, language,
storytelling that would lead her to become one of the most
noted writers of America south.
Pre-reading Activities
Before listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following
words. Then listen to the tape again and answer the following
questions.
dropout
退学生
deal
待遇
Check-up
Pre-reading Activities
1. Which of the following is true of Malcolm X’s education?
A) He had a degree from a good college.
B) He left school at an early age.
C) He did not attend school because he was criminal.
D) He wishes he could have gone to college instead of
prison.
Pre-reading Activities
2. What was Malcolm X’s motivation to educate himself in
prison?
A) To be able to converse and debate well.
B) To impress the prison authorities.
C) To help other black Americans.
D) To get a better job when he got out.
Pre-reading Activities
3. How did Malcolm X begin to study?
A) By reading books he knew from high school
B) By talking and debating with other prisoners
C) By copying the dictionary manually
D) By taking a course called “Prison Studies.”
Pre-reading Activities
4. Which of the following best expresses Malcolm X’s
attitude towards reading?
A) He liked it because he learned many important
facts.
B) He loved it because it made
knowledgeable and mentally alive.
him
more
C) He saw it as a tool to advance himself in society.
D) He found it difficult because his language skills
“were a mess.” .
Script
Pre-reading Activities
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Language Points
Text A:
Prison Studies
Language Points
Prison Studies
Malcolm X
1
Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on
television, or those who read something I’ve said, will think I went
to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due
entirely to my prison studies.
Language Points
2 It had really begun back in the Charlestown Prison, when Bimbi
first made me feel envy of his stock of knowledge. Bimbi had
always taken charge of any conversation he was in, and I had tried
to emulate him. But every book I picked up had few sentences
which didn’t contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the words
that might as well have been in Chinese. When I just skipped those
words, of course, I really ended up with little idea of what the book
said. So I had come to the Norfolk Prison Colony still going through
only book-reading motions. Pretty soon, I would have quit even
these motions, unless I had received the motivation that I did.
Language Points
3
I saw that the best thing I could do was get hold of a
dictionary — to study, to learn some words. I was lucky enough to
reason also that I should try to improve my penmanship. It was sad.
I couldn’t even write in a straight line. It was both ideas together
that moved me to request a dictionary along with some tablets and
pencils from the Norfolk Prison Colony school.
4
I spent two days just thumbing uncertainly through the
dictionary’s pages. I’ve never realized so many words existed! I
didn’t know which words I needed to learn. Finally, to start some
kind of action, I began copying.
Language Points
5
In my slow, painstaking, ragged handwriting, I copied into my
tablet everything printed on that first page, down to the punctuation
marks.
6
I believe it took me a day. Then, aloud, I read back, to myself,
everything I’ve written on the tablet. Over and over, aloud, to myself,
I read my own handwriting.
Language Points
7 I woke up the next morning, thinking about those words —
immensely proud to realize that not only had I written so much at
one time, but I’ve written words that I never knew were in the world.
Moreover, with a little effort, I also could remember what many of
these words meant. I reviewed the words whose meanings I didn’t
remember. Funny thing, from the dictionary’s first page right now,
that “aardvark” springs to my mind. The dictionary had a picture of
it, a long-tailed, long-eared, burrowing African mammal, which lives
off termites caught by sticking out its tongue as an anteater does
for ants.
Language Points
8 I was so fascinated that I went on — I copied the dictionary’s
next page. And the same experience came when I studied that. With
every succeeding page, I also learned of people and places and
events from history. Actually the dictionary is like a miniature
encyclopedia. Finally the dictionary’s A section had filled a whole
tablet — and I went on into the B’s. That was the way I started
copying what eventually became the entire dictionary. I went a lot
faster after so much practice helped me to pick up handwriting
speed. Between what I wrote in my tablet, and writing letters, during
the rest of my time in prison I would guess I wrote a million words.
Language Points
9
I suppose it was inevitable that as my word-base broadened, I
could for the first time pick up a book and read and now begin to
understand what the book was saying. Anyone who has read a
great deal can imagine the new world that opened. Let me tell you
something; from then until I left that prison, in every free moment I
had, if I was not reading in the library, I was reading on my bunk.
You couldn’t have got me out of books with a wedge. Between Mr.
Muhammad’s teachings, my correspondence, my visitors, and my
reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about
being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free
in my life...
Language Points
10 As you can imagine, especially in a prison where there was
heavy emphasis on rehabilitation, an inmate was smiled upon if he
demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books. There was a
sizable number of well-read inmates, especially the popular
debaters. Some were said by many to be practically walking
encyclopedias. They were almost celebrities. No university would
ask any student to devour literature as I did when this new world
opened to me, of being able to read and understand.
Language Points
11 I read more in my room than in the library itself. An inmate who
was known to read a lot could check out more than the permitted
maximum number of books. I preferred reading in the total isolation
of my own room.
12 When I had progressed to really serious reading, every night at
about ten p.m. I would be outraged with the “lights out.” It always
seemed to catch me right in the middle of something engrossing.
Language Points
13 Fortunately, right outside my door was a corridor light that cast
a glow into my room. The glow was enough to read by, once my
eyes adjusted to it. So when “lights out” came, I would sit on the
floor where I could continue reading in that glow.
14 At one-hour intervals the night guards paced past every room.
Each time I heard the approaching footsteps, I jumped into bed and
feigned sleep. And as soon as the guard passed, I got back out of
bed onto the floor area of that light-glow, where I would read for
another fifty-eight minutes — until the guard approached again.
That went on until three or four every morning. Three or four hours
of sleep a night was enough for me. Often in the years in the streets
I had slept less than that.
Language Points
15 I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened
to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever
the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke
inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. I
certainly wasn’t seeking any degree, the way a college confers a
status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me,
with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to
the deafness, dumbness, and blindness that was afflicting the black
race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me
from London, asking questions. One was, “What’s your alma
mater?” I told him, “Books.” You will never catch me with a free
fifteen minutes in which I’m not studying something I feel might be
able to help the black man...
Language Points
16 Every time I catch a plane, I have with me a book that I want to
read — and that’s a lot of books these days. If I weren’t out here
every day battling the white man, I could spend the rest of my life
reading, just satisfying my curiosity — because you can hardly
mention anything I’m not curious about. I don’t think anybody ever
got more out of going to prison than I did. In fact, prison enabled
me to study far more intensively than I would have if my life had
gone differently and I had attended some college. I imagine that one
of the biggest troubles with colleges is there are too many
distractions. Where else but in prison could I have attacked my
ignorance by being able to study intensely sometimes as much as
fifteen hours a day?
(1258 words)
Text-related information
Malcolm X
US black leader Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, changed
his surname, in common with other Black Muslims, in
favor of “X”, a sign indicating the lost tribal names that
had been taken from ancestors on their capture and
transportation to America as slaves. As an articulate
speaker, he expressed the rage and anger of the
“oppressed” black masses in America. He become a leading
spokesman for the Black Muhammad, for a controversial
speech delivered after the assassinations of President
Kennedy. In 1964 after conversion to orthodox Islam, he
preached a brotherhood between black and white, and
formed the organization of Afro-American Unity. He was
assassinated in 1965 .
Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on
television, ... will think that I went to school far beyond the
eighth grade.
Paraphrase:
— Many people who are actually present at my speeches
somewhere or hear them on television these days ...
will think that I have got much more education than
just eight years’ schooling.
More to learn
in person
— in one’s physical presence; personally
Examples:
• I had seen her before on TV, but she looked very
different when I met her in person.
• They talk a lot to one another, over the telephone and
in person.
take charge of
— take control of ; become responsible for
Examples:
• The boss asked him to take charge of the office for a
few days when she was away.
• They advertised for a nurse to take sole charge of their
children while they were at work.
But every book I picked up had few sentences which
didn’t contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the
words that might as well have been in Chinese.
Paraphrase:
— But every book I took up was full of sentences which
contained one or almost all of the words which were
completely unknown to me.
More to learn
anywhere
— a point (e.g. an amount) within a stated range when
you do not know what exactly the point is.
Examples:
• You could expect to be paid anywhere between $7and
$15 an hour.
• He could get anywhere from three to seven years’
imprisonment.
go through motions
— pretend to do something by making the movements
associated with the particular action
Examples:
• The actor went through the motions of putting
imaginary noodles into his mouth.
• He caught my eye and went through the motions of
sympathetically clapping.
Pretty soon, I would have quit even these motions, unless
I had received the motivation that I did.
Paraphrase:
— Before long I would have stopped even that reading
without understanding, if I had not been inspired by
a desire to read.
get hold of
— take in the hands; manage to find
Examples:
• I threw him the rope and he got hold of it.
• Where can I get hold of some stamps?
reason
— vt. make decision or judgement by thinking carefully
about all the facts
Examples:
• You should reason out a conclusion.
• He reason out the answer to a question.
thumbing uncertainly through the dictionary’s pages
—turn the dictionary’s pages quickly and casually
Example:
• He is thumbing the pages of a book.
down to
— including even
Examples:
• she could describe what the other women in the room
are wearing, down to the color of their stockings.
• Nobody was free suspicion, from the head boy down
to the youngest pupil.
spring to / into
— start or come into existence very quickly and suddenly
Examples:
• Say the word “Australia” and the vision of beaches
and blue seas immediately springs to my mind.
• A computer will not spring into action without
something powering it.
live off ( a particular kind of food)
— live by eating the only kind of food
Examples:
• These animals with long necks live off the leaves of tall
trees.
• We lived off fruit for a week.
pick up handwriting speed
— write more quickly
Examples:
• The train picked up speed.
• Let’s see how fast you can speed up from a standing
start.
between
— here indicates a period of time from one event to
another
Examples:
• Between conception and biological birth
• There was a gulf of ten years between him and his
youngest sister.
You couldn’t have gotten me out of books with a wedge.
— you could never have forced me away from book.
Examples:
• You can’t get her out of it.
• The police got the truth out of him.
smile on / upon sb./ sth.
— approve or encourage sb. / sth.
Examples:
• The government began to smile on small businesses
when it realized that they were the key to economic
growth.
• Fortune has smiled upon us (i.e.We are successful)
today.
a walking encyclopedia
— a very informative person
Examples:
• A walking dictionary
• She’s a walking history book.
feign sleep
— pretend to be asleep
Examples:
• Everyone feigned surprise when he told how old he
was.
• I don’t want to go tonight — I shall feign illness.
in the middle of doing something
— be busy doing it and do not want to be interrupted
Examples:
• I was in the middle of washing up when the telephone
rang.
• He’s in the middle of planning his departmental
budget.
reflect upon /on
— think deeply about; consider carefully
Examples:
• I reflected on all that he had said to me.
• The manager demanded time to reflect upon what to
do next.
confer
— give
Examples:
• Degrees are conferred in July and December.
• The honor was conferred on(or upon) him just after
the war.
get sth. out of
— gain or obtain sth. from
Examples:
• I never get much out of his lecture.
• She seems to get a lot out of life.
Unit 5 • Exercises
Exercises
• Comprehension
Ex. II
• Vocabulary
Ex. III & Ex. IV
• Listening
Part 2.2
Exercises • Comprehension
《读写教程 IV》: Ex. II, p. 154
Exercises • Comprehension
Answer the following questions:
1. When did Malcolm X leave school?
He left school after the eighth grade.
2. Who was Bimbi? How did he impress Malcolm X?
Bimbi was a fellow inmate. He impressed Malcolm as a
knowledgeable person.
Exercises • Comprehension
3. Why did Malcolm X ask for a dictionary, tablets, and pencils
from the prison school?
Because he wanted to learn some words and improve his
penmanship at the same time.
4. Did Malcolm X recognize many words when he read the
dictionary for the first time?
No, he didn’t.
Exercises • Comprehension
5. How long did it take Malcolm X to copy the first page of the
dictionary?
It took him a day.
6. What did Malcolm X do to the words he had copied down?
He tried to memorize their meanings and review them the
next day.
Exercises • Comprehension
7. Why did Malcolm X compare the dictionary to a miniature
encyclopedia?
Because he learned from the dictionary not only words,
but also people, places and historical events.
8. When did Malcolm X start “reading” in the real sense of the
word?
He started reading when his word-base was broadened.
Exercises • Comprehension
9. What was the prison authorities’ attitude towards bookloving prisoners?
The prison authorities gave book-lovers such favorable
treatments as allowing them to borrow more books form
the library.
10. Did the author feel happy with the “lights out”? Why or why
not?
No. He was angry because the “lights out” often
interrupted his reading.
Exercises • Comprehension
11. What did Malcolm X mean by saying that books were his
alma mater?
To him books were his school.
12. According to Malcolm X, which is a better place for him to
study in, a prison or a college? Why?
A prison was a better place to study in because it had
fewer distractions.
Exercises • Vocabulary
《读写教程 IV》: Ex. IV, p. 155
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
1. For the first artificial intelligence (人工智能) conference in
1956 inspired researchers to undertake projects that
________ human behavior in areas of reasoning, language
emulated
comprehension, and communications.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
2. In 1979 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states may
require the consent of one parent of a minor( 未 成 年
requesting
者)____________an
abortion.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
3. By 1951 industrial production has exceeded prewar peaks; it
succeeding years.
continued to rise in the __________
miniature reproductions of such
4. That park contains____________
famous sights in China as the Great Wall and the Summer
Palace.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
5. According
to
our
professor,
unemployment
is
an
___________
inevitable consequence of free market economics.
6. There are nearly 2,900 radio stations associated with ABC,
sizable publishing group.
as well as a __________
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
practically
7. Don’t worry. The danger from these snake is__________
nothing.
outraged by the way the
8. A crowd of people gathered, ___________
police officers were hitting the two men.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
9. Psychological drug dependency is characterized by a
craving for the drug and belief that one cannot function
________
without taking it.
10. The bomb was designed to cause the_________
maximumamount of
harm to the maximum
________ number of people.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
11. Although breast cancer primarily_________
afflicts females, about
1,400 male breast cancers were also reported in the United
States in 1997.
12. Some people’s attitudes towards foreigners are based on
ignorance and prejudice.
sheer ___________
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
13. When he stood up from his seat, he suddenly felt an
_________
intense pain in the lower part of his back.
intervals ---usually once a
14. We see each other at regular _________
week.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the
form where necessary.
afflict
craving
emulate
ignorance
inevitable
miniature
outrages
practically
maximum
intense
request
sizable
succeeding
interval
correspondence
15. According I read a very interesting biography of Marx’s last
week, which is based on his _________________
with Engels
correspondence
over 40 years.
Exercises • Vocabulary
《读写教程 IV》: Ex. V, p. 156
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
1. Tom’s boss asked him to take control of the office for a
couple of weeks while she was away.
 Tom’s boss asked him to take charge of the office for a
couple of weeks while she was away.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
2. As he fell down from the cliff (悬崖) the mountaineer was
lucky enough to grab a branch with his left hand.
 As he fell down from the cliff (悬崖) the mountaineer was
lucky enough to get hold of a branch with his left hand.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
3. Such projects as road or dam building, mining, or large-
scale farming can cause great hardships to people whose
lives depend on the land.
 Such projects as road or dam building, mining, or largescale farming can cause great hardships to people who live
off on the land.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
4. The government began to support small businesses when it
realized that they were the key to economic growth.
 The government began to smile (up)on small businesses
when it realized that they were the key to economic growth.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
5. Adrenaline(肾上腺素) helps the body to get used to sudden
stress by increasing heart rate and raising blood pressure.
 Adrenaline(肾上腺素) helps the body to adjust to sudden
stress by increasing heart rate and raising blood pressure.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
6. A central purpose of drama has always been to provide a
means for a society to think carefully about itself and its
beliefs.
 A central purpose of drama has always been to provide a
means for a society to reflect upon itself and its beliefs.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
7. I had seen the singer before on TV, but she looked very
different when I met her personally.
 I had seen the singer before on TV, but she looked very
different when I met her in person.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
8. Chicago’s O’Hare Airport was closed as a result of the
snowstorm.
 Chicago’s O’Hare Airport was closed due to the snowstorm.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
9. Cindy , Linda, Niaomi, Claudia, and Christy are known as
the “ supermodels” of the 1990’s.
 Cindy , Linda, Niaomi, Claudia, along with Christy are
known as the “ supermodels” of the 1990’s.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
10. The rocket roared into space, increasing its speed to 38,000
mph shortly after.
 The rocket roared into space, picking up its speed to 38,000
mph shortly after.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
11. I’m sorry, but someone else has borrowed the book you
want.
 I’m sorry, but someone else has checked out the book you
want.
Exercises • Vocabulary
IV. Replace the underlined words or expressions in the
following sentences with phrases or expression from the
text that best keep the original meaning.
12. On seeing General Powell, the soldier threw out his chest
and saluted.
 On seeing General Powell, the soldier stuck out his chest and
saluted.
Listening
《听说教程 IV》
Part 2.2, p. 52
Listening
Directions:
Listen to the following conversation twice and fill in the
missing parts. Then listen to it for the third time and
answer the questions.
Answering the following question before listening to the
conversation
1. Which do you prefer, reading or watching TV?
2. Does watching TV encourage people to read or result in
lower reading standards?
3. In what ways watching TV is different from reading?
Check-up
Listening
( A and B are young married couple. A = husband; B = wife)
going out for a walk?
A: Feel like 1)___________________
a really exciting part of this book
B: Not right now – I am at 2)____________________________.
A: [signing] Okay. I guess I’ll see what’s on TV.
B: TV again!
A: So? What’s wrong with watching TV?
brain damage If you read a good book
B: TV gives you 3)_____________.
improve your mind
once in a while, it might 4)_________________.
A: Oh yeah?
expands your horizons and let
B: Yeah! [loftily] Reading 5)____________________
you experience things you’d never experience otherwise.
A: So does TV.
B: Well, but it isn’t the same. Books stimulates your
imagination.
Listening
A: Right – you imagine you’re doing something thrilling and
important, when I fact you’re just lying there on your
stomach turning pieces of paper.
B: But – but – but reading is thrilling and important!
The world’s culture and civilization is preserved in books.
6)__________________________________________________
A: You talk as if every book in the world were a masterpiece.
What’s that you’re reading now – Hollywood Husbands !?
Now that sounds like a brilliant work of art.
B: [sulkily] Yeah, well – I still say reading is better than
watching television.
A: Oh, what difference does it make anyway? Reading, TV –
They’re both just ways to escape from real life. Are you
7)________________________________________
sure you don’t want to go out for a walk?
Questions
Listening
Answer the following questions
1. What does the husband suggest?
2. What is the wife doing?
3. What does the wife think of the TV?
4. What does the wife think of books?
5. What does the husband think of TV?
6. In what way does the husband think watching TV and
reading are the same?
Script
Listening
A:
B:
A:
B:
B:
A:
B:
A:
A:
B:
B:
A:
A:
B:
Feel like
out for you’re
a walk?doing something thrilling and
Right
— going
you imagine
Not right now
— Iinamfact
at ayou’re
really exciting
partthere
of this
important,
when
just lying
onbook.
your
[signing]turning
Okay. Ipieces
guess of
I’llpaper.
see what’s on TV.
stomach
TV again!
But
... but ... but reading is thrilling and important! The
So? What’s
wrong
watching
TV?
world’s
culture
andwith
civilization
is preserved
in books.
TV gives
brain book
damage.
If you
read
a good
book once
You
talk asyou
if every
in the
world
were
a masterpiece.
in a while,
might improve
What’s
thatit you’re
reading your
now mind.
— Hollywood Husbands!?
Oh yeah?
Now
that sounds like a brilliant work of art.
Yeah! [loftily] Reading expands your horizons and let you
[sulkily] Yeah, well — I still say reading is better than
experience things you’d never experience otherwise.
watching television.
So does TV.
Oh, what difference does it make anyway? Reading, TV —
Well, but it isn’t the same. Books stimulates your
they are both just ways to escape from real life. Are you sure
imagination.
you don’t want to go out for a walk?
Assignment
1. Review Text A
2. Do exercises:
• Structure
(Ex. VII&VIII&IX, p. 158)
• Cloze
(Ex. X, p. 159)
• Translation (Ex. XI& XII, p. 17)
3. Structured Writing (Ex.XIV, p. 161)