E2942 v2
Pakistan
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project
(PIPIP)
Executive Summary
Environmental and Social Assessment
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management),
Agriculture Department
Government of Punjab, Lahore
November 2011
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Acronyms
Amsl
BOD
CITES
DGA (WM)
EIA
EMP
EPA
ESA
GDP
Ha
IBIS
IEE
IUCN
MAF
M&E
NEQS
OP
O&M
PEPA
PERI
P&DD
TDS
ToR
WAPDA
WB
WWF
Above mean sea level
Biological oxygen demand
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Director General Agriculture (Water Management)
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Plan
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental and Social Assessment
Gross Domestic Product
Hectare
Indus Basin Irrigation System
Initial Environmental Examination
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Million acre feet
Monitoring and Evaluation
National Environmental Quality Standards
Operational Policy
Operation and Maintenance
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
Punjab Economic Research Institute
Planning and Development Department
Total dissolved solids
Terms of Reference
Water and Power Development Authority
World Bank
World Wide Fund for Nature
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
ii
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Contents
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... ii
1
Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Background .................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Project Objectives ........................................................................................ 1
1.3
Need of the Study ......................................................................................... 1
1.3.1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Study Team ................................................................................................2
Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework .................................................. 2
2.1
National Legislation and Regulations ........................................................ 2
2.2
The World Bank Operational Policies ....................................................... 3
Project Components ................................................................................................ 4
3.1
Component A: Improving Water Productivity ......................................... 4
3.2
Component B: Upgrading Community Irrigation System ....................... 4
3.3
Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring
and Evaluation ............................................................................................. 5
3.4
Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical
Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies ............................................... 5
Project Alternatives ................................................................................................ 6
4.1
No-project Alternative................................................................................. 6
4.2
Alternative Irrigation Methods .................................................................. 6
4.3
Alternative Land Leveling Methods .......................................................... 6
4.4
Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation ............................ 7
4.5
Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives .............. 7
Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile ........................................................... 7
5.1
Location ........................................................................................................ 7
5.2
Physical Environment.................................................................................. 7
5.3
Wildlife Protected Areas ............................................................................. 9
5.4
Socioeconomic Environment ....................................................................... 9
Stakeholder Consultations.................................................................................... 16
6.1
Objectives ................................................................................................... 16
6.2
Consultation Process ................................................................................. 17
6.3
Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders ........................................ 17
6.4
Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations .................................................. 19
Impact Assessment ................................................................................................ 26
7.1
Positive Impacts ......................................................................................... 26
7.2
Environmental Screening .......................................................................... 26
Environmental and Social Management Plan .................................................... 30
8.1
ESMP Objectives ....................................................................................... 30
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
iii
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
8.2
Institutional Setup and Responsibilities .................................................. 30
8.3
Environmental and Social Guidelines ...................................................... 30
8.4
Environmental and Social Monitoring .................................................... 30
8.5
Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising ............... 30
8.6
Grievance Redressal Mechanism ............................................................. 31
8.7
Documentation and Reporting ................................................................. 31
8.8
ESMP Implementation Budget ................................................................. 31
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Punjab Province ............................................................................................. 11
Table 1: Protected Areas in Punjab ............................................................................. 12
Table 2: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab ................................................................. 13
Table 3: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations.............................. 20
Table 4: Environmental Screening ................................................................................ 26
Table 5: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation ............................. 32
Table 6: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation ..................... 33
Table 7: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling ................... 34
Table 8: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement ......... 35
Table 9: Environmental and Social Training Plan ..................................................... 37
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
iv
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
1
Introduction
1. The provincial government of the Punjab, Pakistan, through its Directorate General Agriculture
(Water Management), Agriculture Department, is planning to undertake the Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture
Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) (referred to as the Project in rest of the document) in various
parts of the Province, and seeking the World Bank assistance for this purpose. In line with the prevailing
legislation in the Country, and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment (ESA) of
the Project has been carried out. This document presents the report of this assessment.
1.1
Background
2. Irrigated agriculture is central to Pakistan’s economy; because of its arid climate, the annual
evaporation far exceeds the rainfall, making irrigation essential for growing crops. Pakistan relies on the
largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, namely the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to
provide basic food security (90 percent of food production and 25 percent of the Gross Domestic
Product). Agriculture is the single most important source of employment and exports (two thirds of
employment and 80 percent of exports) and irrigation represents more than 95 percent of the total
consumptive use of water. However, this massive infrastructure is deteriorating and in need of
modernization along with reforms to improve the allocation of water as well as the efficiency of its use.
Moreover, competition for water is growing among the provinces and across the increasing needs for
irrigation, industrial and domestic use, and the environment. Yet there remains a need for significant new
investment, not only in irrigation but in other uses of water as well, including power generation and
urban-industrial and domestic supplies (50 percent of the population is not served by a formal supply
system and sanitation and water treatment reaches less than ten percent of the population). At the same
time, there is uncontrolled pollution of surface and groundwater from agriculture, industry and rapidly
growing cities.
3. The key irrigation sector issues are: (i) low surface water delivery efficiency (only about 35-40
percent from the canal head to crop root zone); (ii) water distribution inequities; (iii) lack of storage
capacity and control structures; (iv) wasteful on-farm water use; (v) water-logging and salinity; (vi) poor
operation and maintenance (O&M) and low cost recovery; and (vii) a constrained investment climate.
These issues are a manifestation of institutional weaknesses due to near exclusive control by the public
sector entities characterized by the usual inefficiencies of centralized bureaucracies, lack of corporate
skills and poor client (farmer) focus and accountability.
4. Watercourse improvements have repeatedly shown to yield an economic rate of return of more than
25 percent, and benefits to laser land leveling and drip irrigation are even higher. These high efficiency
irrigation systems typically reduce input costs by 20-35 percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower
irrigation labor up to 30 percent, diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water. For
example, experience in Punjab has shown an increase in yields for citrus to be 44 percent, for mangos
100 percent and for tomatoes to be 150 percent. In addition, water saving for these crops has been 22
percent, 36 percent and 50 percent for citrus, mangos, and tomatoes, respectively. The laser land leveling
results in water savings of 30 percent and yield increases of 20 percent.
1.2
Project Objectives
5. The project’s main objective is to improve water productivity. Improved water productivity will be
understood to mean greater agricultural output per unit of water used, and will be achieved through
improved physical delivery efficiency, irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application
of inputs. The project’s objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and
incomes, higher living standards and environment.
1.3
Need of the Study
6. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents of every
development project in the country to submit either an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or “where
the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect,” an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) to the concerned environmental protection agency (EPA).
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
1
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
7. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires environmental
assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally
sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making”1.
8.
The present study has been conducted in response to both of the above requirements.
1.3.1
Study Team
9. The ESA team consisted of environmental and socioeconomic experts having considerable
experience in their respective field of expertise. These included Mohammad Omar Khalid (team leader
and environment specialist), Sitara Khan (social specialist), Chaudhry Irshad Ahmad (agriculture
specialist), and Maqsood Ahmed (irrigation specialist).
2
Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework
2.1
National Legislation and Regulations
10. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool
empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The requirement
for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project
involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an
initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and
approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. The requirement of conducting an
environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act.
11. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the
‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide the
necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the initial environmental examination (IEE)
and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the
Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental
impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment,
and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an
IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For the Schedule II
projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.
12. The proposed project falls under the Schedule II (Section D) of the Regulations. Hence an EIA has
to be conducted for it.2
13. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997,
specify the following standards:

Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,

Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to
inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).

Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

Ambient air quality standards.

Drinking water standards

Noise standards.
14. The other environmental laws relevant to the project are listed below.
1
2

Land Acquisition Act, 1894

Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1974
Excerpts from OP4.01 – Environmental Assessment. January, 1999.
The terms ESA and EIA have been used interchangeably in this document. The document has been named as the ESA,
however, it meets all the requirements of an EIA as well.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
2
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program

Forest Act, 1927

Canal and Drainage Act, 1873

Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997

Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users’ Associations Ordinance, 1981

Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001

Antiquity Act, 1975

Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948

Factories Act, 1934

Employment of Child Act, 1991

Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
2.2
The World Bank Operational Policies
15. OP 4.01. The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank
financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve
decision making.3 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments.
16. The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social consequences,
including:

Changes in land use,

Damage to crops

Deterioration of air quality,

Water contamination and consumption,

Damage to top soil, land erosion,

Cutting of trees

Safety hazard.
17. Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale, unprecedented and/or
irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the
present ESA is being carried out in accordance with this OP, to identify the extent and consequences of
these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their mitigation.
18. Other OPs. Applicability of the other WB safeguard policies with respect to the environmental and
social issues associated with the proposed project is tabulated below.
Operational Policy
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)
Forestry (OP 4.36)
Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)
Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)
Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50)
Cultural Property (OP 4.11)
Indigenous People (OP 4.10)
Projects in Disputed Area (7.60)
3
Triggered
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Excerpts from WB OP 4.01. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
3
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
3
Project Components
3.1
Component A: Improving Water Productivity
19. Subcomponent A1: Installation of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems. The component would
support the installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler irrigation systems at the field level for high
value, horticulture, vegetables, floriculture and other high value row crops. The irrigation systems would
be installed by a service provider on a shared cost basis. The farmers would carry 40% of the cost of
works with the remaining 60% provided by the Project, covering administrative and management costs.
Such level of subsidy is justified given that this is new technology. The drip units would include a
pumping unit, fertilizer tank, delivery fittings, filters, underground main pipeline, and delivery lines, etc.
High efficient irrigation systems would be installed over 120,000 acres. These systems would be installed
for orchards, vegetable, flowers and other high value row crops, thereby promoting crop diversification.
Controlled application of water and non-water inputs would enhance crop productivity. A technical
assistance package would be provided by the vendors to the farmers to promote adaptation of the new
technology. In addition, technical assistance and training would be provided to the users through
component C of this project. Successful installation and application of these irrigation systems would
encourage the private sector to adopt this high efficient irrigation technology, as was the case of
groundwater development, which was initiated by the government but brought to scale by the private
sector.
20. Subcomponent A2: Strengthening of Precision Land Leveling Services in Private Sector. Unleveled fields cause wastage of water, resulting in low irrigation application efficiency and much lower
yields. Laser land leveling saves up to 30% irrigation water, results in uniform seed germination, and
increases fertilizer uptake efficiency which enhances crop yields of up to 20%. Under this component the
laser leveling equipment would be provided to the service providers on shared cost basis. The service
providers would provide the laser leveling equipment and tractors to interested farmers, who would use
their own tractors to complete the leveling. A capacity for laser land leveling of about two million acres
annually would be developed for which about 3,000 laser leveling units would be provided. About 50%
of the cost of the of laser land leveling equipment would be provided by the service provider who also
owns a tractor capable of operating the LASER unit. The sites for installation of HEIS and service
providers would be selected based on pre-defined criteria, which would be revised and updated every six
month in light of implantation experience and monitoring results in order to ensure that project objectives
are met in accordance with the results indicators.
3.2
Component B: Upgrading Community Irrigation System
21. Subcomponent B1: Watercourse Improvements in Canal Irrigated Areas. The component
would assist Government efforts to improve watercourses (W/C), which is the tertiary level water
distribution system where water losses are highest. Of the 140,000 total watercourses in irrigated areas of
Pakistan, around 95,000 have been improved under various donor-supported programs. Punjab has about
58,000 watercourses in irrigated areas, out of which about 41,000 have been improved, leaving a
remaining 17,000 in need of improvement.
22. The innovations would be introduced to use concrete parabolic channel sections up to 8 feet (or U
sections namely canalets) placed on leveled compacted earth with water tight joints, thus improving
existing technology of brick lining. Where suitable and where farmers prefer, watercourses would be lined
using traditional bricks with plaster. Water turnout structures would be replaced with properly designed
concrete structures (pucca nakas). The earthen sections of the watercourse would be improved using
clean compacted soil. Efforts would be made to have private contractors/service providers construct the
canalets and then be installed by the water users associations (WUAs). The project would provide
technical assistance for layout and construction supervision to the WUAs. The length of the watercourses,
installation of diversion structures, as well as other improvements to earthen sections of the watercourses
would be in accordance with the current standard practice and optimized for each watercourse. WUAs
would share the cost through providing labor, and the Government would provide canalets and other
material. Approximately 5,500 watercourses would be improved. In canal commanded areas preference
would be given to the areas where distributary level farmers’ organizations have been formed.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
4
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
23. Subcomponent B2: Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses. Many watercourses in
Punjab were only partially (barely) improved in the early part of the program in the late 1970s. In order to
fully realize the benefits, the improvement works on these watercourses would have to be completed. The
project would cover completion of about 1,500 watercourses which have been partially improved in the
past. Farmers would contribute skilled and unskilled labor (30 percent of the cost) with the Project
funding the remaining cost.
24. Component B3: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems in the Non-canal Commanded
Areas. This component would cover watercourse improvements in the rain-fed (barani) areas, i.e. areas
which are not in the command of barrage controlled irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes.
These are generally small watercourses and the cost of improvement is less than in other areas. The
project would cover about 2,000 watercourses in Barani areas. Farmers would contribute skilled and
unskilled labor (about 30 percent of the cost of the improvement works) while the Project would carry the
cost of the material.
3.3
Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation
25. Component C1: Improved Agriculture Technology and Practices. The purpose of this
component would be to enhance productivity of the irrigated lands. The activities under this component
would include: (i) effective research, extension, and agricultural information services; (ii) participatory
training for farmers, involving training of specific target groups in various agro-technical fields, farm
management and irrigation agronomy; (iii) demonstration and assistance in improved and modern
technologies and methods to increase agricultural production through better agronomic practices; and (iv)
the establishment of a Farmers Information Service Desk linked with internet and cell phone services etc.
The Water Management Training Institute (WMTI), Lahore will provide training, research and extension
support for adoption of modern irrigation water management and conservation techniques and
technologies. Demonstration of new technologies is expected to result in crop diversification, and crop
husbandry, horticulture, vegetables and floriculture, improved irrigation and drainage practices and better
water management to improve water use efficiencies and reduce environmental degradation. This would
include interventions to optimize field size, introduce land leveling and furrow irrigation, irrigation using
drip, bubbler and sprinkler irrigation system and ways to adapt these technologies. For this purpose,
demonstration plots would be developed in various parts of the project area to complement the direct
assistance and to promote new technologies. These activities would be complemented by a Farmers
Information Services Desk in project areas to provide relevant information to farmers through different
means (pamphlets, videos, radio, TV, weekly papers, and cell phones) and to advise them on making their
farms more productive and sensitive to the market demands.
26. Component C2: Monitoring and Evaluation of Project Impact. This component would cover
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the project’s impacts. This would be done primarily by using a
sampling technique, as well as by conducting case studies, GIS systems, and satellite data. The M&E
activities would provide continuous feedback on the project’s performance and impact of its various
components to the Government of Punjab (GoPunjab), the Project Policy Committee, (PPC) Project
Steering Committee (PSC), and the implementing agency, so that corrective actions could be undertaken
in a timely manner. The M&E activities are likely to cover, but not limited to: (i) the impact of the I&D
improvements on water use efficiency, groundwater levels and quality, and soil salinity; on-farm water
use; cropping patterns and yields; and livestock population, health and production; (ii) socio-economic
impacts and the impact on the level of employment, livelihood and household incomes in the project area;
estimation of the project’s overall benefits and economic rate of returns. M&E would be carried out using
latest technology such as satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary.
3.4
Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance,
Training and Strategic Studies
27. This component would cover the cost of (i) project implementation and management, including
mobilization of farmers, surveys, engineering and designs, implementation supervision and assistance to
the farmers and suppliers, and ensuring quality of the works carried out by farmers and suppliers/venders
etc; (ii) project supervision and spot checks, covering quality and quantity aspects, by third party
consultants based on which the funds would be disbursed; and (iii) strategic studies and pilot projects that
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
5
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
would be identified during project implementation, and technical assistance, training, in particular training
to the project staff (i.e. training of trainers) in crop diversification, shift to horticulture, vegetable and
floriculture crops, operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems, and units installed under the
project.
4
Project Alternatives
4.1
No-project Alternative
28. The ‘no-project’ alternative is not acceptable since in that scenario, a considerable amount of
irrigation water will continue to be wasted. As described in Section 1.1, the irrigation sector in the
Country suffers from among others factors low surface water delivery efficiency as well as wasteful onfarm water use, and only 35-40 percent of the irrigation water reaches from the canal head to the crop root
zone. Pakistan relies upon its irrigation network for 90 percent of its food production and 25 percent of its
gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, the Country’s agriculture sector provides two-third of
employment and 80 percent of exports. With rising population and the associated increasing pressure on
food and other commodities, and decreasing water availability in the rivers, improving the water delivery
efficiency is vitally important to enhance the irrigation productivity that will in turn increase the
productivity of agriculture sector.
4.2
Alternative Irrigation Methods
29. Flood irrigation has been the traditional method in the Country for ages. In this method, the entire
cultivation field is flooded with the irrigation water. This method is time consuming and hence labor
intensive, highly inefficient in terms of water usage, and also results in other problems such as increased
vulnerability to pest attacks and proliferation of weeds, in turn resulting in the increased need of pesticides
and weedicides. The high efficiency irrigation methods proposed under the Project address all of these
problems, in addition to achieving enhanced yields and productivity of the farms. As already mentioned
in Section 1.1, these high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input costs by 20-35 percent,
increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30 percent, diversify cropping patterns, and
save up to 75 percent water.
30. It is clear from the above comparison that the high efficiency irrigation methods are the preferred
option for irrigating the cultivation fields in the Country.
Environmental and Social Aspects
31. The high efficiency irrigation methods generally result in the reduced need of farm inputs such as
fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides, as mentioned above. The controlled irrigation generally
results in reduced vulnerability of the crops to the pest attacks and reduced proliferation of weeds, in turn
resulting in reduced need of pesticides and herbicides. In addition, fertigation (ie, application of fertilizers
or other soil additives through the irrigation system) is possible for the high efficiency irrigation systems,
such as drip and sprinkler, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of the fertilizers and hence their reduced
quantities needed. Similarly, for these high efficiency irrigation systems, chemigation (i.e., application of
pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides through the irrigation system) is possible, resulting in enhanced
effectiveness of these chemicals and hence their reduced quantities needed. The overall result of the high
efficiency irrigation system is therefore a much reduced usage of chemical inputs.
32. The above mentioned reduced usage of chemical inputs affects the environment and communities in
a positive manner. The excessive usage of these chemicals causes contamination of soil and water that
may pose health hazards for the nearby communities and may also harm the natural flora and fauna
including beneficial insects that are important for functions such as pollination. With the adoption of high
efficiency irrigation methods, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts on
communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.
4.3
Alternative Land Leveling Methods
33. The conventional leveling with the help of tractors or graders is the major alternate to the laser land
leveling, which is included in the proposed project.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
6
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Environmental and Social Aspects
34. No major environmental and social aspects are associated directly with the leveling activity. The
indirect aspects of the conventional leveling methods include increased water consumption, increased
need of pesticides, weedicides, and other chemical inputs. This excessive usage of chemical inputs can
potentially contaminate soil and water, which may pose health hazards for the nearby communities and
may also harm the natural flora and fauna, as described above as well. It can therefore be concluded that
with the help of laser leveling, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts on
communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.
4.4
Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation
35. The alternatives available for the on-farm water conservation include i) piped conveyance system; realignment and brick-lining the entire length of the water course; and re-aligning and improving the water
course, but keeping it earthen (ie, without brick-lining). The cost of the first alternative would be
prohibitive with marginal benefits compared to the second alternative, and the reduction of water losses
will not be substantial in case of the third option. Therefore, the benefit-cost ratio is best for the second
alternative, which has been selected for the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Aspects
36. No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and social
consequences, except that the third option would not fully achieve the objective of water conservation and
associated benefits.
4.5
Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives
37. The beneficiaries of the high efficiency irrigation/laser land leveling/water course improvement
schemes under the proposed project would be required to share the cost of establishing the schemes. Once
established, these schemes will be operated and maintained by the beneficiaries themselves. This
arrangement will ensure ‘ownership’ of these schemes by the beneficiaries, and thus the sustainability of
the initiative.
38. Other options include i) full cost of the scheme to be covered by the Project; ii) full cost of the
scheme to be covered by the beneficiary. The disadvantages of these alternatives are quite obvious; the
first option would result in lack of ownership of the schemes by the beneficiaries, while the second option
may fail to attract the farmers to adopt the new initiatives included under the proposed project.
39. No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and social
consequences, except that the selected option will ensure beneficiary and community participation.
5
Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile
5.1
Location
40. The Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the Islamabad
Capital Territory, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK); southwest of the Indian-held Jammu and
Kashmir; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan; north-northeast of the Sindh Province; and
east-northeast of the Balochistan Province (see Figure 1 for the map of the Province).
5.2
Physical Environment
41. Geography. Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284
sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South
Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region.
Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and
Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From
west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's
population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also
surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This geographical position and a
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
7
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on National affairs and induces in
Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 4
42. The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found
near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the Thal and Cholistan
deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.
43. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the
province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The
foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.
44. Soil Morphology. The texture, morphology, and moisture holding capacities of the soils in the
province vary from region to region. The surface crust soils are composed of alluvial deposits consisting
of silt, clay, sand, and loam. Clay and silt formations occur in discontinuous layers with limited lateral
extent. Their thickness is generally less than five meters5. Due to rich surface irrigation in the central
Punjab, the fertile soils of the floodplains give a good per unit yield6.
45. Air Quality. A joint air quality study of Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad by the Pak-EPA and the
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), showed that the average suspended particulate matter
(SPM) in the study districts was 6.4 times higher than WHO Guideline Values. The levels of sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen also exceeded the acceptable standards in some areas,
but the average levels were below the Guideline Values7. Another similar study of Gujranwala and
Faisalabad also revealed higher concentrations of SPM in the ambient air8. However, barring congested
urban centers, air quality in rest of the province generally conforms to WHO Guideline Values 9.
However, the project sites will essentially be located in rural areas where the ambient air quality is likely
to be free from most of the criteria pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of
nitrogen.
46. Surface Water Resources. The Indus River and its tributaries are the main source of surface water
in the Punjab Province (and in the country). The Indus rises in Tibet, at an altitude of about 5,486 m
(18,000 feet) above mean sea level (amsl), and has a total catchment area of 654,329 km2. Length of the
Indus River in the country is about 2,750 km. Five main rivers that join the Indus from the eastern side
are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Besides these, two minor rivers - Soan and Harrow also drain
into the Indus. On the western side, a number of small rivers join Indus, the biggest of which is River
Kabul with its main tributaries i.e. Swat, Panjkora and Kunar. Several small streams such as Kurram,
Gomal, Kohat, Tai, and Tank also join the Indus on the right side.
47. The Indus River exhibits great seasonal variations, with more than 80 percent of the total annual flow
occurring during the summer months, peaking in June, July and August.
48. Rivers Water Quality. The water quality of Indus River and its tributaries is generally considered
excellent for irrigation purposes. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from 60 mg/l in the upper
reaches to 375 mg/l in the lower reaches of the Indus, which are reasonable levels for irrigated agriculture
and also as raw water for domestic use. The disposal of saline drainage from various irrigation projects
has been a major factor in the increased TDS in the lower reaches of the rivers in the Punjab. There is
progressive deterioration downstream and the salinity is at its maximum at the confluence of the Chenab
and Ravi rivers, where the TDS ranges from 207 to 907 mg/l. A slight improvement in water quality is
noted further downstream at Panjnad due to dilution from the inflow from Sutlej River. The quality of the
Indus water at Guddu, however, is within acceptable limits for agriculture; TDS being in the range of 164270 mg/l.
4
5
6
7
8
9
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008
Ibid
3-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2001
2-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Gujranwala and Faisalabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2003
Air Quality Monitoring in Six Districts of Punjab using Physico-Chemical Techniques, Environment Protection
Department, Government of the Punjab, 2005
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
8
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
49. In the upper reaches of the Indus River, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content remains above 8.5 mg/l
which is well above the acceptable levels of 4 mg/l. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
downstream of Attock has been recorded as 2.9 mg/l. Indus River water quality has been studied at the
Dadu Moro Bridge and Kotri Barrage, with nitrate levels at 1.1 and 7.5 mg/l, phosphate at 0.02 and 0.3
mg/l, BOD at 2.4 and 4.1 mg/l, faecal coliforms at 50 and 400 per ml, and aluminum at 1.8 and 0.2 mg/l
respectively. Due to industrial waste discharges from Punjab and Sindh, a high content of heavy metals
such as nickel, lead, zinc and cadmium have also been found in Indus water.
50. Groundwater. The Punjab Province can be divided in four hydro-geological zones: Potohar plateau
and Salt Range, piedmont areas, alluvial plains, and Cholistan desert. The total groundwater potential in
the province (52.7 bcm or 42.75 MAF) is based upon rainfall recharge (12.2 bcm or 9.90 MAF),
groundwater recharge (8.7 bcm or 7.08 MAF), recharge from rivers (4.3 bcm or 3.5 MAF), and recharge
from the irrigation system (26.7 bcm or 21.70 MAF).10
51. In the last 25-30 years, ground water has become a major supplement to canal supplies, especially in
the Upper Indus Plain, where ground water quality is good. Large scale tube-well pumpage for irrigation
started in the early sixties. There are presently more than 500,000 tube-wells in the Indus Basin Irrigation
System (IBIS). According to a study, the total groundwater potential in Pakistan is of the order of 67.8
bcm (55 MAF).
52. Major part of the groundwater abstraction for irrigation is within the canal commands or in the flood
plains of the rivers. However, the amount of abstraction varies throughout the area, reflecting
inadequacy/unreliability of surface water supplies and groundwater quality distribution.
53. The quality of groundwater ranges from fresh (salinity less than 1000 mg/l TDS) near the major
rivers to highly saline farther away, with salinity more than 3,000 mg/l TDS. The general distribution of
fresh and saline groundwater in the country is well known and mapped, as it influences the options for
irrigation and drinking water supplies.
54. Availability and quality of groundwater, the depth of water table, and the aquifer recharge rates
considerably differ from area to area depending on a number of variables such as amount of precipitation,
proximity to surface water channels, and other meteorological factors11. About 79 percent area of the
province has fresh groundwater12. High fluoride content is found in groundwater of the Salt Range13.
Water table varies from as low as 1 meter in the waterlogged areas to as deep as 90 meters in desert
areas14. The groundwater is drawn through hand pumps, tube-wells, springs, and public water supply
schemes.
5.3
Wildlife Protected Areas
55. There exist one national park, nineteen wildlife sanctuaries and five game reserves in the project
area. A list of these protected areas is provided in Table 1.
5.4
Socioeconomic Environment
56. Demographic Profile.15 The population of the province is estimated to be more than 81 million in
2010 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab is
Punjabi and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. The language is not given any official
recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at National level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous
group comprising different tribes, clans and communities (qaum in Urdu). In Pakistani Punjab these clans
and communities have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed
to rigid social stratifications.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Source: Pakistan’s Groundwater Reservoir and its Sustainability. Muhammad Amin, Member Water, WAPDA.
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008
Water Quality Status in Pakistan, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad, 2003
Ibid
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
9
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
57. In addition to the Punjabis, the province is also home to other smaller ethnic groups in the province
include the Siraiki, Hindkowan, Kashmiris, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. The Muhajirs are Urdu speaking
Muslim migrants from India and settled in Pakistan after independence in 1947. Three decades of
bloodshed in neighboring Afghanistan have also brought a large number of Afghan refugees to the
province.
58. As per the census of Pakistan 1998, linguistic distribution of the Punjab province is: Punjabi (75.23
percent), Saraiki (17.36 percent), Urdu (4.51 percent), Pashto (1.16 percent), Balochi (0.66 percent),
Sindhi (0.13 percent) others (0.95 percent). The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be
between 97.21 percent Muslim with a Sunni Hanafi majority and Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The
largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2.31 percent of the population. The other
minorities include Ahmedi, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and Bahá'í.
59. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage.
The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has been disseminated by Tasawwaf
and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.
60. Economy. 16 Punjab has always contributed the most to the national economy of Pakistan. Punjab's
economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7 percent in 2000 and 59 percent
as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of the Pakistan economy, with
their contributions ranging from 52.1 to 64.5 percent and 56.1 to 61.5 percent, respectively. It is also
major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically
trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is
not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44 percent to a high of 52.6 percent. In
2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8 percent and during the period 2002-03 to 2007-08, its
economy grew at a rate of about 7 percent to 8 percent per year, and during 2008-09 grew at 6 percent
against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4 percent.
61. Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its manufacturing
industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments,
cement, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, cement plants, agriculture machinery, bicycles and
rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90 percent of the
paper and paper boards, 71 percent of the fertilizers, 69 percent of the sugar and 40 percent of the cement
of Pakistan.
62. Despite its dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation
system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other
crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock
and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms
continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.
63. Punjab contributes about 76 percent to annual food grain production in the country. 51 million acres
(210,000 km2) is cultivated and another 9.05 million acres (36,600 km2) are lying as cultivable waste in
different parts of the province. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that
contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the
focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads,
electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
64. Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries are in
abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The
ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including
food and feed industries. Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light
engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.
65. Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, gas, petrol, rock salt
(with the second largest salt mine in the world), dolomite, gypsum, and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral
16
Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
10
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects. Manufacturing
includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
66. Land Use / Agricultural Profile. Agriculture is mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts for 21
percent of the GDP and together with agro-based products fetches 80 percent of the country’s total export
earnings. More than 48 percent of the labor force is engaged in this sector.
67. The Punjab province has about 29 percent of the total reported, 57 percent of the total cultivated and
69 percent of the total cropped area of Pakistan. It contributes a major share in the agricultural economy
of the country by providing about 83 percent of cotton, 80 percent of wheat, 97 percent fine aromatic rice,
63 percent of sugarcane and 51 percent of maize to the national food production. Among fruits, mango
accounts for 66 percent, citrus more than 95 percent, guava 82 percent and dates 34 percent of total
national production of these fruits.
68. Agriculture is still the predominant economic activity of 64 percent population of the rural Punjab.
About 50 percent of total labor force is employed in agriculture. More than 70 percent of cropped area of
Indus Basin is located in Punjab. The principal sources of irrigation are the surface channels supplemented
by tube-wells. Rainfall accounts only for a small proportion of the irrigation sources. Sericulture,
horticulture, and aviculture are also gaining popularity. Investments in honeybee- sheep-, goat-, fish-,
poultry, and dairy farming are also increasing. The major seasonal crops include wheat, rice, maize, and
vegetables. Other agricultural products include fodder, fresh vegetables, and lattice17. The reported area of
Punjab is 17.62 million hectares, out of which 71 percent is cultivated and the remaining is uncultivated18.
69. Cultural Heritage. A large number of sites exist in the Province having archeological, historical,
cultural, and religious significance, and the ones that have been officially notified and protected under the
Antiquity Act, 1975 are listed in Table 2.
70. Environmental Hotspots. The environmental hotspots in the Province are essentially the wildlife
protected sites listed in Table 1 and the cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2. In addition, heavily
forested areas particularly in Murree tehsil are also included in the environmental hotspots in the
Province. No project interventions will be carried out inside or at these hotspots.
Figure 1: Punjab Province
17
18
Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, Go Pb, Final Report, 2008
Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
11
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Table 1: Protected Areas in Punjab
Description
Abbasia Reserve Forest
Bahawalpur R. F. Plantation
Bajwat
Bhagat Reserve Forest
Bhakkar Forest Plantation
Bheni
Bhon Fazil
Chak katora Reserve Forest
Chak Reserve Forest
Changa manga Plantation
Chashma Barrage
Chashma Lake
Chaupalia
Chichawatni Forest Plantation
Chinji
Cholistan
Cholistan
Chumbi-Surla
Daluana
Daman Reserve Forest
Daphar Reserve Forest
Depalpur Plantation
Diljabba-Domeli
Fateh Major Forest Plantation
Gatwala
Hamot Reserve Forest
Head Islam/Chak Kotora
Head Qadirabad
Inayat Reserve Forest
Indo/Pak Border Belt
Jalalpur Lake
Jalalpur Sharif Forest
Jauharabad Reserve Forest
Kala Chitta
Kalabagh Game Reserve
Kamalia Plantation
Kathar
Khabbeke Lake
Khanewal Plantation
Kharar lake
Kheri Murat
Kot Zabzal
Kotla issan Reserve Forest
Kundal Rakh
Kundian plantation
Lal Suhanra
Lohi Bher Forest
Machu Plantation
Miranpur Reserve Forest
Mitha Tiwana Plantation
Namal lake
Pirawala kikarwala
Qadirabad Head Works
Area (ha)
2,731
547
5,795
251
2,124
2,068
1,062
535
2,158
5,063
33,082
Not
Recorded
9,857
4,666
6,070
660,921
2,032,6
55,943
2,314
2,270
2,897
2,928
118,101
1,255
5,883
889
3,132
2,850
4,211
Not
Recorded
42
2,263
399
132,605
1,550
4,396
1,141
285
7,217
235
5,616
10,117
2,178
2,999
7,800
51,588
887
4,109
768
1,116
482
506
2,849
Type
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Unclassified
Coordinates
Not Recorded
29/23 N. 71/39 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
31/37 N. 71/03 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
31/05 N. 73/59 E.
32/27 N. 71/19 E.
32/27 N. 71/19 E.
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
National Park
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Not Recorded
30/32 N. 72/42 E.
32/42 N. 72/22 E.
29/59 N. 73/16 E.
29/23 N. 71/39 E.
32/50 N. 72/46 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
32/24 N. 73/08 E.
30/40 N. 73/39 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
29/49 N. 72/33 E.
32/18 N. 73/29 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Unclassified
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
National Park (WHS)
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Game Reserve
Game Reserve
32/32 N. 72/14 E.
32/41 N. 73/32 E.
32/17 N. 72/21 E.
N. 72/20 E.
34/04 N. 71/36 E.
30/43 N. 72/43 E.
33/45 N. 73/07 E.
32/37 N. 72/14 E.
30/18 N. 71/56 E.
30/52 N. 73/13 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
32/27 N. 71/29 E.
29/21 N. 71/58 E.
33/43 N. 73/05 E.
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
32/40 N. 71/49 E.
30/21 N. 72/02 E.
32/18 N. 73/29 E.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
12
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Description
Rahri Bungalow
Rajan Shah Plantation
Rakh Ghulaman
Rasool Barrage
Shorkot Forest Plantation
Sodhi I
Taunsa Barrage
Tehra Plantation
Thal
Ucchali lake
Wathar Reserve Forest
Area (ha)
5,463
2,110
4,356
1,138
4,079
5,817
6,566
339
71,275
942
1,874
Type
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Wildlife Sanctuary
Game Reserve
Game Reserve
Wildlife Sanctuary
Coordinates
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
Not Recorded
32/42 N. 73/33 E.
30/50 N. 72/04 E.
32/35 N. 72/17 E.
30/42 N. 70/46 E.
Not Recorded
33/22 N. 70/33 E.
32/36 N. 72/13 E.
Not Recorded
Table 2: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab
Attock District
1. Lala Rukh’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.
2. Begum ki Sarai, on left bank of Indus River near Attock Fort, Attock.
3. Saidan Baoli, Hatti, Attock.
4. Hakim’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.
5. Chitti Baoli, Pindi Suleman Makhan, Attock.
6. Attock Fort, Attock.
7. Attock tomb, on G. T. Road near Ziarat Hazrat Baba Sahib, Attock.
8. Behram ki Baraddari, Attock.
9. Tope and Mnastery (Buddhist remains), 5 miles east of Hasan Abal Baoli Pind, Attock.
10. Kallar (temple) or Sassi da Kallara, village Shah Muhammad Wali, Tesil Talagang, Attock.
11. Site at Garhi, village Malak Mala, 6 miles east of hasan Abal, Attock.
12. Inderkot mosque, Fateh Jang, Inderkot, Attock.
13. Buddhist site (Behari Colony) Hasan Abdal Town, Behari Colony, Attock.
Bahawalpur District
14. Tomb of Abu Hanifa, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
15. Tomb of Bibi Jawidi, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
16. Tomb of Nuria, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
17. Tomb of Bhawal Halee, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
18. Tomb of Musa Pak Shaheed, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
Dera Ghazi Khan District
19. Ghazi Khan’s Tomb, Mohalla Zaminaran, Village Chirotta, Ddera Ghazi Khan.
20. Ther Dallu Roy, Dajal, Ddera Ghazi Khan.
Fasialabad District
21. Wangar Wala Tibba, Chak No. 742, Tehsil Taoba Tek Singh, Faisalabad.
Gujranwala District
22. Baraari in Sherawala garen, Gujranwala city.
23. Tomb of Abdul Nabi Kotli Maqbara, Gujranwala.
Gujrat District
24. Akbari Baoli in fort Gujrat city.
25. Bahar Wali, Baoli Kharian Town, Gujrat.
26. Tomb of Shaikh Ali Baig, locally called Hanjeera, Village Hailan, Tehsil Phalia, Gujrat.
Jhang District
27. Shahi Masi, Chiniot, Jahng.
28. Tomb of Shah Burhan, Chiniot, Jhang.
Jhelum District
29. Rohtas Fort, 5 miles from Dina Railway Station, Jhelum.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
13
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
30. Ruined Temple with gateway, Melot, Jhelum.
31. Raja Mansigh’s Haveli Rohtas, Jhelum.
32. Hill measuring 25 ft. long and 190 ft. broad, Murti in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
33. Two ancient teples, Bhagan Wala, 11 miles from Haranpur Railway Station, Jhelum.
34. Ruins of Nandana, For Bhagan Wala, Jhelum.
35. Sardar of Hari Singh’s Haveli, Katas, Jhelum.
36. Ruined Buddhist Stupa area around it, Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
37. Satghara temple Village Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
Khanewal District
38. Tomb of Khali Walid, village Kabirwala, Khanewal.
Lahore District
39. Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan and Gateway, Lahore.
40. Buddo’s tomb, Lahore.
41. Sarvwala Maqbara, Lahore.
42. Huzuri Bagh Baradari, Lahore.
43. Dai Anga’s tomb, Lahore.
44. Shalamar Garden, including baradari, gateway, kiosks, pavilions, well, Naqqar Khana, asmani well and garden,
Lahore.
45. Old Fort, Lahore.
46. Buddho ka Awa, Lahore.
47. One kos minar, Lahore.
48. Roshani gate, Lahore.
49. Mirza Kamran’s baradari, Lahore.
50. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Lahroe.
51. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, 34-A, Mcleod Road, Lahore.
52. Chauburji, Mazang, Lahore.
53. Gulabi Bagh gatweay, Begumpura, Lahore.
54. Qutbudddin Aibak’s tomb, Anar kali street, Lahore.
55. Tiledd gatweay and two bastions, Nawankot, Lahore.
56. Two kos minars, Minola, 6 miles from Jullo, Lahore.
57. Tomb of Shaikh Mosa, Ahangar, mosque and house, Mcleod Road, 35, Chiraghan Street, Lahore.
58. Tomb of (erroneously called) Zebun-Nisa, Nawankot, Lahore.
59. Naddira Begum’s tomb and tank, Mian Mir, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore.
60. Hujra Mir Mehdi (Janazegah), Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.
61. Tomb of Prince Parwaiz, Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.
62. Tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, Mughalpura near Railway crossing, B-II, South of railway carriage shop,
Lahore.
63. Javedd Manzil, Allama Iqbal Road, Lahore.
64. Jahangir’s tomb and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.
65. Akbari Sarai an mosque, Shahdara, Lahore.
66. Tomb of Asif Khan and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.
67. Tomb of nur Jeha, Shahdara, Lahore,
68. Tomb of Mahabat Khan and boundary wall, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
69. Samadh of Rajit Singh, Karakh Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, Lahore.
70. Tomb of Anarkali, Lahore.
71. Baradari and Samadh of Maharaja Sher Singh, Lahore.
72. Badshahi mosque, Lahore.
73. Wazir Khan’s mosque, Lahore.
74. Chitta gate, Chowk Wazir Khan inside Delhi Gate, Lahore.
75. Another gate to northeast of Wazir Khan’s mosque, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
14
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
76. Well of Raja Dina Nath, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
77. Masti gate, Lahore.
78. Bhati gate, Lahore.
79. Sheranwala gate, Lahore.
80. Kashmiri gate, Lahore.
81. Lahori known as Lahori gate, Lahore.
82. Delhi gate, Lahore.
83. Wazir Khan’s hammams inside Delhi gate, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
84. Haveli Nau Nihal Singh including garden, quarters, latrine etc. inside Bhati gate, Kucha Nau Nihal Singh,
Lahore.
85. Tomb of Khawaja Sabir (Nawab Nusrat Khan) inside Railway Mechanical Workshop, Mughalpura, Lahore.
86. Tomb of French Officer’s ddaughter, Kuri Bagh, Lahroe.
87. Wazir Khan’s baradari, oldd Anarkali, Behind Lahore Museum, Lahore.
88. Samadh of Jhingar Shah Suthra (Suthron ka Asthan) Suthron, Teshl Lahore, Lahore.
89. Samadh of Bhai Wasti Ram Tixali gate near Shahi Qila, Lahore.
90. A Mughal period tomb, Tehsil Lahore Singhapura, oppsite Police Post, Lahore.
91. Jani Khan’s tomb, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
92. Dai Anga’s mosque, Naulakha, Lahore.
93. Mosque with glazed tiles work, Bagumpura, Lahore.
94. Mosque of Nawab Zakariya Khan, Bagumpura, Lahore.
95. Inayat Bagh, opposite Shalamar Garden, Bagumpuura, Lahore.
96. Angori bagh, opposite Shalamaer Garen Bagumpura, Lahore.
97. Mariam Zammani mosque, insie Masti gate, Lahore.
Mianwali District
98. Shershah’s baoli, Wah Buchhran, Mianwali.
99. A buddhist Stupa with a surrounding area on River Inddus to the north of Village Rokhari, Mianwali.
Multan District
100. Sawi Masjid an graves, Kotla Tole Khan, Multan.
101. Tombs of Petrick Alexander Vana, Andrew & William Anderson, Old Fort, Multan.
102. Shrine of Rukne Alam, Old For, Multan.
103. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar’s mother, Sura Miana, Multan.
104. Tomb of Shams Tabriz, Sura Miana, Multan.
105. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar, Sura Miana, Multan.
106. Tomb of Shah Yousuf Gardezi, Multan.
107. Mound Ratti Khari, Head Bust 133 village Bhatianwala, Teshil Kaberwala, Multan.
108. Tobm of Shah Hussain Soozai, near Abdal Road, Multan.
109. Tomb of Mai Mehraban, Mohallah Kirialoghana, Multan.
110 Ruined mosque Village Sargana, Multan.
111. Maryala Moun, Chak No. 267/IOR, Multan.
Muzaffargarh District
112. Tomb of Thar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Musaffargarh.
113. Mosque of Tahar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Muzaffargarh.
114. Tomb of Sheikh Sadan Shaheedd, Village Sadan, Muzaffargarh.
Rawalpini District
115. Tope or stupa (Buddhist), Mankiyala, Rawalpindi.
116. Top or stupa (Buddhist) Bhallar, Rawalpindi.
117. Pharwala fort Pharwala, Rawalpindi.
118. Losar baoli, Wah Cantonment, Rawalpindi.
119. Bhir Moun,Taxila, Mauza Majawer, Rawalpindi.
120. The area or Track known as Babar Khan, Taxila, Babar Khan, Rawalpindi.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
15
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
121. Kalawansite, Mauza Karawal, Rawalpindi.
122. Chirtope site, Taxila, Chirtope, Rawalpindi.
123. Sirkap site, Mauza Gangu Bahaddur, Rawalpindi.
124. Giri remains, Mauza Khuram Gujjar, Rawalpindi.
125. Mohra Maradu site, Taxila, Rawalpindi.
126. Rewat fort, Village Rewat, Rawalpindi.
127. Nicholson Column, Margala Pass, Rawalpindi.
128. Kos minar, Milestone 102, G.T. Road, Rawalpindi.
129. Kos Minar, near Golara Railway Station, Rawalpindi.
130. Farudgh-e-Shahan-e-Mughalia, tank and garden Wah, Rawalpindi.
131. Ratta Pind, Village Gangu Bahadur, Rawalpindi.
Sahiwal District
132. Mounds, Harappa, Saiwal.
133. Mir Chakar’s tomb, Satghara, Sahiwal.
134. Tomb of Syyed Daud Kirmani, Shergah, Sahiwal.
Sargodha District
135. Three temple inside fort, Amb Sargodha.
136. Site of ancient city, Bhera, Sargodha.
137. Site of ancient city, Vijjhi, 2 milles southwest of Miani known as Sabzal Pind, Sargodha.
138. A red sandstone teple, Sodhi Zerin, Sargodha.
Sheikhupura District
139. Sheikhupura fort, east of Sheikhupura town, Sheikhupura.
140. Baoli and mosque, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
141. Tank and tower, Sheikhupura.
142. Tomb of Abdullah Shah, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
143. Mound Mian Ali Sahib, Mian Ali Faqiran, Sheikhupura.
144. Tibba (Mound), Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura.
145. Tomb of Noor Muhammad, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
146. Tomb of Hafiz Barkhurdar, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
Sialkot District
147. Tibba Jolian, Sialkot.
6
Stakeholder Consultations
6.1
Objectives
71. The stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social assessment for a
project such as PIPIP, and aims to provide a two-way communication channel between the stakeholders
and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the objectives of the stakeholder consultation conducted
as part of the present ESA were to:

develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and stakeholders,

provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the project and its
potential or perceived impacts, and

ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project design and
implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits of
the proposed project.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
16
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
6.2
Consultation Process
72. The consultations with the project stakeholders were carried out while conducting the present ESA.
A participatory and consultative approach was employed for information gathering and data collection.
73. Meetings and consultations were held with a range of key informants as well as government and civil
society stakeholders at different levels. The focus group discussions with smaller groups of grassroots
stakeholders were held, whereas discussions with the institutional stakeholders were arranged in
consultation workshops. These discussions were held with project affected people, project beneficiaries
and other local communities in Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Bhakkar,
and Layyah districts. An attempt was made to consult stakeholders from all of the distinct regions of the
province with respect to the cultivation and water availability – Potwar, Central Punjab, Sothern Punjab,
and Thal desert. This process of stakeholder consultation was conceived to interact meaningfully with
affected communities and other stakeholders. The consultations also helped better understand local
knowledge with respect to the various sets of issues and concerns, and integrate these into the project
design and EMP.
6.3
Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders
74. The institutional stakeholder consultations were held during the workshops organized in Rawalpindi
and Multan. The representatives of the following organizations were invited for these workshops:

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Punjab EPA and EPD

Planning Commission

P&DD, Punjab

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Ministry of Water and Power

Officials from the Agriculture Department, Punjab

NARC

The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)

Pakistan Council for Research on Water Resources (PCRWR)

Irrigation Department

Barani Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Agriculture University, Faisalabad

National University of Science and Technology (NUST)

International Islamic University

World Bank

Asian Development Bank

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI)

Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI)

Cotton Research Center, Multan

Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

WWF.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
17
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
75. Concerns Raised and Suggestion Forwarded by Institutional Stakeholders. The institutional
stakeholders raised several concerns and provided useful suggestions/recommendations. These are
provided below.

The capacity building and awareness raising of farmers should also address the water-borne diseases
caused by over irrigation.

The use of FM radio should be promoted for the awareness raising and capacity building of farmers for the
improved irrigation techniques.

The research institutions should also play their role in capacity building of farmers and the Department
staff.

The research institutes should arrange farmers’ gatherings and workshops.

More effective investment is needed for the bed-furrowing with the help of laser leveling.

Trees and livestock are important elements of the rural agricultural economy. The tree cutting caused by
the water course improvement should be compensated through plantation of appropriate tree species at
appropriate locations.

The tree plantation can be used for nitrogen fixing of soil, as wind breaker particularly in areas that
experience sand/wind storms.

The drip irrigation should be promoted in areas having undulating terrain.

The national water policy needs to be devised addressing judicious use of the available water for irrigation.

Sustainability of the modern irrigation techniques needs to be studied through research.

The laser land leveling equipment should be provided to the rental services.

Demonstration systems should be arranged at regional level to showcase the modern irrigation techniques.

The Project interventions can employ the rural unemployed youth.

The private sector should be motivated to participate in promoting the modern irrigation techniques.

Drip irrigation system is ideal for locations where water is scarce.

The private sector needs to be supported and encouraged to develop simple machinery for bed-furrowing
and other similar tasks.

The water course improvement can potentially cause tree cutting and loss of natural vegetation. Tree
cuttings should be restricted to only those trees causing restriction in water flow or hindrance in civil
works.

Existing provision for improvement of entire earthen section may be reconsidered to relax the same for a
certain portion located at tail end of watercourse where water flows only for a few hours.

The hydrology data needs to be collected and analyzed to fully understand the impact of water course
lining on the groundwater recharge.

Laser land leveling is now becoming economically viable and sustainable. Other interventions such as
water course lining are not yet sustainable and government’s support is needed to undertake these
improvements.

Environmental impacts of brick kilns, which would provide bricks for the Project, needs to be highlighted.

Local manufacturing of drip irrigation systems and their parts should be encouraged.

The traditional flood irrigation system is no more viable in view of the water shortage, hence high
efficiency irrigation methods should be promoted through the Project.

Tube-wells should be installed giving due consideration to their location and inter-tube-well distance.

The lining of the water courses should be carried out beyond the current limit of 30 percent. The quality of
water course lining needs to be improved, and the Department team should regularly monitor this aspect.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
18
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program

The soil and water pollution caused by the left over plastic tubing and other parts for the drip/sprinkler
irrigation system needs to be addressed.

The drip irrigation system is currently suitable for large farmers having more resources available to them
and having more know-how/awareness. The barriers for its adaptation by the small farmers need to me
removed.

Pest management component needs to be included in the Project, addressing the use of pesticides (and
other chemical inputs) in the high efficiency irrigation techniques. Awareness raising and capacity
building components should also be included in the Project in this regard. Additionally, this aspect needs
further field research as well.

The contaminated water in the canals is causing diseases, since it is used for drinking purposes as well in
many areas.

The use of solar energy should also be explored for pumping groundwater.

Trees are sometimes cut down for improving the water courses. The compensatory tree plantation should
be included in the Project (and Water User Associations’ contracts with the Department).

The Department should also encourage the farmers to build water ponds to store irrigation water.

Laser leveling is highly beneficial for water conservation.

The tube-wells are being misused, and there exists no law to control the installation of new tube-wells.

The Department should promote small dams and sprinkler/drip irrigation in Potohar region of the Province.
6.4
Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations
76. The grass root consultations were carried out to inform the communities about the project and to
obtain their views and concerns. These consultations were carried out at the following locations:

Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

Farm of Ahsan Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

Farm of Mohammad Arshad Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

Farm of Moazzam Javed and others, Tehsil and District Attock

Farm of Malik Ghulam Hussain and others, Tehsil Jand, District Attock

Farm of Khursheed Ahmed Khan and others, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District Attock

Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)

Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)

Farm of Iqtedar Amir and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal

Farm of Mohammad Hayat and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal

WUA # 7828 (Khwaja Faqir), Lahore Cantonment.

WUA # 4412/R (Taqi Pur), Lahore Cantonment

Farm (Countryside Natural Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil Ferozwala, District Sheikhupura

Farm of Shabir Hussain and others, Tehsil Muridke, District Sheikhupura

Water course # 79430-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

Water course # 40477-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

Farm of A. Ashiq Babar and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Water course # 6072-TR, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Farm of Malik Hammad Hyder and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Water course # 13528-TF, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Water course # 16575-L, Shakh-e-Madina, District Multan
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
19
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program

Water course # 37810-L, Gagra, District Multan

Farm near Karor, District Layyah

Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and others, Karor, District Layyah

Farm of Asad Imran and others, District Layyah

Farm of Bashir A. Khan and others, District Bhakkar

Farm of Rana Munawar and others; Chaubara, District Layyah

Farm of Mohammad Husnain and others, Chaubara District Layyah

Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others, Chaubara, District Layyah
77. Table 3 presents list of the discussants and the key issues raised during the consultations.
Table 3: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations
Location/Farmers
Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and
others, Tehsil Hazro, District
Attock
Farm of Ahsan Khan and
others, Tehsil Hazro, District
Attock
Number and Type
of Participants
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; District
Officer (DO),
Deputy District
Officer (DDO),
Assistant
Agriculture
Engineer (AAE)
9;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farm of Mohammad Arshad
Khan, and others Tehsil
Hazro, District Attock
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farm of Moazzam Javed and
others, Tehsil and District
Attock
8;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO
Farm of Malik Ghulam
Hussain and others, Tehsil
12;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Key Issue Discussed
Very positive impact on productivity; water
consumption after scheme completion reduced
to one-third; area under cultivation increased;
price of land increased.
Extension of scheme is needed; the farmers
showed keenness to participate in any future
scheme of same or similar nature.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farmers very happy with increased
productivity; water consumption after scheme
completion reduced to one-third; area under
cultivation increased; price of land increased.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed keenness to participate in
any future scheme of same or similar nature.
Farmers satisfied with increased output; water
consumption after scheme completion
reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
Farmers satisfied with increased output; water
consumption after scheme completion
reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farmers satisfied with increased wheat output;
water consumption and cost of irrigation after
scheme completion reduced.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
20
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Location/Farmers
Jand, District Attock
Number and Type
of Participants
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farm of Khursheed Ahmed
Khan and others, Tehsil Fateh
Jang, District Attock
15;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq
and others, Tehsil and District
Rawalpindi (near Chakri)
9;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
AE
Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed
and others, Tehsil and District
Rawalpindi (near Chakri)
12;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
AE
Farm of Iqtedar Amir and
others, Tehsil and District
Chakwal
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
AE
Farm of Mohammad Hayat
and others, Tehsil and District
Chakwal
11;
Farmers;
Directorate General
(WM) officers; DO
and DDO
21;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
Water course # 7828 (Khwaja
Faqir), Lahore Cantonment.
Key Issue Discussed
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
Farmers satisfied with increased orchard
output; water consumption and cost of
irrigation after scheme completion reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
Farmers showed satisfaction on the success of
scheme. They have applied for drip irrigation
scheme for the farm.
The farmers reported limited use of pesticides
and fertilizers.
The farm provides employment to more than
20 workers.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farmers reported increased output from the
farm after the completion of the scheme. In
addition to the increased income to the
owners, the farm has provided employment to
about 50 workers.
The farmers enquired about any future
schemes offered by the Department.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farmers satisfied on the success of scheme.
They have applied for drip irrigation scheme
for the farm.
The farmers reported limited use of pesticides
but increased use of fertilizers.
The farm provides employment to more than 6
workers.
The farmers willing to adopt high efficiency
irrigation techniques.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farmers reported increased output from the
farm after the completion of the scheme.
The farmers have applied for the
Government’s scheme for the high efficiency
irrigation system.
Farmers showed their satisfaction about the
water course improvement and reported water
conservation after the completion of scheme.
They expected the Department to provide
further assistance.
The community mobilization was found to be
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
21
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Location/Farmers
Number and Type
of Participants
AAE, WMO, Sub
Engineers (SEs)
Water course # 4412/R (Taqi
Pur), Lahore Cantonment
17;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
AAE, WMO, Sub
Engineers (SEs)
Farm (Countryside Natural
Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil
Ferozwala, District
Sheikhupura
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
AAE, SSC
Farm of Shabir Hussain,
Tehsil Muridke, District
Sheikhupura
11;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
AAE, SSC
Water course # 79430-L,
Renala Khurd, District Okara
25;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO, DDO,
Key Issue Discussed
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be proper.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods and laser land
leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the earlier payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Farmers reported water conservation after the
completion of scheme. They expected the
Department to provide more assistance for
further improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods and laser land
leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the earlier payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
The farmers reported achieving very high
yield from the farm using of the drip irrigation
system.
The quantities of pesticides and fertilizers
need were reduced.
Water consumption was significantly reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction regarding the
service provided by the SSC.
The farmers reported achieving high yield
from the farm using of the sprinkler irrigation
system for wheat crop.
The quantities of herbicides and fertilizers
need were reduced.
Water consumption was significantly reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction regarding the
service provided by the SSC.
The farmers reported the reduction in time
required to irrigate the fields after the
improvement of the water courses. They
expected the Department to provide more
assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
22
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Location/Farmers
Number and Type
of Participants
AE; Consultant
Water course # 40477-L,
Renala Khurd, District Okara
22;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
Farm of M. Ashiq Babar,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
Water course # 6072-TR,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
12;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
Key Issue Discussed
The farmers now moving to further
improvements such as laser land leveling.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods and laser land
leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
The farmers reported the reduction in time
required to irrigate the fields and increase in
the irrigated area after the improvement of the
water courses. They expected the Department
to provide more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
The farmer reported about 30% saving in
water requirements after laser land leveling.
Use of herbicides, fertilizer, and pesticides
reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction about the
equipment and after-sales service provided by
the SSC.
The farmers reported increased availability of
water and hence increase in the irrigated area
after the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
23
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Location/Farmers
Number and Type
of Participants
Farm of Malik Hammad
Hyder and others,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
5;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE, Supervisor
Water course # 13528-TF,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
18;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
Water course # 16575-L,
Shakh-e-Madina, District
Multan
29;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, AE, WMO,
Supervisors,
Rodmen
Key Issue Discussed
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Farmers reported 30% saving in water use and
30% increase in yield after laser land leveling.
Decreased use of fertilizer and weedicides.
The farmer informed that without subsidy,
they and other farmers would not be able to
afford the laser land leveling.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
The WUA members reported reduction in
water losses, labor required for irrigating the
fields, and water pilferage - because of the
water course improvement.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments from the Government and
difficulty in getting farmers’ contributions.
The farmers usually have money only after the
harvest. The delays in payments also affect
the material purchase, since the material rates
keep on increasing. The WUA members also
complained about tough criteria used by the
consultants for approving the works,
increasing labor expenses, and requested that
the Government’s share should be increased.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about water course improvement, laser land
leveling and high efficiency irrigation
techniques in the forthcoming project.
The farmers reported increased availability of
water and hence increase in the irrigated area
after the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
They informed that collecting farmers’ share
was a very difficult task. They requested the
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
24
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Location/Farmers
Number and Type
of Participants
Water course # 37810-L,
Gagra, District Multan
27;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, AE, WMO,
Supervisors,
Rodmen
Government’s Demonstration
Farm near Karor, District
Layyah
6;
The farm’s
supervisors and
attendants;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO.
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
8;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
7;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and
others, Karor, District Layyah
Farm of Asad Imran and
others, District Layyah
Farm of Bashir A. Khan,
District Bhakkar
Key Issue Discussed
Department to eliminate the farmers’ share
altogether.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
The farmers reported increased availability of
water and hence increase in the irrigated area
after the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
They informed that collecting farmers’ share
was a very difficult task.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out. The
community showed its willingness to
undertake this compensatory plantation.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Drip irrigation has resulted in decreased water
needs, as well as reduced pesticides,
weedicides and fertilizer usage.
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption by 30%, increased yield, and
effective utilization of fertilizers by adopting
drip irrigation technique.
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip
irrigation technique.
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip
irrigation technique.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
25
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Location/Farmers
Number and Type
of Participants
8;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
6;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
7;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
Farm of Rana Munawar;
Chaubara, District Layyah
Farm of Mohammad Husnain,
Chaubara District Layyah
Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas
Magsi, Chaubara, District
Layyah
7
Impact Assessment
7.1
Positive Impacts
Key Issue Discussed
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting sprinkler
irrigation technique.
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting sprinkler
irrigation technique.
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip
irrigation technique.
78. The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water conservation,
enhanced social mobilization (ie, establishment of WUAs), and employment opportunities for skilled
people. In addition, the project interventions such as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help
discontinue usage of sewage water to irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a
practice that poses health risks to the population consuming these vegetables.
7.2
Environmental Screening
79. The potentially negative impacts of the project interventions have been screened using the ADB’s
Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for the irrigation projects as given in Table 4 below.
Table 4: Environmental Screening
Screening Questions
A. Project Siting
Is the Project area adjacent to or within
any of the following
environmentally sensitive areas?
 Protected Area
Unlikely

Wetland
Unlikely

Mangrove
-

Estuarine

Buffer zone of protected area
Unlikely
-
Special area for protecting
biodiversity
B. Potential Environmental Impacts
Will the Project cause…
 loss of precious ecological values
(e.g. result of encroachment into
forests/swamplands or
historical/cultural buildings/areas,
Unlikely
-
Unlikely
-

Yes
No
-
Remarks
✔
No subprojects to be located inside
any protected area.
No subprojects to be located inside
any protected wetland.
No mangroves exist in the Province.
✔
No estuaries exist in the Project Area.
No subprojects to be located inside
any protected area.
No subprojects to be located inside
any protected area.
Most of the subprojects will be located
in cultivation fields. Only some
interventions could be located in
uncultivated areas. No subprojects
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
26
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program

Screening Questions
disruption of hydrology of natural
waterways, regional flooding, and
drainage hazards)?
conflicts in water supply rights and
related social conflicts?
Yes
No
Unlikely
-

impediments to movements of people
and animals?
Unlikely
-

potential ecological problems due to
increased soil erosion and siltation,
leading to decreased stream capacity?
Unlikely
/ possibly
-

Insufficient drainage leading to
salinity intrusion?
over pumping of groundwater,
leading to salinization and ground
subsidence?
Unlikely
-
Unlikely
-

impairment of downstream water
quality and therefore, impairment of
downstream beneficial uses of water?
Unlikely
/
possibly.
-

dislocation or involuntary
resettlement of people?
Unlikely
-

disproportionate impacts on the poor,
women and children, Indigenous
Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
Unlikely
-

potential social conflicts arising from
land tenure and land use issues?
Unlikely
-

soil erosion before compaction and
lining of canals?
Unlikely
/ possibly
-

Remarks
will be located at any protected
archeological, cultural, or religious
sites.
The project interventions will not
change the existing water rights.
Formulation of Water User
Associations (WUAs) will address any
possible conflicts.
Most of the subprojects will be located
in cultivation fields. The water course
improvements include construction of
culverts at appropriate locations.
The water course improvement works
will decrease soil erosion.
Appropriate mitigation measures have
been included in project interventions.
The project interventions are unlikely
to affect the drainage pattern.
The project interventions will promote
judicious use and hence conservation
of irrigation water, thus reducing the
need of ground water pumping. The
water course lining may reduce
groundwater recharge, but this lining
will be minimized in the saline
groundwater zone.
The high efficiency irrigation schemes
under the project will generally result
in reduced and judicious use of
chemical inputs. The chemical inputs
are generally applied direcltly to the
plant root zone, thus reducing the
possibility and extent of soil and water
contamination. Awareness raising has
nonetheless been included in the
apacity building component of the
Project.
Most of the project interventions will
be located in cultivation fields. Only
in rare cases, uncultivated land will be
brought under cultivation.
Appropriate control measures have
been included to ensure that no
resettlement of people takes place.
The project will generally benefit the
land owners and growers, however,
these interventions are unlikely to
negatively affect vulnerable groups
such as poor, women and children.
No indigenous people are known to
exist in the Province.
The project benefits are unlikely to
change the existing land tenure or land
use rights. Formulation of WUAs is
likely to address any possible
conflicts.
Lining of water courses will generally
reduce the soil erosion. Most of the
interventions will be located in plain
areas, thus minimizing the possibility
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
27
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Screening Questions
Yes
No

noise from construction equipment?
Unlikely
-

dust during construction?
Possibly
-

Water logging and soil salinization
due to inadequate drainage and farm
management?
Unlikely
-

leaching of soil nutrients and changes
in soil characteristics due to
excessive application of irrigation
water?
Unlikely
-

reduction of downstream water
supply during peak seasons?
Unlikely
-

soil pollution, polluted farm runoff
and groundwater, and public health
risks due to excessive application of
fertilizers and pesticides?
Possibly
-

soil erosion (furrow, surface)?
Unlikely
-
Remarks
of soil erosion. Appropriate
mitigation measures have been
included in the water course
improvement and other components to
control any soil erosion.
The noise during the project
interventions will primarily be
generated by tractors (laser land
leveling), and small trucks (material
hauling). These vehicles will
essentially operate in cultivation
fields, during the day time, where such
machinery is routinely used. Hence
the noise generation from the project
intervention is unlikely to cause any
significant impact.
Some minor dust emissions are likely
to be caused by the construction
activities, however these will take
place within the cultivation fields
where such dust emissions are quite
routine.
The project interventions aim to
conserve irrigation water and
discourage over-irrigation. Hence
water logging and salinization are not
likely to take place.
Soil slinization cuased by high
efficiency irrigation may be controlled
by flood irrigating the field on
occasional basis.
The project aims to conserve water
and discourage over-irrigation. Hence
leaching of soil nutrients and soil
degradation are not likely to take
place.
The project interventions aim to
conserve irrigation water and
discourage over-irrigation. Hence the
project is unlikely to negatively affect
other water users (other water users
are likely to benefit from the project
with increased water availability).
The high efficiency irrigation
techniques under the project need
smaller quantities of chemical inputs
which are applied directly to plant root
zone, thus reducing the resultant soil
and runoff contamination.
Appropriate awareness raising and
capacity building initiatives have
nonethelees been included in the
project design to address the potential
impacts.
The project interventions (land
leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course
improvement) will reduce and
forestall soil erosion, usually
associated with over-irrigation.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
28
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program

Screening Questions
scouring of canals?
Yes
Unlikely
-

clogging of canals by sediments?
Unlikely
-

clogging of canals by weeds?
Unlikely
-

seawater intrusion into downstream
freshwater systems?
introduction of increase in incidence
of waterborne or water related
diseases?
Unlikely
to
possibly
-

dangers to a safe and healthy working
environment due to physical,
chemical and biological hazards
during project construction and
operation?
Unlikely
to
possibly
-

large population influx during project
construction and operation that
causes increased burden on social
infrastructure and services (such as
water supply and sanitation systems)?
social conflicts if workers from other
regions or countries are hired?
Unlikely
-
Unlikely
-

risks to community health and safety
due to the transport, storage, and use
and/or disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other chemicals
during construction and operation?
Unlikely
to
possibly

community safety risks due to both
accidental and natural hazards,
especially where the structural
elements or components of the
project (e.g., irrigation dams) are
accessible to members of the affected
community or where their failure
could result in injury to the
community throughout project
construction, operation and
decommissioning?
Unlikely


No
✔
-
Remarks
The water course improvement
component will in fact arrest any
previous scouring.
The water course improvement
component will arrest sedimentation
in the water courses.
The water course improvement
component will in fact arrest any
clogging of the water courses.
No sea front exists in the Province.
The project interventions aim to
conserve water and discourage overirrigation. Therefore these
interventions are likely to decrease
waterborne or water-related diseases.
The capacity building component of
the project will address this aspect as
well.
The physical hazards associated with
the project are same as the other
cultivation activities. The biological
and chemical hazards are associated
with the injudicious and unsafe
use/handling of chemical inputs. The
project interventions are likely to
reduce the need of these inputs. The
capacity building component of the
project will nonetheless address these
aspects.
The individual subprojects are quite
small and localized, with no
possibility or need of any population
influx during construction or
operation.
The individual subprojects are quite
small and localized, with little
possibility or need of workers from
other regions. The contractors will be
selected by WUAs.
The risk to community’s health and
safety is associated with the handling
of chemical inputs (pesticides and
fertilizers) mentioned earlier as well.
The capacity building component will
also address avoidance and cure of
water borne and water related
diseases, particularly malaria and
dengue.
The project interventions do not
include any structures (such as dams
and dikes) which could pose hazard to
the local community through accidents
or natural disasters.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
29
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
8
Environmental and Social Management Plan
8.1
ESMP Objectives
80. The ESMP aims to provide the implementation mechanism for the mitigation and control measures
for the potential impacts of the project on environment and people discussed in Section 7. The specific
objectives of the ESMP include the following:
8.2

To provide a mechanism to implement the mitigation and control measures identified during the present
ESA.

To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above-mentioned mitigation and control measures

To define environmental monitoring requirements to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation and
control measures.

To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social aspects of the project.

To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP implementation.
Institutional Setup and Responsibilities
81. The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) – DGA (WM) – will be overall responsible
for environmental and social performance of the project in accordance with the national and WB
requirements.
82. The DGA (WM) will designate an appropriate officer of the Directorate General to be the
Environmental and Social Coordinator (ESC) for the proposed project at the provincial level. The ESC
will ensure the effective implementation of ESMP throughout the project implementation. S/he will also
maintain liaison and coordination with the WMOs at the district level, who will be designated as the
district environmental and social coordinators (DESCs) in their respective districts. The DESCs will in
turn supervise and coordinate with the WUAs and farmers for the actual implementation of the
environmental and social guidelines (discussed in the next section) and other ESMP requirements during
the project implementation.
8.3
Environmental and Social Guidelines
83. Four sets of guidelines have been prepared, one each for the four types of interventions included in
the proposed project. These guidelines, presented in Tables 5 to 8, have essentially been prepared on the
basis of the mitigation measures discussed in Section 7. These guidelines will be made part of the
agreements to be signed for each scheme under the proposed project.
8.4
Environmental and Social Monitoring
84. The monitoring will be carried out at three tiers. At the first tier, the WUA/farmers will fill simple
checklists prepared on the basis of the environmental and social guidelines. At the second tier, the DESCs
(WMOs) will carry out monitoring during their routine visits to the field, with the help of visual
observations, review of the checklists filled by WUAs/farmers, and discussions with them. At the third
tier, the ESC and/or the Supervision Consultants (where engaged) will provide top supervision of the
monitoring carried out by the WUAs/farmers and DESCs, with the help of spot checks during their field
visits.
85. Third Party Monitoring. In addition to the monitoring described above, the Department will also
engage an appropriate firm/consultant to carry out the third party monitoring (or third party validation –
TPV) on an annual basis. The objective of this monitoring would be to review the entire ESMP
implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social issues caused by
the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations to improve ESMP and its various
components.
8.5
Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising
86. The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic knowledge and
information on the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed interventions to the
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
30
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
key project personnel including the ESC and DESCs. The awareness raising initiatives on the other hand
are essentially meant for the WUA members and farmers participating in the schemes under the proposed
project. The training plan is presented in Table 9. The ESC will be responsible for the implementation of
this plan.
8.6
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
87. The grievance redressal and dispute resolution mechanism is built in the WUA and SSC contracts.
The contracts will have appropriate clauses to address these aspects.
8.7
Documentation and Reporting
88. Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMP implementation process, and the
ESC will be overall responsible for this. The documentation will include the following:
8.8

environmental and social checklists filled by the WUAs/farmers,

environmental and social checklists filled by DESCs,

visit reports with photographs prepared by the Supervision Consultants and ESC,

annual third party monitoring reports,

training reports to be prepared by ESC with the help of DESCs,

district quarterly reports on ESMP implementation activities prepared by each DESC in his/her respective
district,

quarterly reports on overall ESMP implementation of the project, to be prepared by the ESC on the basis of
the district quarterly reports described above, and

project completion report on overall ESMP implementation during the entire duration of the project – to be
prepared by ESC.
ESMP Implementation Budget
89. The cost of ESMP implementation over the project duration of six years has been estimated to be Rs.
19.2 million. This cost has been included in the overall project cost. The breakdown of this estimate is
provided below.
Description
Personnel cost ESC,
DESCs)
ESMP Implementation Budget
Cost (Pak Rs.)
-
Notes/basis
No additional manpower is
needed.
Third party monitoring
9.0 million
1.5 m per year
Trainings
7.2 million
300,000 per training; 24
trainings
Miscellaneous expenses
3.0 million
0.5 m per year
Total (for 6 years)
19.2 million
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
31
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Table 5: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation
Environmental and Social Aspect
Land use, land form, and/or land take
(particularly when the schemes are to
be implemented in previously vacant
areas)
Downstream water availability
Soil erosion and topography
Soil and water contamination
Salt built up in soil
Impacts on natural flora and fauna
Safety hazards/public health
Mitigation Measures
The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be established under
the scheme should be owned by the beneficiary.
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during the project.
Notes
It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.
The project schemes particularly those involving expansion of cultivation
area will be established ensuring no negative impacts on downstream water
users.
The water ponds under the schemes will be appropriately located and
designed, addressing all aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and
seepage.
The scheme design involving excavation of water pond should include
proper disposal of the surplus soil (eg, for the embankment for the water
pond itself).
Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such
as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity
building initiatives.
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It
will be ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas where groundwater is
used for irrigation.
Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if salt built up is
identified.
If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously vacant area, the
farmer/scheme beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of
appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be at least three
times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme.
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see
Table 1) for the list of such areas)
The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the
safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
32
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Environmental and Social Aspect
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes are to
be implemented in previously vacant
areas)
Employment/contracting opportunities
Sustainability of schemes
Mitigation Measures
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers
handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water
borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the
immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.
The ‘chance find’19 procures will be included in the scheme agreements.
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to carry out the
construction and operation activities.
After-sales service will be ensured through contractual clauses.
Notes
Table 6: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation
Environmental and Social Aspect
Land use, land form, and/or land take
(particularly when the schemes are to
be implemented in previously vacant
areas)
Downstream water availability
Soil erosion and topography
Soil and water contamination
19
Mitigation Measures
The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be established under
the scheme should be owned by the beneficiary.
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during the project.
It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.
The project schemes particularly those involving expansion of cultivation
area will be established ensuring no negative impacts on downstream water
users.
The water ponds under the schemes will be appropriately located and
designed, addressing all aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and
seepage.
The scheme design involving excavation of water pond should include
proper disposal of the surplus soil (eg, for the embankment for the water
pond itself).
Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such
as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity
Notes
‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of water ponds, the works will
be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
33
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Environmental and Social Aspect
Salt built up in soil
Impacts on natural flora and fauna
Safety hazards/public health
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes are to
be implemented in previously vacant
areas)
Employment/contracting opportunities
Sustainability of schemes
Mitigation Measures
building initiatives.
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It
will be ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas where groundwater is
used for irrigation.
Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if salt built up is
identified.
If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously vacant area, the
farmer/scheme beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of
appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be at least three
times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme.
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see
Table 1) for the list of such areas)
The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the
safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers
handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water
borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the
immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.
The ‘chance find’ procures will be included in the scheme agreements.
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to carry out the
construction and operation activities.
After-sales service will be ensured through contractual clauses.
Notes
Table 7: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling
Environmental and Social Aspect
Soil and water contamination
Mitigation Measures
Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such
as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
Notes
34
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Environmental and Social Aspect
Air quality deterioration
Mitigation Measures
building initiatives.
Tractors will be properly maintained and tuned to minimize exhaust
emissions, and proper fuel will be used.
Impacts on natural flora and fauna
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes are to
Table 1) for the list of such areas)
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the
immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.
be implemented in previously vacant
The ‘chance find’ procures will be included in the scheme agreements.
areas)
Safety hazards/public health
Employment/contracting opportunities
Sustainability of schemes
Notes
The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the
safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers
handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water
borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to carry out the leveling
activities.
After-sales service will be ensured through contractual clauses.
Table 8: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement
Environmental and Social Aspect
Land use, land form, and/or land take
Soil and water contamination
Mitigation Measures
Land for the realigned water course should be voluntarily donated by its
owner, and proper documentation should be completed for this donation.
The donation should be appropriately recorded in the WUA register.
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during the project.
It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It
will be ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such
as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
Notes
35
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Environmental and Social Aspect
Soil erosion
Conflicts
Impacts on natural flora and fauna
Damage to cultural heritage
Safety hazards/public health
Employment/contracting opportunities
Clogging of water courses
Sustainability of scheme
Mitigation Measures
mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity
building initiatives.
Earthen portion of the water course will not be left un-compacted for long
durations.
Surplus soil and silt will be disposed appropriately, without having any
impacts on water courses, local routes, cultivation fields, or drains.
Social mobilization and capacity building will address formulation and
sustainability of WUAs.
The capacity building will address conflict avoidance and resolution.
Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those trees which cause
restriction/hindrance in water flow or civil works. If any trees are to be cut,
the WUA will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous
tree species. Trees thus planted should be at least three times the number of
trees cut for establishing the scheme.
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see
Table 1) for the list of such areas)
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the
immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.
The ‘chance find’ procures will be included in the scheme agreements.
The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the
safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers
handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water
borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to carry out the
construction and operation activities.
Social mobilization and capacity building will address formulation and
sustainability of WUAs.
The capacity building will address proper maintenance and care of water
courses.
Social mobilization will address the sustainability of WUAs, which in turn
will ensure proper operation and maintenance of water courses.
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
Notes
36
Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive Summary
Punjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program
Table 9: Environmental and Social Training Plan
Description
Environmental and social
trainings
Awareness raising
Aspects to be Covered
Environmental and social awareness;
Key environmental and social issues
associated with project
ESA findings;
ESMP and its components;
ESMP implementation.
Judicious use of fertilizers, pesticides
and herbicides;
Use of alternate techniques (such as
IPM, using better seeds) to reduce the
application of chemical inputs;
Safe handling and application of
pesticides and herbicides and use of
protective gear;
Waste disposal;
Community mobilization (for WUA
members)
Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab
November 2011
Participants
ESC, DESCs, Supervision
Consultants; others
Frequency
At the start of the project;
Afterwards as required
WUA members, farmers
On-going
37