Lesson 70

What You’ll Learn

1.

Discuss steps to take when checking a victim.

2.

Explain first aid procedures for choking.

3.

Explain first aid procedures for

CPR.

4. Describe first aid procedures for heart attack.

5.

Explain first aid procedures for shock.

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What You’ll Learn

6.

Describe first aid procedures for wounds.

7.

Explain first aid procedures for poisoning and stroke.


Key Terms

• victim assessment

• universal distress signal

• abdominal thrusts

• shock

• cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

• cardiac arrest

• laceration


• tetanus

• nosebleed

Checking a Victim

• Emergency first aid procedures are actions taken when a person is seriously injured or suddenly becomes ill.

• A victim assessment is a check of the injured or medically ill person to determine if certain conditions are present.


Checking a Victim

• Performing a victim assessment includes making sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating.

• Performing a victim assessment also includes checking to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries.


What to Know About Checking a Victim

• Call the emergency number.

– A victim who is able to speak to you is breathing and has a pulse.

– If the victim does not respond, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.


What to Know About Checking a Victim


Choking

• Choking is an emergency in which the airway is blocked.

• A conscious victim will cough to try to dislodge the piece of food or object that is blocking his or her airway.


First Aid for Choking

• If a victim can talk, the victim is getting enough air and should be encouraged to continue trying to cough up the object.

• If the victim cannot get enough air to talk or cough, or the cough is very weak, the airway is completely blocked.

• The universal distress signal is a warning that a person is having difficulty breathing and is shown by clutching at the throat with one or both hands.



• Abdominal thrusts are a series of thrusts to the abdomen that force air from the lungs to dislodge an object.

• The method of giving abdominal thrusts is different for adults, children, and infants.



What to Do if You are Choking

1.

If possible, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. If you cannot speak, do not hang up. The emergency dispatcher can trace your call and send an ambulance to your location. Be aware that an emergency dispatcher cannot trace a call made from a cellular phone. Use a regular telephone if at all possible.

2.

Get the attention of someone around you. Use the universal distress signal if you are unable to speak.



What to Do if You are Choking

3.

Give yourself abdominal thrusts if no one can help you. Make a fist with one hand, and grab the fist with your other hand. Give yourself five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward your diaphragm in one smooth movement.

Repeat until the object is dislodged.

4.

If a sturdy chair is available, push your body against the back of the chair, pushing between the waist and ribs.

Hold onto the chair with your hands to push yourself back up. Repeat until the object is dislodged.



What to Do if an Adult or Child Older than One

Year is Conscious and Choking

• Call the emergency number.

– To obtain medical care immediately, call the local emergency number.

– Do not do anything if the victim can speak or cough easily.

– Encourage the victim to continue coughing to dislodge the object.





1.

If the victim is conscious but cannot speak, breathe, or cough, stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victim’s waist. Make a fist with one hand.

Place the thumb side of the fist into the victim’s abdomen above the navel and below the rib cage.

Grab your fist with the other hand.





2.

Give five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward the victim’s diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat the cycle of five abdominal thrusts until the object is dislodged. The victim may need rescue breaths after the object is dislodged.

Stay with the victim and watch for breathing difficulties.

Rescue breaths are delivered by breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing, but has a pulse.





1.

Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.

2.

Roll the victim onto his or her back. Open the victim’s airway by lifting the victim’s chin while tilting the head back. Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point.

3.

Place the heel of your other hand directly over the heel of the first hand and interlock your fingers. Do not let your fingers touch the victim’s chest.





4.

Position your shoulders over your hands and lock your elbows straight. Exert pressure straight down. Compress the chest 30 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute.

5.

Look for an object in the victim’s mouth.

If you see one, remove it. Place a face mask or a shield over the victim’s face.

Place your mouth over the mask and give two slow breaths.





6.

Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions, a check for an object in the victim’s mouth, and two breaths until the object is dislodged.



What to Do if an Infant is Choking

1.

Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately, whether the infant is conscious or unconscious.

2.

If the victim is coughing or crying, do not interfere. Coughing can help clear an airway. If the infant has stopped coughing and the object has not come out, place the victim face up on your upper leg. Make certain the victim’s head is lower than the rest of the victim’s body. Press two or three fingers in the center of the breastbone. Give five quick chest thrusts.




3.

If the infant cannot cough, cry, or breathe, place the victim face down on your forearm or upper leg. Support the victim’s head by placing your hand around the lower jaw and chest. Use the heel of your other hand and give five quick blows to the victim’s back between the shoulder blades.




4.

Repeat chest thrusts and back blows until the object is dislodged. After each set of five chest thrusts and back blows, try to breathe into the mouth and nose of the infant. If air goes in, provide rescue breaths. If not, continue giving another set of back blows and thrusts.

5.

If the infant is unconscious and choking, use the chest compressions/rescue breaths first aid technique described in “How to Give CPR to Infants.”


Rescue Breathing

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation , or CPR , is a first aid technique used to restore heartbeat and breathing.

• CPR should be used only if you are trained to use it.


• First aid procedures for CPR follow general guidelines of the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross.

• For training and certification, contact the local chapter of the Red Cross.


What to Know About Giving Rescue

Breaths

• A victim will become unconscious if he or she is without oxygen for only a few minutes.

• If the body is without oxygen, eventually the heart will stop beating and the victim will die.

• With rescue breaths, an unconscious victim who is not breathing can receive air.

• Rescue breaths give a victim the oxygen needed to stay alive.


What to Know About Giving Rescue Breaths

• Adults and children

1.

Apply the rim of the mask between the victim’s lower lip and chin, thus pulling back the lower lip to keep the mouth open under the mask.

2.

Position the end marked “nose” over the victim’s nose. Seal the mask.

3.

Open the victim’s airway and blow slowly.

4.

Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale.

5.

If the victim vomits, remove the mask and clear the victim’s airway. Reapply the mask.


What to Know About Giving Rescue Breaths

• Infants

– Follow the same procedures, except reverse the mask so the end marked “nose” is under the infant’s chin.


How to Give Rescue Breaths to Adults and Older Children

1.


2.

Roll the victim on his or her back. Tilt the victim’s head back in the following way: Place one hand under the victim’s chin and lift up while pressing down on the victim’s forehead with your other hand.

3.

Use a face mask or shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask.

Open the victim’s airway. Breathe slowly into the victim, giving two slow breaths.


How to Give Rescue Breaths to Adults and Older Children

4.

Give each breath over 1 second long, one after the other. Each breath should make the chest rise.

5.

If the victim’s chest does not rise after the first rescue breath, tilt the head and lift the chin again. Then give the second rescue breath.

6.

After giving two rescue breaths, immediately begin chest compressions. Continue performing

CPR until professional medical help arrives.


Tips for Giving Rescue Breaths

– Call for help or send someone for help before starting to give rescue breaths.

– Before beginning rescue breaths, do not loosen clothing or attempt to warm the victim.

– Unless the victim is lying in a dangerous area, do not move the victim.

– Be sure to get permission before caring for a conscious victim.

– Use a barrier between you and the victim to reduce the risk of disease transmission.


How to Give Rescue Breaths to Infants and Young Children

1.

Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately for an unconscious infant or child known to be at risk for heart problems.

2.

If you are alone, provide 2 minutes of care, including rescue breaths and chest compressions

(about five cycles) before leaving the child to call the emergency number.

3.

Roll the victim on his or her back.



4.

Tilt the victim’s head back slightly.

For an infant, the head should be tilted so the ears are lined up with the shoulders.

5.

Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask.

6.

Pinch a child’s nose and cover the mouth if the mask permits.

7.

For an infant, cover the mouth and nose with your mouth.



8.

Give two slow breaths. Each breath should be slow and gentle, lasting about 1 second.

9.

Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises.

10.

Remove your mouth to allow the victim to exhale between breaths.


Chest Compressions

The American Heart Association has provided the following recommendations for chest compressions:

• After delivery of rescue breaths, immediately begin chest compressions.

• The combination of compressions and rescue breaths will most likely give the best outcome for all victims of cardiac arrest.

• The ratio of compression-to-rescue breath should be 30:2.


How to Give Chest Compressions to

Adults and Older Children

1. You should begin chest compressions immediately after you have given the unconscious victim two rescue breaths.

2.

Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point.

3. Place the heel of the other hand directly over the heel of the first hand. Interlock your fingers. Do not let them touch the victim’s chest.



4. Position your shoulders over your hands and lock your elbows straight. Exert pressure straight down. Compress the chest 30 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute.

5. Push hard and fast. Exert enough pressure to depress the breastbone

1 to 2 inches.

6. Use a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask.




7. Allow the chest to re-expand completely. The time allowed for the chest to re-expand should equal the compression time.

8. After 30 compressions, stop and give two rescue breaths. Give each breath over 1 second. Each breath should make the chest rise.




9.

If the victim’s chest does not rise after the first rescue breath, tilt the head and lift the chin again. Then give the second rescue breath. Do not try more than two times to give a rescue breath that makes the chest rise, because it is important to resume chest compressions as soon as possible.

10. After giving two rescue breaths, immediately resume chest compressions.




11. Continue giving sets of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until the victim recovers or professional medical help arrives.


1. If you are alone with an unresponsive child, perform five cycles (about 2 minutes) of CPR before you call the local emergency number. Start chest compressions immediately after you have given the unconscious victim two rescue breaths.

2.

Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point.


How to Give CPR to Young Children

3. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the victim’s breastbone.

Exert pressure straight down.

4. Exert enough pressure to depress the breastbone about 1/3 to ½ the depth of the chest.

If the child is large and more force is needed, place the heel of your other hand directly over the heel of the first hand and interlock the fingers.



5. Compress the chest 30 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. Each compression forces blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

6. Allow the chest to re-expand completely after each compression.

This allows the victim’s blood to completely refill the heart. The time you allow for the chest to re-expand should equal the compression time.

.




8.





10. Continue giving sets of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until the child recovers or professional medical help arrives.


How to Give CPR to Infants

1. If you are alone with an unresponsive infant, perform five cycles (about 2 minutes) of CPR before you call the local emergency number. Start chest compressions immediately after you have given the unconscious victim two rescue breaths.

2.

Place two fingers on the victim’s breastbone just below the nipple line. Exert pressure straight down.

3. Compress the chest, 30 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute.



4. Exert enough pressure to depress the breastbone about 1/3 to ½ the depth of the chest. Each compression forces blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

5. Allow the chest to re-expand completely after each compression.

The time you allow for the chest to re-expand should equal the compression time.




7.



9. Continue giving sets of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until the infant recovers or professional medical help arrives.


• A heart attack is the death of cardiac muscle caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart.

• Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating and blood stops flowing through the body.


First Aid for Heart Attack

1.

Have the victim stop activity and rest in a comfortable position.

2.

Ask the victim about his or her condition. Does the victim have a history of heart disease? Is the victim taking any medications?

3.


4.

Comfort the victim until help arrives.

Help the person take the prescribed heart medication.



5.

Observe the victim for changes in condition.

6.

If cardiac arrest occurs, the victim is not breathing and has no pulse, a person should perform CPR.



Heart Attack Warning Signs

The warning signs of a heart attack include:

• persistent pain or pressure in the center of the chest that is not relieved by resting or changing position

• pain that spreads from the center of the chest to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, or back

• dizziness

• sweating

• fainting

• difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

• pale or bluish skin color

• moist face

• irregular pulse


• Any serious injury or illness can lead to shock.

• Shock is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues.

• Shock can lead to collapse, coma, and death if untreated.

• Signs of shock include rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.


What to Know About First Aid for Shock

1.

Call the local emergency number and immediately obtain medical care for the victim.

2.

Have the victim lie down.

3.

Elevate the victim’s legs about 8 to 12 inches above heart level, unless you suspect head, neck, or back injuries or broken bones in the hips or legs.

4.

Leave the victim lying flat if you are unsure of the victim’s injuries.


5.

Control external bleeding. Wear protective gloves.

6.

Help the victim maintain normal body temperature. Cover the victim with a blanket if he or she is cold. Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink.



Wounds

• A wound is an injury to the body’s soft tissues.

• A closed wound is an injury to the soft tissues under the skin.

• An open wound is an injury in which the skin’s surface is broken.


First Aid for Wounds

• Bruise

– A bruise is a wound in which damage to soft tissues and blood vessels causes bleeding under the skin.

– Large bruises may indicate serious damage to deeper body tissues.

• Incision

– An incision is a cut caused by a sharpedged object.



• Laceration

– A laceration is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin.

– There is a risk of infection because foreign matter is forced through the skin.



• Abrasion

– An abrasion is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping away of the skin.

– There is a risk of infection, as dirt and other matter can become ground into the wound.



• Avulsion

– An avulsion is a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away.

– This injury may result in a piece of skin hanging as a flap.

– It may result in a body part, such as a finger, being completely torn from the body.



• Puncture

– A puncture is a wound that is produced when a pointed instrument pierces the skin.

– A needle, nail, piece of glass, knife, or bullet can cause a puncture wound.

– The risk of infection from a puncture wound is high and a tetanus shot may be given if the victim has not had one recently.



How to Prevent Infection

• What is infection?

– An infection is a condition in which pathogens enter the body and multiply.

– Wash minor wounds with soap and water.

– Apply antibiotic ointment and cover the wound with a sterile bandage to keep the wound clean.

– Reapply antibiotic ointment and change bandages every day.




• Signs of infection

– Watch the wounded area closely for signs of infection, such as swelling or redness.

– The wounded area may become warm, throb with pain, or discharge pus.




• Medical care

– Get medical care if the wound is deep and bleeding or if the wound appears to need stitches.

– Medical care is needed if you start to run a temperature above 100˚F; the area around the wound feels numb or has red streaks; you cannot move comfortably; or the wound is draining thick, creamy, and grayish fluid.




• How to prevent tetanus

– Some wounds, especially puncture wounds, put you at risk for a tetanus infection.

– Tetanus , or lockjaw , is a disease caused by a type of bacteria that grows in the body and produces a strong poison that affects the nervous system and muscles.




• How to prevent tetanus

– A DTaP is an immunization given in childhood to protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough).

– A booster shot is needed every five to ten years after the childhood series. A booster shot also is needed when a wound is caused by a dirty object, such as a rusty nail.



How to Treat an Infection

The following are four steps you can use to treat infection:

1.

Keep the area clean and soak it with warm water.

2.

Apply an antibiotic ointment.

3.

Elevate the infected area above the level of the heart.

4.

Seek medical attention.



How to Control Bleeding

• The first priority for any wound is to stop severe bleeding and prevent germs from entering the wound.

• A person with severe bleeding could bleed to death in a matter of minutes.




1.

If the bleeding is severe, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.

2.

Cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and apply direct pressure with your hand.

3.

Add more cloth if the blood soaks through, but do not remove the first piece of cloth.

4.

Do not remove any foreign objects that are lodged deep in the wound.




5.

If you do not suspect fractures, elevate the wounded body part above heart level. This helps reduce blood flow to the area.

6.

Secure the cloth or sterile dressing with some type of bandage.

7.

If the bleeding does not stop, continue to apply direct pressure to the wound.




8.

Locate the closest pressure point. The pressure point technique compresses the main artery that supplies blood to the affected body part. This technique stops circulation within the limb.

9.

It is important to remember that if the use of the pressure point technique is necessary, it should be used in conjunction with direct pressure and elevation. Using the pressure point technique to stop bleeding is not a substitute for direct pressure.



How to Stop a Nosebleed

• A nosebleed is a loss of blood from the mucous membranes that line the nose.

• Most nosebleeds are caused by a blow to the nose or cracked mucous membranes in the nose.

• If a nosebleed occurs without obvious cause or frequently, a physician should be consulted.



How to Stop a Nosebleed

1.

Use protective gloves if you are assisting the victim. Have the victim sit with his or her head slightly forward and pinch the nostrils firmly together. Sitting slightly forward helps the blood flow toward the external opening of the nose instead of backward down the throat.

2.

The nostrils should be pinched firmly together for about five minutes before releasing. The victim should breathe through the mouth and spit out any blood in the mouth.

3.

An ice pack may be applied to the bridge of the nose.

4.

Repeat this procedure for another 10 minutes and get medical help if the bleeding does not stop.



What to Do When a Tooth is Knocked Out

1.

If possible, have the victim gently insert and hold the knocked-out tooth in its socket.

2.

Otherwise, place the tooth in cold milk, or in water if milk is not available. Do not touch the root of the tooth.

3.

The victim should see a dentist immediately. The sooner the tooth is placed back inside the socket, the better the chance it can be saved.


Poisoning

• A poison is a substance that causes injury, illness, or death if it enters the body.

• Poisoning can occur when a person swallows a poison, breathes a poison, or has poison on the skin that is absorbed into the body.


First Aid for Poisoning

• Causes of poisoning

– Most cases of poisoning occur when small children swallow medicines or products, such as cleaning solutions or pesticides.

– Combinations of drugs, such as alcohol and sleeping pills, can cause poisoning.

– Poisoning also can occur from breathing the fumes of household products, such as glue, paint, and cleaners.



• Causes of poisoning

– Products, such as pesticides and fertilizers, can cause poisoning if they get on the skin.

– Poisoning can occur when a needle is used to inject drugs into the body.

– Bites or stings from insects, spiders, bees, snakes, and marine life can cause poisoning.



• Warning signs of poisoning

– The signs of poisoning vary with the poison, but may include difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, chest and abdominal pain, sweating, and seizures.

– Skin rashes and burns on the lips or tongue also may indicate poisoning.



• What to do for poisoning

– Contact your local Poison Control Center to determine whether or not to induce vomiting in the victim.

– Victims who have swallowed acid substances, bleach, or gasoline products should not vomit.

– Never induce vomiting in a victim who is drowsy or unconscious or who is having convulsions.



• What to do if you touch a poisonous plant

1.

Wash the affected body parts with soap and water immediately.

2.

Remove any clothing that may have some of the poison on it.

3.

Use over-the-counter drugs to relieve itching, if needed.

4.

Call a physician if the reactions are severe.



• What to do for snakebites

– Poisoning can occur from being bitten by a poisonous snake, such as a coral snake or a pit viper.

– Symptoms of a bite from a poisonous snake include pain at the site of the wound, rapid pulse, dimmed vision, vomiting, and shortness of breath.

– The victim may experience shock and become unconscious.



• What to do for snakebites

1.

Treat for shock.

2.

Keep the victim still. This will reduce the speed with which the poison can travel through the body.

3.

Keep the bitten area below the level of the heart.

4.

Get prompt medical care.




Follow these steps if you suspect someone has been poisoned:

• Obtain medical care immediately.

• Be cautious. Protect your health and safety. Do not risk injury.

• Move the victim to a safe location, if possible and if necessary.

• Treat the victim for life-threatening emergencies.




Follow these steps if you suspect someone has been poisoned:

• Determine the type of poison. Ask the victim what type of poison it might be. Be on the lookout for empty bottles and containers or needles. Recognize fumes and odors that may be the cause. Are there bees, snakes, or poisonous plants in the area? Try to determine how much poison has been absorbed by the body and the time the poisoning occurred.



• What to do for insect stings

– Stings from bees are one of the most common insect-related problems.

– Bee stings can create a serious health problem for people who are allergic.

– If the person is known to be allergic to bees, or if the swelling is severe or covers a large area of the body, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.



• What to do for insect stings

1.

Remove the stinger. Do not try to remove the stinger with a tweezer. The tweezer will force the bee’s venom into the body. Flick the stinger away with a nail file, fingernail, credit card, or a similar object.

2.

Place something cold over the area to relieve the pain.



• What to do for spider bites

– Being bitten by a black widow spider can be deadly.

– A bite from this spider will produce a dull, numbing pain.

– Headache, muscular weakness, vomiting, and sweating also may occur.




1.

Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care for the victim immediately.

2.

Wash the bitten area with soap and water.

3.

Apply ice to relieve the pain.

4.

Get prompt medical help. An antivenin may be given. An antivenin is a medicine that reduces the effects of the poison.




– A bite from the brown recluse spider also is dangerous.

– A bite from this spider produces an open ulcer.

– Chills, nausea, and vomiting may follow.

1.

Wash the affected part with soap and water.

2.

Get prompt medical help.



• What to do for marine animal stings

– Stings from marine animals, such as the stingray, sea urchin, spiny fish, jellyfish, sea anemone, or man-of-war can cause serious allergic reactions.

– Breathing difficulties, heart problems, and paralysis may result.

– Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.



• Stings from a stingray, sea urchin, or spiny fish:

1.

Remove the victim from the water as soon as possible.

2.

Remove the stingray, sea urchin, or spiny fish.

3.

Flush the injured area with water.

4.

Do not move the injured part.

5.

Soak the injured area in hot water for 30 minutes to relieve pain.

6.

Clean the injured area and apply a bandage.

7.

Seek medical attention. A tetanus shot may be required.



• Stings from a jellyfish, sea anemone, or man-of-war:

1.

Remove the victim from the water as soon as possible.

2.

Soak the injured area in vinegar as soon as possible.

Vinegar offsets the effects of the toxin from the sting.

Rubbing alcohol or baking soda can be used if vinegar is not available.

3.

Do not rub the wound. Rubbing spreads the toxin and increases pain.



• What to do for tick bites

– A tick is an insect that attaches itself to any warm-blooded animal and feeds on the blood of the animal.

– Lyme disease is a bacterial disease transmitted through a tick.

– Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a potentially lifethreatening disease carried by a tick.



How to Remove a Tick

A tick should always be removed from the body.

• Grasp the tick with tweezers as close to the skin as possible. Use a glove or plastic wrap to protect your fingers if you do not have tweezers.

• Pull the tick slowly away from the skin.

• Wash the area and your hands with soap and water.

• Apply an antibiotic ointment or antiseptic to the area to prevent infection.



How to Remove a Tick

A tick should always be removed from the body.

• Save the tick in a jar and watch for signs of infection for the next several weeks.

• Obtain medical help if the tick cannot be removed or if part of it remains under the skin. Medical help also is needed if signs of Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever develop.


Stroke

• A stroke is a condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain.

• A stroke can occur when a clot moves through the bloodstream and lodges in the brain.

• A clot can form inside one of the arteries in the brain, or a blood vessel in the brain can burst.


What to Know About First Aid for Stroke

• The damage that occurs during a stroke depends on the part of the brain that is affected.

• A victim may suffer loss of vision, become paralyzed, or have slurred speech as a result of a stroke.

• Sometimes blood cannot flow to the parts of the brain that control heart rate or breathing, and death results.

• To prevent disability and death, prompt action must be taken when there are signs of stroke.



• First aid for stroke involves these steps:

1.

Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care for the victim immediately.

2.

Keep the victim lying down with his or her head and shoulders raised to relieve the force of blood on the brain.

3.

Check the airway. Keep the victim’s air passage open.

4.

Position the victim on his or her side if there is fluid or vomit in the mouth.

5.

Do not give the victim anything to drink.

6.

Comfort the victim until help arrives.



Stroke Warning Signs

A stroke victim may be conscious or unconscious. The warning signs of a stroke include:

• weakness or paralysis on one side of the body

• loss of speech or trouble talking or understanding speech

• blurred vision

• severe headache

• slow breathing rate

• unequal size of pupils in the eyes


Study Guide

1. Match the following terms and definitions.

spotted fever

A.

a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away

B.

a bacterial disease transmitted through a tick

C.

a wound caused by the rubbing or scraping away of the skin

D.

a potentially life-threatening disease carried by a tick

E.

a condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain


Study Guide

2. Identify the following statements as true or false.

depends on the severity of the stroke.

common insect-related problems.

years after the childhood series.

American Red Cross offer training for CPR.


Study Guide

3. Fill in the blank with the appropriate term from the lesson.

A.

A ____________ is a wound that is produced when a pointed instrument pierces the skin.

B.

A(n) ____________ is an injury to the soft tissues under the skin.

C.

A(n) ____________ is an injury in which the skin’s surface is broken.


Study Guide

4. What is an infection?

An infection is a condition in which pathogens enter the body and multiply.


End of the Lesson

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Lesson 70

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