Server Virtualization
with Windows Server Hyper-V and System Center
Thomas Maurer
Markus Erlacher
Cloud Architect
Managing Director
MVP Virtual Machine
Microsoft P-Seller
thomas.maurer@Itnetx.ch
markus.erlacher@Itnetx.ch
Evaluating the Environment for Virtualization
What Is Server Virtualization?
• Server virtualization:
• You can create and run multiple computer operating
systems on a single physical computer
• Host servers share resources with all the virtual
machines
• Virtualization challenges:
• Limited number of compute resources
• Server virtualization features:
• Hyper-V server virtualization feature allow full
utilization of physical resource and provide advanced
technology to make a more robust, available and
dynamic server computing environment.
What Is Server Virtualization?
Type I Hypervisor
Windows
virtual
machine
Windows
virtual
machine
Linux
virtual
machine
Linux
virtual
machine
Paravirtualization drivers and tools
Hypervisor (VMware vSphere, Citrix XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V
Host – Physical hardware
What Is Server Virtualization?
Type II Hypervisor
Windows
virtual
machine
Windows
virtual
machine
Linux
virtual
machine
Linux
virtual
machine
Paravirtualization drivers and tools
Hypervisor (Microsoft Virtual Server, VMware workstation)
Host – Operating system
Host – Physical hardware
What Is Network Virtualization?
Blue virtual machine
Red virtual
machine
Blue network
Red network
virtualization
Physical
server
Physical
network
Switches
Servers
Server virtualization runs
multiple virtual servers
on a physical server
Network virtualization runs
multiple virtual networks
on a physical network
Key Technologies
Automation
Orchestrator
vCenter Orchestrator
Service Mgmt.
Service Manager
vCloud Automation Center
Protection
Monitoring
Data Protection Manager
System Center 2012 R2
Operations Manager
vSphere Data Protection
vCloud Suite
vCenter&Ops
Mgmt. Suite
vCenter
Self-Service
App Controller
vCloud Director
VM Management
Virtual Machine Manager
vCenter Server
Hypervisor
Hyper-V
vSphere Hypervisor
Key Technologies - Licensing
Automation
Service Mgmt.
Protection
Orchestrator
System Center 2012 R2 Licensing
Standard
# of Managed OSE’s
per License
# of Physical
CPUs per License
Unlimited
# of Managed
OSE’s per License
Data Protection
Manager
Yes
Yes
Includes all SC
Mgmt. Components
Includes SQL
Server for Mgmt.
Server Use
Self-Service
Open No Level (NL)
& Software
Assurance (L&SA) 2
year Pricing
Hypervisor
2 + Host
Std.
2
2
Service Manager
# of Physical CPUs
per License
Monitoring
VM Management
Datacenter
vCloud Suite Licensing
vCenter
Orchestrator
Operations Manager
Yes
Yes
App Controller
$1,323
$3,607
Virtual Machine Manager
Windows Server 2012 R2 Inc. Hyper-V
Hyper-V Server 2012 R2 = Free Download
Adv.
Ent.
1
1
vCloud Automation
Center1
Unlimited VMs on Hosts
vSphere Data Protection
Includes vSphere
5.1 Enterprise
Plus
Yes
Yes
Yes
vCenter OpsNoMgmt.NoSuiteNo
Includes vCenter
5.5
Includes all
required
database licenses
No
Retail Pricing per
CPU (No S&S)
$11,495
No
vCloud No
Director
$4,995
$7,495
vCenter
Server
vSphere 5.5 Standalone Per CPU Pricing (Excl. S&S):
Standard = $995
Enterprise = $2,875
Enterprise Plus = $3,495
vSphere Hypervisor
Using System Center to Manage a Data Center
Manage virtual environment
(VMM, App Controller)
Enable business
Continuity
(Data Protection
Manager)
Manage physical and
virtual components
(VMM)
Data center
Monitor
and report
(Operations
Manager)
Automation
(Orchestrator,
Service Manager)
Delegate administration
and self service
(App Controller, Data
Protection Manager)
Overview of VMM
VMM features include:
Bare-metal deployment of hosts
• Host and cluster creation
• Host groups
• Cross-platform management
• Storage configuration/network configuration
• Intelligent placement/dynamic optimization
• Power optimization
• PRO
• P2V
•
Evaluation Factors
• When evaluating server virtualization, consider
the following:
Project Scope
• Hardware requirements
• Compatibility
• Applications and services
• Supportability
• Licensing
• Availability requirements
•
Overview of Virtualization Solution Accelerators
• Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit
(MAP)
• Third-party tools (import maps output)
• Infrastructure planning and design guides (IPD)
Assessment Features of the MAP Toolkit
50
• Discovery
• Hardware configuration
• Servers
• Infrastructure (Shared storage and
network)
• Virtual Server Consolidation Wizard
• Private cloud fast track
• MAP will scan vSphere hosts, and VMs
and produce spreadsheet & report on
conversion candidates
Ready to
Migrate
40
Virtual Machines
• Inventory
45
35
30
Ready to
migrate after
recommended
changes
25
20
15
Cannot Migrate
10
5
0
MICROSOFT VIRTUAL
MACHINE CONVERTER
Installing and Configuring the Hyper-V Role
Server Platforms That Provide Hyper-V
• Windows Server 2012 and newer Windows Server operating systems:
•
•
•
Include Hyper-V and other roles
GUI and command-line management
Licensed per processor, includes virtualization rights
•
Standard edition: two virtual machines with each Windows Server operating
system
•
Enterprise edition: unlimited virtual machines with each Windows Server
operating system
• Hyper-V Server 2012 and newer:
•
•
•
Includes only the Hyper-V role
Command-line management only (if managed locally)
Free, virtual machines must be licensed separately
• Windows 8 and newer Windows client 64-bit operating systems:
•
Client Hyper-V, does not include server-level features such as high
availability or live migration
Hyper-V and Virtual Machine Scalability
System
Server
Resource
Logical processors
320
Physical memory
4 TB
Virtual processors per server
2,048
Virtual processors per virtual machine
Virtual
machine
Failover cluster
Windows Server
2012 R2
64
Memory per virtual machine
1 TB
Running virtual machines per server
1,024
Virtual disk size
64 TB
Nodes per failover cluster
Running virtual machines per cluster
64
8,000
Considerations for Disk and Storage
• Hyper-V hosts can use
• DAS
• SAN
• NAS (SMB 3.0)
•
Network shared folders (SMB 3.0)
• Virtual Machines require storage for
• Virtual hard disk files
• Configuration
• Checkpoints
• Saved state
Considerations for Networking
• Hyper-V host should have multiple NICs
• Dedicated NIC for Hyper-V management
• At least one NIC for virtual machine networks
• Two NICs for shared storage
• Dedicated NIC for failover clustering (private network)
• At least one NIC for live migration
• Use fast NICs
• NIC teaming for redundancy and throughput
• Bandwidth management
Considerations for High Availability
• Hyper-V host-based failover clustering
• Virtual machines are highly available
• Virtual machine-based failover clustering
• Cluster roles in virtual machines are highly available
• Virtual machine-based NLB
• Highly available and scale out web-based applications
• Application-specific clustering
• Applications are highly available
Changes on the Host after Installing the Hyper-V Role
• Hyper-V is installed as A server role
• Server Manager, Install-WindowsFeature, dism.exe
• Restart required after installation
• Hypervisor is added and starts automatically
• Windows Server is moved into parent partition
• Hyper-V management tools
• Additional services
• Performance Monitor counters
• Applications and Services logs
• Hyper-V Administrators group
• Windows Firewall rules
Overview of the Hyper-V Manager Console
Hyper-V servers
Listing of virtual
machines
Hyper-V
server
actions
Virtual
machine
actions
Adding the Hyper-V Manager Console
• Used for configuring Hyper-V
• Also on Hyper-V Server
• If adding the Hyper-V role by using Server Manager,
Hyper-V Manager console is added automatically
• Hyper-V Management Tool is a feature that you must
enable
Windows Server - Add feature
• Windows 8 - Turn on Windows Feature
•
• Install RSAT and turn on Windows Feature (Windows 7)
• If Hyper-V Manager console cannot run on a device
• RDP
Using Windows PowerShell to Manage Hyper-V
• Hyper-V module installed with Hyper-V role
• Hyper-V can be managed entirely in Windows
PowerShell
•
Get-Command -Module Hyper-V
•
Get-Help <cmdlet>, Get-Command *part*
•
Verb-Noun cmdlet name syntax
• Get-, Set-, Disable-, Enable-, New-, Add-, …
•
Get-VMHost -ServerName LON-DC1, LON-SVR1
•
Get-VM -HostName LON-HOST1 | Save-VM
•
Start-VM -Name *DC* -HostName LON-HOST1
•
Get-VMHost -HostName LON-HOST1 | ft
• Windows PowerShell ISE
Managing Hyper-V in a Workgroup Environment
• Hyper-V can be a workgroup member
• This has no effect on virtual machines running on the
Hyper-V host
• Domain membership simplifies management
• To enable remote management in a workgroup
• Enable Hyper-V firewall rules (Server Core only)
• Create a local user with the same username and
password
• Add a local user to Hyper-V Administrators group
• Grant administrative rights remotely to local users
• Connect to the Hyper-V host in Hyper-V console
• Use HVRemote to simplify configuration
Hyper-V Best Practices Analyzer
• Best Practices are guidelines for typical deployment
• Hyper-V BPA includes over 110 rules including:
• Hyper-V should be the only enabled role
• Server Core is recommended for Hyper-V servers
• Domain membership is recommended for Hyper-V
• BPA is available in Server Manager and Windows
PowerShell
Can scan one or multiple roles locally or remotely
• Can filter scan results
•
• Compliance scan returns one of three levels:
• Error, Warning, Information
Hyper-V Security Model
• Authorization Manager controls Hyper-V security
• Challenging to use, not suitable for complex security rules
• Depreciated, but still available in Windows Server 2012 R2
• Many administrators use VMM
• Simple Authorization is used on Server 2012 R2
• Hyper-V Administrators local and domain groups—are
empty by default
• Members have full access to Hyper-V
• Hyper-V Administrators group is incorporated into
Authorization Manager
Overview of Hyper-V Settings
What Is NUMA?
• NUMA
Enables host to scale up CPUs and memory
• Partitions CPUs and memory into NUMA nodes
• Allocation and latency depends on relative CPU location
•
• Hyper-V presents NUMA topology to virtual machines
Guest operating system can make decisions on how to use
resources
• Can minimize cross-node memory access
•
• NUMA spanning enabled at host level
Virtual NUMA topology can be configured at virtual
machine level
• By default, virtual NUMA aligns with physical NUMA
•
What Is RemoteFX?
• Provides a remote desktop experience that may be equivalent
to a physical desktop environment
• System Requirements
•
•
•
GPU
Second level address translation
RD Virtualization Host role service
• RemoteFX 3D Video Adapter virtual machine hardware
• RemoteFX features:
•
•
•
•
•
RemoteFX for WAN
RemoteFX Adaptive Graphics
RemoteFX Media Streaming
RemoteFX Multi-Touch
RemoteFX USB Redirection
What Is Enhanced Session Mode?
• Remote Desktop over VMBus
• Full Remote Desktop capabilities
• Shared clipboard
• Printers, smart cards, USB devices redirection
• Folder redirection
• Enabled at Hyper-V host
• Guest operating system
required
Windows Server 2012 R2
• Windows 8.1
• Remote Desktop users
•
support
What Is Enhanced Session Mode?
Virtual Machine
Management
Service
Virtual
machine
connect
Applications
Applications
Applications
Virtual Machine
Worker Process
Basic
Experience
Video / Keyboard
/ Mouse Driver
VMBus
VMBus
Hypervisor
What Is Enhanced Session Mode?
Virtual Machine
Management
Service
Virtual
machine
connect
Virtual Machine
Worker Process
Enhanced
session
mode
Applications
Applications
Applications
Remote Desktop
Services
VMBus
VMBus
Hypervisor
What Are Resource Pools?
• Resource pools are logical containers
• Layer of abstraction between virtual machine and hardware
•
•
Virtual machine configured to use the pool
Virtual machine can use any resource from the configured pool
• Helpful when moving virtual machines
• Resource pools can be used for chargeback
• Different resource pool types
•
Processor, Memory, Ethernet, VHD
• Resource pools configured by Windows PowerShell
•
•
Get-VMResourcePool
New-VMResourcePool -Name "Contoso Network" ResourcePoolType Ethernet
DEMO
Hyper-V Manager, PowerShell, Enhanced Session
Mode
Creating and Managing Virtual Hard Disks, Virtual
Machines, and Checkpoints
What Are the Storage Options for Virtual Machines?
• Virtual hard disk and directly attached disks
• Support two storage controller types:
IDE
SCSI
Only for Generation 1 virtual
machines
For Generation 1 and
Generation 2 virtual machines
Two controllers—Two devices
per IDE controller
Four controllers—64 devices per
SCSI controller
Virtual machine starts from IDE
Only Generation 2 starts from
SCSI
Cannot modify devices while
virtual machine is running
Can modify devices when
virtual machine is running
• Fixed size, dynamically expanding or differencing disk files
• Directly attached disks—local, or on iSCSI or Fibre Channel
SAN
Overview of the Hyper-V Virtual Hard Disk Formats
• .vhd
• Up to 2,048 GB in size
• .vhdx
• Up to 64 TB in size
• Internal log for enhanced resiliency
• User defined metadata
• Large disk sector support
• Larger sector size (improved performance)
• Default format in Windows Server 2012 R2
• Can convert between both formats
• .vhdx recommended, if not used on older versions of
Hyper-V
Fixed Size and Dynamically Expanding Virtual Hard
Disks
Fixed size
Dynamically expanding
Allocates all storage
• Larger initial size
• Creation takes time
(without Windows
Offloaded Data
Transfers)
Allocates space as needed
• Smaller initial size
• Created faster
Minimize fragmentation
Can cause fragmentation
Cannot over-commit
Can over-commit
Better performance (older
Hyper-V)
Comparable performance
(Windows Server 2012)
Use in production
Use in testing and
development
Differencing Virtual Hard Disks
• Stores changes from the parent disk
•
•
•
•
Parent disk should not change
Differencing disk isolate changes
Multiple differencing disks can use same parent
Increases overhead (lower performance)
• Can be used for standardized base images
• Should avoid in production
Create
Read
Modify
Delete
3
1234
123 4
File A
File B
1 23 4
File
C
xxxx
12 34
File D
Grow
Read-Only
Directly Attached Storage
• Virtual machine directly accesses physical disk
• Internal or LUN attached to Hyper-V server
•
•
Disk must be offline before it can be used
LUN on iSCSI or Fibre Channel SAN
• Pass-through disk considerations
• Best performance
• Unlimited size, lowest CPU utilization
• No checkpoints or differencing virtual hard disks
• No portability and encapsulation
• Not included in Hyper-V backup
Virtual Hard Disk Sharing and Quality of Service
Management
• Provides shared storage for virtual machines
• Used as shared SAS disk by virtual machines
• Virtual hard disk must be using VHDX format
•
•
Must be connected to virtual SCSI controller
Must be stored on failover cluster
• CSV
• Scale-out file server with SMB 3.0
•
Separation between infrastructure and virtual machines
• Storage QoS restrict disk throughput
• Configured per virtual hard disk
• Dynamically configurable while virtual machine is
running
Hyper-V Considerations for Virtual Hard Disk Storage
• Virtual hard disks consume large amounts of
space
•
Can increase over time, implement monitoring
• Use multiple physical disks for better throughput
• Use redundant storage spaces
• SSD dramatically increases performance
• SMB 3.0 file share
• Use SAN for storing virtual hard disks
• Specialized, redundant, fast
• Shared storage for failover clustering
• Exclude VHDs from antivirus scanning
What Are the Components of a Generation 1 Virtual Machine?
• Virtual machine has virtual hardware devices
• Only devices that Hyper-V supports can be used
• Virtual hardware can be:
• Emulated – available during boot
• Synthetic – available in supported operating systems
• SR-IOV – available in supported operating systems
• Prior to Windows Server 2012 R2, only Generation 1
virtual machines were available
Overview of Generation 2 Virtual Machines
• Emulated devices are removed
• UEFI firmware instead of BIOS
• Secure boot
• Boots from SCSI controller
• PXE boot uses a standard network adapter
• Faster boot and operating system installation
• Can run side by side with Generation 1
• Generation 1 must be used for legacy systems
• Supported guest operating systems
• Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2
• 64-bit versions of Windows 8 and Windows 8.1
Configuring Virtual Machine Settings
• Only limited options are available during creation
Many more options are available after the virtual machine is
created
• Configuration options depend on the generation of the virtual
machine
•
• Most settings can be configured only if turned off
Adding or removing hardware components
• Configuring memory, processor, disk settings
• Few settings are configurable while virtual machine is running
•
•
•
•
Connecting a network adapter to a virtual switch
Adding a virtual hard disk to a SCSI controller
Enable or disable Integration Services
• Use Hyper-V Manager or Windows PowerShell
• Set-VM, Add-VMHardDiskDrive, Add-VMNetworkAdapter
What Is Dynamic Memory?
• More efficient use of available physical memory
•
Shared resource that can be reallocated automatically
•
Demand, available memory, and virtual machine memory settings
• Dynamic memory settings
•
Startup RAM
•
•
Minimum RAM
•
•
Can be increased while virtual machine is running
Memory buffer
•
•
Can be decreased while virtual machine is running
Maximum RAM
•
•
Operating system typically requires more memory when started
Percentage of extra memory to reserve for a virtual machine
Memory weight
•
Prioritizes memory allocation when physical memory is low
What Is Dynamic Memory?
Finance virtual machine
8 GB
Sales virtual machine
Engineering virtual machine
6 GB
4 GB
2 GB
T=0
T = 15
T = 30
Total System Memory
Memory in Use by virtual machines
Physical Memory Used
8 GB
3 GB
37.5 %
Virtual Machines
Memory Settings
What Is Dynamic Memory?
Finance virtual machine
8 GB
Sales virtual machine
Engineering virtual machine
6 GB
4 GB
2 GB
T=0
T = 15
T = 30
Total System Memory
Memory in Use by virtual machines
8 GB
6 GB
Physical Memory Used
75 %
Virtual Machines
Memory Settings
What Is Dynamic Memory?
Finance virtual machine
8 GB
Sales virtual machine
Engineering virtual machine
Service virtual machine
6 GB
Engineering reaches
max allocation
4 GB
2 GB
T=0
T = 15
T = 30
Total System Memory
Memory in Use by virtual machines
Physical Memory Used
8 GB
7,5 GB
94 %
Virtual Machines
Memory Settings
What Is Smart Paging?
• Memory Management technique that uses
physical disk resources as temporary memory
Ensures that a virtual machine can always restart
• Used during virtual machine restart only
•
•
•
•
•
Temporarily degrades virtual machine performance
•
•
If Hyper-V is low on memory, and
The virtual machine has more startup than minimum RAM, and
Memory cannot be reclaimed from other virtual machines
Used only for a limited time, and then removed
Not used when a virtual machine started from the Off
state
•
Virtual machine operating system paging is always preferred
What Is Smart Paging?
Finance virtual machine
Sales virtual machine
Engineering virtual machine
Service virtual machine
8 GB
Virtual Machines
Memory Settings
6 GB
4 GB
2 GB
T=0
T = 15
Total System Memory
T = 30
8 GB
• Sales virtual machine and Service virtual
machine can be restarted only if Smart Paging is
used
Overview of Integration Services
• Makes a guest operating system aware that it is running
on a virtual machine
• Many operating systems include integration services
Install the latest integration services
• VMBus and synthetic devices support
• Time synchronization, mouse release, VSS
•
• Managed as virtual machine settings
Overview of Integration Services
Without Integration Services
With Integration Services
Using a Virtual Fibre Channel Adapter
• Access to Fibre Channel SAN storage from virtual machine
Hyper-V server has Fibre Channel HBA
• Use Virtual SAN Manager to configure a virtual SAN
•
•
•
Virtual Fibre Channel adapter maps to the physical HBAs
Virtual Fibre Channel adapter connects to the Virtual SAN
• Storage hardware must support N_Port ID virtualization
• Virtual machine can have four virtual Fibre Channel
adapters
Supported
Not supported
Virtual machine live migration
Boot from Fibre Channel SAN
Virtual machine failover cluster
Checkpoints
MPIO - multiple paths to SAN
Host-based backup
Live migration of SAN data
Virtual Machine Installation Methods
• Install from a bootable CD/DVD-ROM
•
Single virtual machine can only use physical media at one time
• Install from an .iso file
•
Multiple virtual machines can use .iso file
• Install from a network-based installation server
•
Generation 1 – legacy network adapter required
• Copy virtual hard disk file with operating system
installed
Similar to computer cloning
• Virtual hard disk should first be generalized
•
• Use differencing virtual hard disks
Parent virtual hard disk should first be generalized
• Parent virtual hard disk must not change
•
Importing Virtual Machines
• You can import a virtual machine without first exporting it
Only virtual machine data files are needed
• Over 40 different types of issues detected, such as:
•
•
•
•
Missing parent virtual hard disk
Virtual switch not available
Virtual machine has more processors than available
• Import process:
•
•
•
•
•
Creates a copy of the virtual machine configuration file
Validates hardware configuration settings
Compiles a list of incompatibilities
Displays incompatibilities and asks for new settings
Removes the configuration file copy
• Cannot start older saved states and checkpoints
Virtualizing a Physical Computer
• Converting a physical computer to a virtual machine
• Hyper-V does not include P2V functionality
• Hyper-V can copy content of data disks
• Configure disk in New Virtual Hard Disk Wizard
• Copy entire disk, not volume or partition
• Supported only for data, system disks are not supported
• Disk2vhd
• Creates virtual hard disks
• Uses VSS
• Captured system has same identity
• Add virtual hard disk to virtual machine
Virtualizing a Physical Computer
The Virtual Machine Connection Application
• Connects to virtual machines on local and remote
Hyper-V
Port 2179 used (can be modified in the registry)
• Connection allowed by Windows Firewall
• Installed as part of Hyper-V role or RSAT feature
•
•
Single users can connect to virtual machines
•
Remote Desktop in virtual machines is not used
• Hyper-V Administrators can connect to virtual
machines
You can restrict access to virtual machines
• Revoke-VMConnectAccess cmdlet
•
Overview of Enhanced Session Mode
• Remote Desktop connection to a virtual machine
• Virtual machine can be without network connectivity
• Devices can be redirected
•
•
•
•
Printers, drives, smart cards, audio, other PnP devices
Shared clipboard, enhanced copy
Folder redirection
RDS component is used
•
•
User must sign in to virtual machine
Remote Desktop Users group membership required
• Enabled at Hyper-V virtual machine connection and
virtual machine level
• Guest operating system support required
Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows 8.1
• Available only when the virtual machine is running
•
DEMO
Create VMs, Virtual Disks, Generation 2 VMs,
Storage QoS
What Are Virtual Machine Checkpoints?
• Checkpoint is a point-in-time virtual machine state
•
•
•
Can be taken if virtual machine is not in Paused state
Contains virtual machine configuration, memory and disk state
Does not affect the running state of a virtual machine
• Primarily used for testing and development
•
•
•
Can cause issues in distributed production environment
Create differencing disk – decrease performance
• Cannot be created for directly attached disks
Used by Hyper-V Replica or in VDI deployments
Implementing Hyper-V Checkpoints
• When created, a checkpoint cannot be modified
• Only viewed, applied, exported, renamed, or deleted
• Checkpoint creation steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pause virtual machine
Create differencing disk for each disk that virtual machine is using
Create a copy of virtual machine configuration
Resume virtual machine
Copy virtual machine memory to disk
• Checkpoint consists of
• Configuration file (*.xml)
• Saved state file (*.vsv)
• Memory content (*.bin)
• Differencing disks (*.avhd)
Overview of Checkpoints at File Level
Snapshot
.vhd
.avhd
Apply (create branch)
Apply (= delete Now)
Delete (= merge)
Delete (= delete)
Exporting Virtual Machines and Checkpoints
• Exporting a virtual machine is not required
•
You can copy virtual machine files
• Exporting virtual machine consolidate its files
•
If differencing drives are used, the entire hierarchy is exported
•
•
Exporting multiple virtual machines increases total size
When exporting a virtual machine, all its checkpoints are exported
• Exporting a checkpoint exports only a single state
•
Differencing disks in checkpoint hierarchy are merged
• Live export – you can export while a virtual machine is
running
• Update integration services after import
•
Discard memory content and saved state from different
architecture or pre-Windows 2012 Hyper-V
Issues with Checkpoints in Distributed Environments
• Applying a checkpoint takes a virtual machine back to a
previous state
• Can have serious implications and result in corruption
•
Vector-clock synchronizations are impacted
•
Distributed applications depending on increasing logical clock
• AD DS, DFS Replication, SQL Server replication
•
•
Applying checkpoint rolls back the logical clock
Members of replica set to not converge to the same state
Cryptography - reducing entropy of the random data
• Distributed applications using vector clock algorithms have
no awareness of running in a virtual environment
• Removes changes in virtual machine as if they never
happened
•
•
User data is lost, passwords are reverted
• Regardless of whether they were already synchronized or replicated
Issues with Checkpoints in Distributed Environments
DC2
DC1
T1
Create
Checkpoint
USN: 100
ID: A
RID Pool: 500 - 1000
Time
+100
users
Only
50
T2
T3
users are replicated to both domain
controllers. Others are either on first or second
USN: 200
domain controller. 100 users (RID 500-599) have
ID: A
Replication to DC2: USN >100
RID Pool: 600 - 1000
duplicated SIDs.
Apply T1
Checkpoint
DC1(A)
@USN =
200
USN: 100
ID: A
RID Pool: 500 - 1000
+150 users
USN: 250
T4
ID: A
RID Pool: 650 - 1000
Replication to DC2: USNs >200
DC1(A)
@USN =
250
Checkpoints and Virtual Machine Generation ID
• Designed to address issues of reverting to a past state
64-bit integer, tied to a virtual machine configuration
• Generation ID passed to a virtual machine in the BIOS
•
•
•
Application can compare current and previous values
If values differ, then something happened to virtual machine
• Hypervisor must support virtual machine generation ID
• Operating system in virtual machine must be
generation ID-aware
Virtual machine generation ID change
Does not change
Virtual machine starts from checkpoint
Virtual machine is live-migrated
Virtual machine restored from backup
Virtual machine is paused or
resumed
Virtual machine is migrated
Virtual machine is restarted
Virtual machine is imported
Hyper-V server is restarted
Checkpoints and Virtual Machine Generation ID
Checkpoints and Virtual Machine Generation ID
Checkpoints and Virtual Machine Generation ID
Overview of Performance Monitoring
• Monitors operating system and applications using
system resources
• Provides up-to-date information on performance
•
Health of the IT infrastructure
•
•
Planning for future requirements
•
•
Compare current activity with the baseline
Whether current performance is sufficient
Identifying issues
•
•
Detecting problems
Proactive (real-time) and reactive (historical data)
• Windows Server 2012 R2 includes several tools
• Operations Manager centralizes monitoring,
alerting, and reporting for the enterprise
Overview of Performance Monitoring
Task Manager provides local, real-time performance data
• Helps to identify and resolve performance-related issues
Overview of Performance Monitoring
Resource Monitor provides in-depth real-time performance
data
• CPU, Memory, Disk, Network
Overview of Performance Monitoring
Event Viewer shows events that relate to server activity
• Collected locally and remotely
• Filtering, custom views, attaching tasks to the events
Overview of Performance Monitoring
Reliability Monitor provides an historical view of server
reliability and associated events
Overview of Performance Monitoring
Performance Monitor provides real-time monitoring and
viewing of historical data gathered by data collector sets
•
Additional performance objects added with server roles
Monitoring a Hyper-V Host
• Only Performance Monitor can monitor Hyper-V
• Many Hyper-V performance objects added
• Other tools monitor only their virtual environment
•
Parent partition is also considered a virtual machine
• Memory, disk and network monitored the same
• \Logical Disk(*)\Avg. Disk sec/Read and /Write
• \Memory\Available Mbytes
• \Network Interface(*)\Bytes Total/sec
• Processor utilization based on available resources
• Hyper-V allocates resources to each virtual machine
• \Processor(*)\% Processor Time shows relative utilization
• \Hyper-V Hypervisor Logical Processor(_Total)\% Total
Run Time should be used
Monitoring Virtual Machines
• Virtual machine tools monitor the virtual environment
Heavy utilization in virtual machine does not mean that
Hyper-V host is heavy utilized (and vice versa)
• Available resources adjusted based on server load
•
• Memory and disk counters are the same as on the server
• Hyper-V performance counters should be used
Hyper-V Hypervisor\Virtual Processors
• Hyper-V Hypervisor Logical Processor \% Guest Run Time
• Hyper-V Virtual Network Adapter(*)\Bytes/sec
•
• Limit the processor resources that the virtual machine can
use
Resource Metering in Hyper-V
• Track resources used by virtual machine or pool
• Processor, disk, memory, network
• Can be used for charge back
• Resource metering data follows a virtual machine
• Configure by using Windows PowerShell
• Enable-VMResourceMetering, Measure-VM
•
•
•
•
•
Average CPU usage
Average physical memory usage
Minimum/maximum memory usage
Maximum amount of disk space allocated to a virtual machine
Total incoming/outgoing network traffic for a network adapter
• Graphical reporting is not included
• Basic reporting in Windows PowerShell
DEMO
Checkpoints, Resource Metering
Storage Spaces
Demystifying Storage Appliances
• What’s in a storage appliance?
• x86/x64 Processors
SAS
• Memory
“Back”
• Network Adapters
• Storage HBAs
“Front”
Multiple physical
interfaces; Pools disks,
presents LUNs,
Simple, Mirrored,
Parity etc.
Multiple physical
interfaces; Pools disks,
presents LUNs,
Simple, Mirrored,
Parity etc.
Presents
interfaces:
iSCSI, FC, FCoE,
NFS, SMB
Presents
interfaces:
iSCSI, FC, FCoE,
NFS, SMB
Clustered
Ethernet: 1Gb/10Gb
FC: 1/2/4/8/16 Gb
Deploy two or more for a Scale Out CA
Solution
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Windows Server 2012 R2 File Server and Spaces
SAS
Windows Server 2012 Spaces
Windows Server 2012 File
Server 
Multiple physical
interfaces; Pools

disks, presents
LUNs, Simple,
Mirrored, etc.
Multiple physical
interfaces; Pools
disks, presents
LUNs, Simple,
Mirrored, etc.
Presents
interfaces:
iSCSI, NFS, SMB
Presents
interfaces:
iSCSI, NFS, SMB
Clustered
SMB3/Ethernet: 1Gb/10Gb
40Gb/56 Gb RDMA
Deploy two or more for a Scale Out CA
Solution
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
Servers
New Designs: Cluster in a Box
1/10G E or Infiniband
1/10G E or Infiniband
Network
Network
Availability
• At least one node and storage always available,
despite failure or replacement of any component
• Dual power domains
Simplicity
•
Pre-wired, internal interconnects between
nodes, controllers, and storage
x8 PCIe
Server A
CPU
Server Enclosure
1/10G Ethernet cluster connect
(through midplane)
x8 PCIe
Server B
CPU
x8 PCIe
x8 PCIe
Storage
Controller
x4 SAS
SAS
Expander
x4 SAS (through midplane)
x4 SAS (through midplane)
Storage
Controller
DataOn – DNS
B ports 9220
SAS
A ports
0
1
…
23
x4 SAS
Expander
Flexibility
•
•
•
PCIe slots for flexible LAN options
External SAS ports for JBOD expansion
Office-level power, cooling, and acoustics to fit
under a desk
External JBOD
SAS
Expander
0
1
…
23
B ports
SAS
Expander
A ports
http://www.dataonstorage.com
Additional JBODs …
Familiar Enterprise-Grade Capabilities
Traditional Storage
Windows File Server Cluster
with FC/iSCSI Storage Array
with Storage Spaces
• Storage Tiering
• Storage Tiering (new with R2)
• Data deduplication
• Data deduplication (enhanced in R2)
• RAID resiliency groups
• Flexible resiliency options (enhanced in R2)
• Pooling of disks
• Pooling of disks
• High availability
• High availability
• Persistent write-back cache
• Persistent write-back cache (new with R2)
• Copy offload
• SMB copy offload
• Snapshots
• Snapshots
Storage Tiering
Cold data
Can “
Hard Disk Drives
Overview of Storage Spaces
• Storage pools – collection of physical disks
• Storage Spaces – virtual disks on storage spaces
Windows
virtualized
storage
Storage
Spaces
Storage Pool
Storage
Spaces
Storage Pool
Storage
Spaces
Storage Pool
(Shared) SAS, SATA or USB
Physical
storage
• Storage Spaces features
• Resiliency and integrity on standard disks
• Continuous availability and CSV integration
• Optimal storage use and storage tiering
• Multitenancy and isolation
Overview of Disk Deduplication
• Identifies and removes duplications within data
• Without compromising data integrity
• To store more data on less space
• After data is stored (post-process)
• Requires NTFS file system
• Failover clustering and shared storage supported
• CSV support added in R2
• Can significantly decrease space for VHD library
• R2 adds support for live VHD deduplication for VDI
•
•
VHDs must be accessed on an SMB 3.0 network share
Deduplication of virtual machines that use local storage not
supported
What Is Offloaded Data Transfer?
• Traditional data copy model
• Server issues read request to SAN
• Data is read and transferred into memory
• Data is transferred and written from memory to SAN
• Issues: CPU and memory utilization, increased traffic
• Offload-enabled data copy model
• Server issues read request and SAN returns token
• Server issues write request to SAN using token
• SAN completes data copy and confirms completion
• Benefits: Increased performance, reduced utilization
• SAN must support Offloaded Data Transfer
What Is Offloaded Data Transfer?
Token
Offload
read
Offload
write
Token
Storage
array
Actual data transfer
Intelligent
Storage Array
Storage
array
What Is SMB 3.0?
• SMB is network file sharing protocol
• SMB protocol versions are backward compatible
• SMB 3.0 features in Windows Server 2012 (R2)
• SMB Transparent Failover
• SMB Scale Out
• SMB Multichannel
• SMB Direct (SMB over RDMA)
• SMB Encryption
• VSS for SMB file shares
• Managing SMB file shares by Windows PowerShell
• SMB 3.0 is used only if both sides support it
Hyper-V over SMB
• Hyper-V data files stored on network shares
• Virtual machine configuration, VHD files, checkpoints
• Hyper-V supports file shares over SMB 3.0 or newer
• File Server and Hyper-V must be separate servers
•
•
They must be members of the same Active Directory
Running virtual machine data files can be deduplicated
(VDI)
• Reliability, availability, and performance as a SAN
• Uses SMB 3.0 features
• Benefits
• Easier provisioning and management
• Uses existing infrastructure
DEMO
Storage Spaces, SMB 3.0
BREAK
Creating and Configuring Virtual Machine
Networks
Overview of the Hyper-V Virtual Switch
• Software implemented layer two switch
• Connects virtual machines to virtual and physical
networks
• Parent partition is also A virtual machine
• Extensible, has advanced features, can be replaced
• Policy enforcement, isolation, traffic shaping, protection
• Managed by Hyper-V Manager and Windows
PowerShell
• Get-VMSwitch
• Parent partition can have multiple virtual NICs
• Can be connected to different virtual switches
• Can have different bandwidth limitations
Overview of the Hyper-V Virtual Switch
Overview of the Hyper-V Virtual Switch
Overview of the Hyper-V Virtual Switch
Types of Virtual Switches
• Parent has physical network adapter(s)
• Each virtual machine (and parent) has virtual network
adapter(s)
• Each virtual network adapter is connected to a virtual
switch
• Type of virtual switch is:
• External – connects to a physical or wireless adapter
• Internal – parent and virtual machine connections only
• Private – virtual machine connections only
• Configuration
• Use Virtual Switch Manager to create virtual switches
• Use virtual machine settings to connect a virtual network
adapter to a switch
Types of Virtual Switches
Private
Virtual
machine
Parent
App
App
Virtual
machine
App
Parent
App
Internal
Virtual
machine
App
Virtual
machine
Parent
App
NAT
Virtual
machine
Virtual
App
machine
App
App
External
Virtual
machine
Parent
- Physical network adapter
- Virtual network adapter
- Virtual switch
App
IP
App
IP
Virtual
machine
IP
No IP
App
Types of Virtual Switches
Types of Virtual Switches
Types of Virtual Switches
Types of Virtual Switches
Types of Virtual Switches
Types of Virtual Switches
Types of Virtual Switches
What Is VLAN Tagging?
• Used to isolate network traffic for nodes that are
connected to the same physical network
• VLANs are used by Hyper-V to
Isolate Hyper-V server management networks
• Isolate virtual machines that are connected to external virtual
switches
• Isolate virtual machines on a single Hyper-V server
•
• VLAN ID can be configured on
Virtual machine network adapter
• External and Internal virtual switch
•
• VLAN is limited to a single physical subnet
•
VLAN ID has 12 bits (up to 4,094 VLAN IDs)
Virtual Switch Expanded Functionality
• ARP/Neighbor Discovery Poisoning protection
• Protects against ARP and Neighbor Discovery spoofing
• DHCP Guard protection
• Protects against rogue DHCP server in virtual machine
• Port ACLs
• Enables isolation by allowing/denying traffic
• Trunk mode to a virtual machine
• Trunk mode forwards traffic from multiple VLANs
• Network traffic monitoring
• Bandwidth limit and burst support
Virtual Switch Extensibility
• Extensible
• NDIS filter drivers
• WFP callout drivers
• Extensions
• Ingress
• Forwarding
• Egress
• Monitoring
• Virtual switch can
be replaced
Virtual machine
Virtual machine NIC
Parent partition
Host NIC
Virtual machine
Virtual machine NIC
Hyper-V virtual switch
Extension protocol
Capture extensions
WFP extensions
Filtering extensions
Forwarding extension
Extension miniport
Physical NIC
What Is SR-IOV?
• Requires support in network adapter
• Provides Direct Memory Access to virtual machines
•
•
•
•
Increases network throughput
Reduces network latency
Reduces CPU overhead on the Hyper-V server
Virtual machine bypasses virtual switch
• Supports Live Migration
• Even when different SRIOV adapters are used
Parent partition
Virtual switch
Routing
VLAN Filtering
Virtual machine
Virtual NIC
VMBUS
Virtual Function
Physical
SR-IOV Physical NIC
NIC
Network
with SR-IOV
Network
I/OI/O
without
SR-IOV
What Is Dynamic Virtual Machine Queue?
• Network adapter uses receive queues to route
traffic to the appropriate virtual machine
Physical network adapter must support VMQ
• Dynamically use multiple CPUs when processing
virtual machine network traffic
• DMA reduces CPU overhead on Hyper-V server
• Beneficial when virtual machines receive lot of network
traffic
•
• VMQ is automatically configured and tuned
• Based on processor networking and CPU load
• VMQ is enabled by default on a virtual network adapter
•
Used only if the physical network adapter supports VMQ
Network Adapter Advanced Features
• Same features
available for all
virtual network
adapters
• Features are
implemented in
Hyper-V virtual
switch
NIC Teaming in Virtual Machines
• Provides redundancy and aggregates bandwidth
• Can be used at the operating system and virtual machine
level
•
Multiple physical network adapters in an NIC team
•
•
If a physical adapter fails, virtual switch has connectivity
Multiple virtual network adapters in an NIC team
•
If a virtual switch fails, virtual machine has connectivity
• Particularly important when SR-IOV is used
SR-IOV traffic bypasses the virtual switch
• Intended and optimized to support teaming of SR-IOV
•
•
May be used with any virtual network interface
• Virtual machine must have multiple network adapters
Connected to different virtual switches
• MAC address spoofing must be enabled
•
Providing Multitenant Network Isolation
•
Multiple isolated networks on the same infrastructure
• VLANs are often used
• Limited scalability (maximum of 4094 VLANs)
• VLANs cannot span multiple subnets
• Challenging to reconfigure when adding or moving
virtual machine
Switch
VLAN ID
Virtual machines
Switch
Providing Multitenant Network Isolation
Private VLANs
• Addresses some VLAN scalability issues
• Reduces number of IP subnets and VLANs
• Virtual switch can limit virtual machines to the same
VLAN
• Port ACLs
• Challenging to manage and update ACLs
Hyper-V virtual switch supports private VLANs and port ACLs
• The solution is Software Defined Networking
Network virtualization is an implementation of Software
Defined Networking
• Hyper-V enables network virtualization
•
What Is Network Virtualization?
Blue virtual
machine
Red virtual
machine
Physical
server
Server virtualization
•
•
Multiple virtual machines on
a same physical server
Each virtual machine is
isolated from others
Blue network
Red network
Physical
network
Network virtualization
•
•
Multiple virtual networks
on a same physical network
Each virtual network is
isolated from others
Benefits of Network Virtualization
• Flexible virtual machine placement
• Multitenant network isolation without VLANs
• IP address reuse
• Live migration across subnets
• Is compatible with existing network infrastructure
• Transparent moving of virtual machines to shared
IaaS cloud
• Can be configured using Windows PowerShell
•
Can also use System Center 2012 R2 Virtual Machine
Manager
What Is Network Virtualization Generic Routing
Encapsulation?
192.168.2.22
10.1.1.11
GRE
MAC
192.168.5.55 Key=5001
10.1.1.12
192.168.2.22
10.1.1.11
GRE
MAC
192.168.5.55 Key=6001
10.1.1.12
192.168.2.22
(Provider address
)
10.1.1.11 (Customer
address)
10.1.1.11
10.1.1.11
10.1.1.12
•
•
10.1.1.11
(Customer address)
10.1.1.11
10.1.1.11
10.1.1.12
192.168.5.55
192.168.5.55
(Provider
address)
10.1.1.12
(Customer
address)
10.1.1.12
10.1.1.11
10.1.1.12
10.1.1.12
(Customer
address )
10.1.1.12
10.1.1.11
10.1.1.12
Customer address space based on virtual machine configuration
Provider address space based on physical network
• Not visible to the virtual machines
What Are Network Virtualization Policies?
• Define customer address-provider address mappings
Specify on which Hyper-V server virtual machines are running
• Hyper-V implements policies by translating incoming and
outgoing packets
• If a virtual machine is moved, policies are modified
•
•
Virtual machine configuration stays the same
Policy Settings
Blue Yonder Airlines
SQL
10.1.1.1
WEB
10.1.1.2
Woodgrove Bank
SQL
10.1.1.1
WEB
10.1.1.2
Provider Address Space
Blue Yonder Airlines
Customer
Address
Provider
Address
10.1.1.1
192.168.1.10
10.1.1.2
198.168.1.12
Data Center
Network
192.168.1.10
Hyper-V Host 1
192.168.1.12
Hyper-V Host 2
Woodgrove Bank
Customer
Address
Provider
Address
10.1.1.1
192.168.1.10
10.1.1.2
192.168.1.12
SQL
SQL
WEB
WEB
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.2
Customer Address Spaces
DEMO
Teaming, Virtual Switch, Network Virtualization
Virtual Machine Mobility and Hyper-V Replica
Why Is High Availability Important?
• Server downtime is unavoidable
• Servers are not always available
• Software or hardware maintenance or upgrade
• Application and operating system updates
• Component failure, power outages, natural disasters
• Critical services must be constantly available
• Running in virtual machines
Availability Downtime (per year)
• When fails or unavailable
•
It must be serviced elsewhere
• Goal of high availability
• Make services available
•
Even when failure occurs
99%
3.7 days
99.9%
8.8 hours
99.99%
53 minutes
99.999%
5.3 minutes
Redundancy in Windows Server 2012 R2 and Hyper-V
Disaster recovery
• Hyper-V Replica for asynchronous replication
• CSV integration with storage arrays for synchronous
replication
Application /
Service failover
• Non-cluster aware apps: Hyper-V app monitoring
• Virtual machine guest cluster: iSCSI, Fibre Channel,
.vhdx sharing
• Virtual machine guest teaming of SR-IOV NICS
I/O redundancy
• NLB and NIC Teaming
• Storage multi-path IO
• Multichannel SMB
Physical server
failure
Hardware failure
• Live migration for planned downtime
• Failover clustering for unplanned downtime
• Windows hardware error architecture
• Reliability, availability, serviceability
Virtual Machine Moving Options
• Virtual machine and storage migration
• Includes from Windows Server 2012 to Windows Server
2012 R2
• Quick migration – requires failover clustering
• Live migration requires only network connectivity
• Improved performance in Windows Server 2012 R2
• Hyper-V Replica
• Asynchronously replicate virtual machines
• Configure replication frequency and extended replication
• Exporting and Importing of a virtual machine
• Exporting while virtual machine is running
• Can import virtual machine without prior export
How Storage Migration Works
1. Read/Write to
source virtual hard
disk
Hyper-V server
2. Virtual hard disk is
copied to
destination
Virtual machine
Virtual hard disk stack
3. Writes are mirrored
to source and
destination virtual
hard disks
1
2
5
Virtual hard
disk
3
Virtual hard
disk
Compares with
Storage vMotion
4
Virtual machine is running
uninterrupted during the migration
process
4. After virtual hard
disk is
synchronized,
virtual machine
switches to copied
virtual hard disk
Overview of the Move Wizard
• Used for moving virtual machine or its storage
• While virtual machine is running
• Live migration or storage migration
•
•
•
•
All virtual machine data can be moved to same location
•
•
•
Or you can specify location for each data item
Or you can move only virtual hard disk
Virtual machine data items
•
•
Alternatively, use Windows PowerShell cmdlets Move-VM or
Move-VMStorage
Storage migration is enabled by default (two at the same time)
Live migration must be enabled before moving virtual machine
Virtual hard disks, current configuration, checkpoints, smart
paging
You can move only the virtual machine or also include
data items
Live Migration of Non-clustered
Virtual Machines
Compares with
vMotion
• Referred as a “shared nothing” live migration
• Virtual machine data can be local or on an SMB share
• Local: storage migration to move to target Hyper-V host
• SMB: leave data on the SMB 3.0 share
• In both cases virtual machine is moved
• Storage migration and virtual machine move
• Storage is migrated
• Virtual machine memory is moved
• Source storage is deleted
• Live migration speed is affected by
• Virtual machine memory size and modifications
• Bandwidth between source and destination Hyper-V hosts
Live Migration of Non-clustered Virtual Machines
• Virtual machine memory is moved in iterations
• Source is active and can be modifying memory
• Modified memory pages are sent after initial copy
• Repeats over newly modified pages
• Final copy iteration takes less than TCP timeout
• New MAC address is send to network switches
Virtual machine memory
State
Configuration
Virtual machine memory
Source Hyper-V host
Destination Hyper-V host
Prerequisites for Hyper-V Replica
• Windows Server 2012 with Hyper-V role
• Hyper-V Replica is part of the Hyper-V role
• At least two servers, usually in different sites
• Sufficient storage to host virtual machines
• Local and replicated virtual machines
• Connectivity between primary and replica sites
• Windows firewall configured to allow replication
• Hyper-V Replica HTTP and Hyper-V Replica HTTPS
• X.509v3 certificate for mutual authentication
• If certificate authentication is used
• Otherwise, Hyper-V hosts must be in the same AD DS
forest
Overview of Hyper-V Replica
• Hyper-V Replica has the following components:
• Replication engine
•
•
Change tracking module
•
•
Provides a secure and efficient channel to transfer data
Hyper-V Replica Broker server role
•
•
Keeps track of the write operations in the virtual machine
Network module
•
•
Manages replication configuration and handles initial replication,
delta replication, failover, and test-failover
Provides seamless replication while a virtual machine is running
on different failover cluster nodes
Management tools
•
Hyper-V Manager, Windows PowerShell, Failover Cluster
Manager
Overview of Hyper-V Replica
Enabling a Virtual Machine for Replication
• Replication is enabled per virtual machine
• Enable Replication Wizard
•
•
•
•
•
•
Replica server
Connection parameters
Choose replication VHDs
Chose replication frequency
Configure additional recovery points
Choose initial replication method
• Failover TCP/IP Settings
Virtual
machine
• Preconfigure IP address for replica virtual machine
• Requires integration services
• Should be configured on both the primary and replica
server
Hyper-V Replication Health
• Normal
• Less than 20% replication cycles are missed
• Last synchronization point was less than an hour ago
• Average latency is less than the configured limit
• Warning
•
•
•
•
•
Greater than 20% of replication cycles have been missed
More than hour since the last send replica
Initial replication has not been completed
Failover initiated, but not ‘reverse replication’
Primary virtual machine replication is paused
• Critical
• Replica paused on the replica virtual machine
• Primary server unable to send the replica data
Test Failover, Planned Failover, and Failover
• Test failover
• Non-disruptive testing, with zero downtime
• New virtual machine created in recovery site
•
•
•
From the replica checkpoint
Turned off and not connected
Stop Test Failover
• Planned failover
• Initiated at primary virtual machine which is turned off
• Sends data that has not been replicated
• Fail over to replica server
• Start the replica virtual machine
• Reverse the replication after primary site is restored
Test Failover, Planned Failover, and Failover
• Failover
• Initiated at replica virtual machine
•
•
•
Primary virtual machine has failed (turned off or unavailable)
Data loss can occur
Reverse the replication after primary site is recovered
• Other replication-related actions
• Pause Replication and Resume Replication
• View Replication Health
• Extend Replication
• Remove Recovery Points
• Remove Replication
Hyper-V Replica Resynchronization
• When normal replication process is interrupted
• Change tracking issues on primary server
• Replication issues with tracking logs
• Problems linking virtual hard disk with parent
• Time travel – virtual machine restored from backup
• Reverse replication after failover process
• Processor, storage, and network intensive
• Configured on primary virtual machine
• Manual, automatic, or during scheduled time
• If more than 6 hours, perform full initial replication
DEMO
Live Migration, Hyper-V Replica
Implementing Failover Clustering with Hyper-V
Storing A Virtual Machine on an SMB 3.0 Shared Folder
• Hyper-V supports SMB 3.0 or newer
• Hyper-V uses file share is used as cluster shared storage
• Continuously available shares are recommended
• All virtual machine storage can be on an SMB share
• Configuration, virtual hard disks, checkpoints
• SMB Share – Applications profile should be used
• No access-based enumeration or share caching
• Full permissions on NTFS folder and SMB share
• Hyper-V administrators
• Computer account of Hyper-V host
• Hyper-V cluster computer account, if Hyper-V clustered
Using Scale-Out File Server
• File server role cluster can work in two modes:
• Scale-out file server cluster
• File server cluster for general use
• Benefits of scale-out file server cluster:
• Active-Active file shares
•
Increased bandwidth
CHKDSK with zero downtime
• CSV cache
• Simple management
• Automatic scale-out rebalancing
•
•
•
Clients redirected to the best node for access to a share
Avoids unnecessary traffic redirection
Using Virtual Hard Disk Sharing as Shared Storage
• A failover cluster runs inside virtual machines
• A shared virtual disk used as a shared storage
• Virtual machines do not need access to iSCSI or FC SAN
• Presented as virtual SAS disk
• Can be used only for data
• Requirements for shared virtual disk
• Virtual hard disk must be in .vhdx format
• Connected by using a virtual SCSI adapter
• Stored on a scale-out file server or CSV
• Supported operating systems in a virtual machine
• Windows Server 2012 or Windows Server 2012 R2
Overview of Failover Cluster
• Up to 64 physical servers
and 6,000 VMs
• Built-n hardware and
software validation
• Shared storage using
SMB, iSCSI, Fibre
Channel, Fibre Channel
over Ethernet (FCoE) or
Serial-Attached SCSI
(SAS)
Compares with
VMware HA
Configuring Highly Available Virtual Machines
• High Availability Wizard
• Virtual machine storage is on shared storage
•
CSV or SMB 3.0 continuously available share
• Virtual machine startup priority
• Higher priority is started before lower priority
• No auto start, must restart manually after failover
• Preferred owners
• Virtual machine will start on preferred Hyper-V host
• Start on possible owner only preferred owners are
unavailable
• If preferred and possible owners are unavailable, virtual
machine will move to other failover cluster node, but not
start
Configuring Highly Available Virtual Machines
• AntiAffinityClassNames
• Clustered roles in same AntiAffinityClassNames avoid
same cluster node
• Prevents virtual machines from running on the same
node
• Configured in Windows PowerShell or System Center
2012 Virtual Machine Manager
• Options to modify failover and failback settings
• Number of times to restart a clustered role
• Prevent failback of the clustered role to preferred node
• Virtual machine Policies settings
• Virtual machine Heartbeat monitoring
•
Requires integration services in virtual machine
Virtual Machine Monitoring
Compares with
VMware App HA
• Application health detection in virtual machine
• Monitor services through Service Control Manager
•
Configure service recovery to take no action
Monitor events in System, Application, or Security logs
• Windows Server 2012 or newer required
•
• Configurable recovery actions
• Restart service
• Restart virtual machine
• Fail over virtual machine
• Virtual machine network and storage protection
• Failure of virtual hard disk or lost network connectivity
• Virtual machine moved to different cluster node
What Is the Hyper-V Replica Broker Role?
ServerA
Server1
ServerB
ServerC
Server2
Replic
a
broke
Server3 r
Failover cluster 1
Failover cluster 2
What is Live Migration?
on the host to perform
compression
• Compressed memory sent across
the network faster
• Operates on networks with less
than 10 gigabit bandwidth
available
• Enables a 2X improvement in
Live Migration performance
MEMORY
• Utilizes available CPU resources
Modified
memory
pages
Configuration
Memory
content
data
IP connection
iSCSI, FC or SMB Storage
DEMO
Clustering, VM Monitoring, Shared VHDX
BREAK
Installing and Configuring
System Center 2012 R2
Virtual Machine Manager
Provisioning Server Virtualization
with VMM
VMM features include:
•
Multihost support – Hyper-V, Citrix Xenserver, VMware
Intelligent placement
Dynamic optimization
App-V support
Live migration
Delegated administration
•
Cloud, infrastructure, and services management
•
•
•
•
•
Enhanced in System Center 2012 R2 VMM:
•
Networking, virtual machines in the cloud environment,
storage, infrastructure, and support for Windows Server
2012 R2 and Windows 8.1
Managing Server Virtualization by Using System
Center App Controller
App Controller:
Replaces the now deprecated VMM self-service portal
• Provides delegated access to private and public cloud
resources, such as:
•
•
•
•
•
Virtual machines
Services
Templates, images
Allows administrators to migrate between VMM,
Windows Azure, and service provider data centers
Monitoring Server Virtualization by Using System
Center Operations Manager
• Operations Manager provides:
• Application monitoring in both the private and public
clouds
• Dashboards
• Health monitoring
• Alerts
• Agent and agentless monitoring
• Fabric monitoring
• By integrating Operations Manager and VMM, you
can monitor an entire virtualized environment
Integrating System Center Service Manager
With Service Manager, you can:
• Implement service management, as defined in the ITIL and
the Microsoft Operations Framework
• Use the built-in process management packs to provide
processes for:
•
•
•
•
Defining templates and workflows
Implementing change requests and change request templates
Manually designing activity templates
Enforcing compliance
Automating Tasks with System Center Orchestrator
Orchestrator provides the ability to:
• Automate processes across systems, platforms, and cloud
services
• Automate best practices
• Connect different systems from different vendors
• Implement built-in integration packs
• Implement end-to-end automation across multiple System
Center products
Enhancements in System Center 2012 R2:
•
•
Increases multiple runbook workers that combine with Windows
Azure Pack for Windows Server
Use runbooks to automate tasks with Windows PowerShell
Using System Center Data Protection Manager to
Protect a Server Virtualization Deployment
DPM provides:
• Disk and tape-based data protection and recovery
• Recover bare-metal servers and desktops running
Windows operating systems
• Central management from the DPM Administrator Console
• Role-based access permissions to distribute backup and
restore management
• Enhancements in System Center 2012 R2:
•
•
•
•
Windows Azure Backup
SQL Server cluster support
Virtualized deployment
Linux virtual machine backup
Using the Windows Azure Pack for Self-Service
Capabilities
Provides the following capabilities:
• Management portal for tenants
• Management portal for administrators
• Service management API
• Windows Azure Web site and virtual machine
access to private cloud
• Service bus communication between applications
• Automate and extend custom services
Introducing System Center 2012 R2 VMM
Significant enhancements in the following areas:
• Enterprise-class performance
Support for up to 1,000 host and 25,000 virtual
machines
• Dynamic VHDX resize
• Automatic upgrade Hyper-V clusters with Live Migration
• Enhanced support for Citrix and VMware hosts
•
• Simplified provisioning and migration
• Storage improvements
• Bare-metal provisioning
• Multitenant cloud infrastructure
• Provisioning Windows Azure infrastructure
Fabric Management
• Fabric includes network and
storage infrastructure, host
computers and groups, and
WDS and WSUS servers
• Aggregates and abstracts
everything into resources
that can be consumed and
deployed
• Accessed by administrator
and designated user roles in
private cloud resource
allocation
Fabric Management
Network
management
Power
management
Storage
management
Update
management
Dynamic
Optimization
Hyper-V,
Citrix,
VMware
Hyper-V bare
metal
provisioning
Monitoring
Integration
169
VMM Architecture
VMM Architecture
Determining Topology for a VMM Deployment
Windows Azure
VMM
Console
App
Controller
Library
Server
VMM Server
SQL database
Server
VMware
vCenter
Server
WSUS
Server
WDS Server
Hyper-V
Host
Citrix
XenServer
Host
ESX Host
Branch Office
VMM Servers
What Are Host Groups?
•
Allows collective management of physical hosts
•
•
Can nest host groups: Parent-Child inheritance applies
Configurable properties include:
•
•
•
Naming & moving group, allow unencrypted file transfers
Placement rules: Virtual machine must, should, must not or
should not match the host
Host reserves: Can reserve various resources for host alone
• Includes CPU, Memory, Disk I/O and space, Network I/O
•
Dynamic optimization – for determining vm load
• Resource default: CPU 30%, RAM 512MB, Disk I/O 0%
• Power optimization included
•
•
Network: Can assign varied network resources: IP pools, load
balancers, logical networks & MAC pools
Storage: Can assign storage pools and logical units resources
Deploying Hyper-V Hosts to Bare-Metal Computers
• Physical
computer without an operating system
installed is installed AND deployed as physical
host
•
Requirements:
• Network adapter PXE-enabled; PXE server in domain
• BIOS set to PXE-boot first
• BMCs have proper credentials
• Host profile must already exist
• MAC address discovered for static IP assignment; VMM SP1
and R2 offer Deep Discovery – automates IP assignment
•
Uses Fabric workspace, Add Resource Wizard, to
launch deployment
Managing the Infrastructure with VMM
Working with Virtualization Infrastructure
• VMM infrastructure contains the
components that make the
virtualization environment, which are:
•
VMM infrastructure servers (any with a
VMM agent)
•
•
Networking
•
•
Library servers, Hosts servers (and host groups),
PXE servers, WSUS servers, vCenter servers and
VMM servers
Logical networks, MAC address pools, load
balancers, VIP templates, logical switches, port
profiles port classifications, network service
Storage
•
Classifications and pools, providers, arrays, file
servers, Fibre channel fabrics
What Is Networking Infrastructure?
• Top of rack switch management and
integration
• Logical network: named networks
that serve particular functions
• IP address pool management and
integration with IPAM
• Host and VM network switch
management
• Load balancer integration and
automated deployment
• Network virtualization deployment
and management
Configuring Ports and Logical Switches in Virtual
Machine Manager
Hyper-V host #1
Logical switch
Virtual switch
Management
Switch settings
Port
profiles
(uplink)
Management
Port
profiles
(virtual)
Hyper-V host #2
Virtual switch
Corporate
Management
Cluster
Using Virtual Machine Networks for Isolating
Networking
• Virtual machine network features:
• Built on top of logical networks
• Allows you to use several virtualization networks on one
logical network
• Without isolation there can only be one virtual machine
network per logical network. This kind of virtual machine
network uses the logical network to communicate.
• VLANs and PVLANS are configured at the logical
network
Virtual machine networks work well for many situations,
not just for hosts
DEMO
Network Management
Storage Options for Server Virtualization
When you do storage planning for virtualization
hosts, you should:
• Use high performance connectivity to storage
• Implement redundant storage
• Analyze the current storage usage, and determine
the storage performance
• Plan for adequate space for existing virtualization
needs, and plan future storage growth
• Ensure you include data protection, such as
backups or offsite replication
Implementing Block Storage
• Implementing Fibre Storage
• Virtual Fibre Channel Adapters
• Implementing iSCSI Storage
Implementing File Storage
• SMB 3.0:
• Enables virtual machine storage on SMB 3.0 file shares
• Requires Windows Server 2012 file servers
• Requires fast network connectivity
• Provide redundancy and performance benefits
• NFS:
• Enables you can use NFS Shares to deploy VMware to
virtual machines
Deploying Storage in Virtual Machine Manager
After adding storage to VMM, you can deploy
logical units using two SAN methods:
Snapshots. With this method, the SAN creates a
writable snapshot of an existing logical unit
• Cloning. With this method, the SAN creates an
independent copy of an existent logical unit
•
The method used must be supported by the SAN
vendor
After integration, you can deploy logical units and
storage pools by using the VMM Console or
Windows PowerShell cmdlets
What Are Infrastructure Updates?
Infrastructure updates:
• You can integrate VMM and Windows Server
Update Server (WSUS) to provide scanning and
compliance of your virtualization infrastructure
Configuring a Fabric Update in Virtual Machine
Manager
Process for implementing update management in
VMM:
1. Enable update management
2. Configure and manage update baselines
3. Start a scan to determine compliance status
4. Perform an update remediation
5. Specify update exemptions
Planning an Update Baseline
• An update baseline is a set of required updates
assigned to a scope of infrastructure servers within
the private cloud
• If you move a host or host cluster to a new host
group, the object will inherit the baseline
associated with the target host group
• If you assign a baseline specifically to a standalone
host or host cluster, the baseline will stay with the
object when it moves from one host group to
another
Update Server Considerations
When integrating WSUS and VMM:
You must have WSUS 3.0 SP2 x64 or newer
• You should limit languages, products, and classifications
in WSUS
•
• Integration with Configuration Manager is
possible, if WSUS server is managed by
Configuration Manager
•
Also use reporting capabilities for compliance
information
Overview of Failover Cluster
• Up to 64 physical servers
and 6,000 VMs
• Built-n hardware and
software validation
• Shared storage using
SMB, iSCSI, Fibre
Channel, Fibre Channel
over Ethernet (FCoE) or
Serial-Attached SCSI
(SAS)
Compares with
VMware HA
Dynamic Optimization
Compares with
vSphere DRS
Power Optimization
Compares with
vSphere DPM
DEMO
Storage Management, Resource Management
Configuring and Managing the
VMM Library
What Is the Virtual Machine Manager Library?
• Hosted
on Library servers
• Stores resources used to create virtual machines
• Catalog of stored resources
•
Some resources stored in VMM database
• Contains
templates and profiles
• Contains library shares
•
•
•
•
Shared folders on the Library servers
Can be organized into subfolders
Indexed for quick retrieval
Data deduplication
•
•
Variable chunking
Compression of primary data to other storage areas
Virtual Machine Manager Library Resources
Library stored resources include:
File-based resources – answer and driver files, virtual
floppy and hard drives, ISO images, Windows
PowerShell and SQL Server scripts, web deployment,
and SQL DAC files
• Virtual machines templates and profiles
• Equivalent objects
• Cloud library
• Self-service user content
• Orphaned resources
• Updated catalogs and baselines
• Stored virtual machines and services
•
Library Server and Host Group Association
• Library servers can be associated with particular
host groups
Enhances ability to work on several libraries at a time
• Grouped according to bandwidth, location
• Library servers in each host group share resources within
host group:
•
A Library server
Host group London
HQ Host group
Host group South
Considerations for Highly Available Library Servers
• VMM management servers cannot be on the same
cluster as library servers
• When a cluster fails over, library shares on it go
offline until the cluster comes back up
• The SQL Server running the VMM database should
also be clustered
• As an alternative to failover clustering, you can
add more library servers
• VMM library servers do not replicate files
•
Manually copy files using robocopy or another similar
utility
What Is a Hardware Profile?
• Contains specifications for:
•
CPU
•
Memory
•
Network and Fibre
Channel adapters
•
Floppy, IDE, SCSI and
DVD drives
•
COM ports
•
Memory weight
•
Virtual NUMA
•
CPU priority
• Ensures consistent hardware
settings over virtual
machines made with the
profile
• Imported into VM templates
What Is a Guest OS Profile?
• Contains specifications for:
• Operating System
• Identity Information
• Admin Password
• Product key
• Time zones
• Roles
• Features
• Domain/Workgroup
• Answer file
• GUIRunOnce Commands
What is Server App-V
Isolated Virtual
Application
Mode
Application
packages
sequenced to
derive from
different
sources; run
on same
virtual
machine
Application A
Application B
Application C
Virtual Machine
Virtual Machine
Virtual Machine
Data
System Services
Configurations
App-V Server sequenced package in Library Server
What Is an Application Profile?
Application profiles provide the instructions for
installing applications to support a VNN-managed
service
Application profiles support the following
application types:
• SQL Server DACs
• Server App-V applications
• Web applications
• Scripts
What Is an SQL Server Profile?
• A SQL Server profile is a building block for
deploying a SQL Server instance onto a virtual
machine.
• The process for installing and configuring a
SQL Server Instance includes:
1. Prepare a SQL Server image using Sysprep
2. Create a SQL Server profile
3. Create a VM template
4. Create a service template
5. Deploy the service
Configuring Virtual Machine Templates
A virtual machine template provides an efficient
way to deploy new virtual machines and services
Virtual machine templates provide:
• A means to configure hardware, operating
systems, applications and SQL Server
specifications and to create new templates
• A consistent method for self-service users to
deploy new virtual machines and services
Service Templates and Service Deployment Configurations
Service templates
• Encapsulate requirements to deploy and run an
instance of an application
• Use machine tiers to specify settings of virtual
machine types
Service Deployment Configuration
• Configures deployment of service template
settings
• Makes use of the deployment diagram and selects
virtual machines to be deployed as part of the
service
DEMO
VM Templates, Service Templates
Creating and Managing VMs with VMM
What Is a Virtual Machine Checkpoint?
• A non-checkpointed .vhd/.vhdx
• Checkpoint creates .avhd/.avhdx file
.vhd
Checkpoint
.avhd
• All subsequent changes are written to the
.avhd/.avhdx file
• When reverted, the and .avhd/.avhdx file is deleted
.vhd
Checkpoint
.avhd
Creating Virtual Machines in VMM
•
•
•
•
•
Use the Create
Virtual Machine
Wizard
Can use existing
resources such as
virtual machines,
templates, .vhds
Create a brand new
virtual machine
Configure Hardware
page provides many
options
Intelligent placement
on host
Configuring Virtual Machine Placement in VMM
•
•
•
Virtual Machine Manager evaluates a host’s capacity
and performance
Automatically places a virtual machine on the most
suitable host
Makes star rating recommendations through
intelligent placement
What Is Virtual Machine Cloning?
• Rapid way to deploy a virtual machine
• Makes copy of the .vhd/.vhdx, configuration files,
and memory contents
• Original can be online if using System Center
2012 R2 Virtual Machine Manager
• Cloned virtual machine is an exact copy with the
same identity
Virtual Machine 1
Virtual Machine 1
Considerations for Virtual Machine Cloning
• The cloned virtual machine has the same name
and domain SID of the original virtual machine
• After cloning, run Sysprep, or manually change
to unique settings and values
• Ensure sufficient disk space exists on host
Converting a Virtual Machine
• Convert Citrix XenServer virtual machines to Hyper-V
via a P2V conversion
• Virtual-to-virtual machine conversion supports
converting:
•
In System Center 2012 VMM
•
•
•
•
•
ESX/ESXi 3.5 Update 5
ESX/ESXi 4.0
ESX/ESXi 4.1
ESXi 5.1
In System Center 2012 SP1 VMM and System Center 2012
R2 VMM
•
•
ESX/ESXi 4.1
ESXi 5.1
Managing Clouds with VMM
What Is a Cloud?
•
•
•
•
Is also known as cloud
computing
Enables sharing of resources to
achieve coherence and
economies of scale
Uses the Internet, Internet
standards, and protocols
Can provide various resources
such as virtual machines,
storage, apps, services
including databases, programs,
and systems
What Are Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds?
Public
• On-demand computing delivered through the Internet
with Internet standards and protocols
• Makes resources available to users anywhere
• Users do not need their own infrastructure
• Users run apps, services, or virtual machines remotely,
running on the cloud vendor’s infrastructure
Private
• Organizations use their own infrastructure but integrate
with certain resources of the cloud vendor
Hybrid
• On-demand computing delivered through the Internet
with Internet standards and protocols
• Makes resources available to only its users
• Users run apps, services, or virtual machines remotely,
running on the organization’s infrastructure
Virtualization and the Cloud
• Private cloud is more than just virtualization
• Critical components of virtualization:
Server consolidation
• Easy deployment
• Elasticity and scalability
• Multiple tenets
• High availability and mobility
• Private cloud requires more:
• Automated management
• Pools of compute resources
• Self-service provisioning
• Usage-based chargeback
•
Clouds in System Center 2012 R2 VMM
• Details of fabric are
hidden
• Easy to define
quota limits
• New Tenant
Administrator role
• On-premises can
be within the
organization or
somewhere else
Example of a Cloud
• Enhanced storage
• Automate SAN
• iSCSI or Fibre
• Enhanced networking
• Switch zoning
• IPAM
• Site-to-site network
connections using private
IP address
AdatumCloud
• RBA
• Live cloning
DevGroup
ResearchGroup
Configuring Cloud Resources
• Hardware
• Storage: SAN, Fibre, disk, libraries, .iso
files
• Networking, Logical LANs, load
balancers, vIP
• Memory
• CPUs
• Software
• Databases, apps, large applications
• Physical hosts
• Virtual machines
Configuring Cloud Capacity
• Uses quotas
• Specifies maximum usage allowed by default
• Can be throttled back by a lesser amount
• Applies to:
• Virtual CPUs
• Memory
• Storage
• Custom quota points
• Virtual machines
• Can add more capacity
Configuring Cloud Capability
• Capability built on capacity profiles
• Provides built-in fabric capability
• Assignment based on the hypervisor platform
VMware ESX
Server
Microsoft
Hyper-V
• Can use one, any, or all three
• Can also make custom capacity profiles
XenServer, Citrix
Xen Hosts
Managing a Cloud
• Chargeback and governance of resource usage
• Private cloud application performance monitoring
• GSM ensures applications are always up and
always on
• SLA-based
What Are User Roles in Virtual Machine Manager?
User roles contain:
• Profiles
• Members
• Scope
• Network
• Cloud quotas
• Resources
• Permissions
• Run-As accounts
Depending on profile
selected
Objects and Actions that Can Be Delegated
The resources (objects)
available in a private cloud
are:
Virtual CPUs
Memory
Storage
Custom Quota (Points)
Virtual Machines
Data paths
The actions you can allow for these
resources are:
•
Author
•
Checkpoint (snapshots)
•
Checkpoint (Restore Only)
•
Deploy
•
Deploy (From Template only)
•
Local Administrator
•
Pause and Resume
•
Receive
•
Remote Connection
•
Remove
•
Save
•
Share
•
Shut down
•
Start
•
Stop
•
Store
User Role Profiles
• Preexisting Administrator role
• Fabric administrator:
• Formerly, Delegated Administrator
• May still show up in technical references
• Read-only administrator
• Tenant administrator:
• New user role in VMM 2012 SP1
• Application administrator:
• Formerly known as Self-Service User
• May still show up in technical references
DEMO
Clouds & User Roles
BREAK
VMWare to Hyper-V Migration
VMware to Hyper-V
vSphere
vSphere Hypervisor
System Center
Hyper-V Server
Microsoft Migration Solutions
Microsoft Virtual
Machine Converter
Solution Accelerator
System Center Virtual
Machine Manager
Migration Automation
Toolkit (MAT)
MVMC Solution Accelerator
• Small but Powerful
• 4 MB
MVMC Solution Accelerator
• Advantages
• Small but Powerful
• Wizard-based GUI
• Supports vSphere 4.1 and 5.0
• Support for Windows Server 2003
• Uninstalls VMware Tools
• Scriptable CLI
• Disadvantages
• Need Guest VM Access
• Ignores Network Adapter
• Guest VM Domain joined
System Center Virtual Machine Manager
• Part of System Center
• Managing VMs
• Managing Fabric
System Center Virtual Machine Manager
• Advantages
• V2V Migration
• P2V Migration (SP1)
• Windows PowerShell
• Wizard-based GUI
• Logical Networks
• Managing vSphere and Citrix Xen
• Disadvantages
• Does not uninstall VMware Tools
Migration Automation Toolkit (MAT)
• PowerShell
• Based on MVMC
• Automation
MAT (powered by Project Shift)
• The Migration Automation Toolkit (MAT) is a collection of PowerShell
scripts that will automate VM conversions. This version of MAT is
powered by NetApp's Project Shift (which are powershell cmdlets found
in NetApp's Data ONTAP PowerShell Toolkit version 3.0.
MAT (powered by Project Shift)