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Joe Incandela
University of California Santa Barbara
DOE Site Visit
Jan 17, 2008

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The LHC is an unprecedented opportunity and challenge
UCSB has been committed to the success of CMS for many years
CMS has often turned to UCSB in times of critical need
• It was recognized very early on that UCSB would be key to the success of the
CMS micro-strip tracker
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One of the largest contributors to the CMS tracker by almost any metric.
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Found problems and averted failure of the tracker and CMS multiple times
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Provided key manpower for final assembly and testing of the tracker at CERN
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Redesigned and installed critical-path services at point 5
• CMS has turned to UCSB to help prepare for first data
We continue to contribute to the tracker but have now expanded our role in CMS to include contributions to the physics program that often have collaboration-wide applicability and importance.
UCSB continues to be an important asset for CMS
• Physics leadership and data analysis
• Tracker Maintenance and Operation, upgrade R&D and construction
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 2

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Faculty
• Majority if not all of our research time on CMS
Post-docs
• Dmytro Kovalskyi - (Babar)
• Vyacheslav (“Slava”)
Krutelyov – (CDF)
• Victor Pavlunin – (CLEO)
• Roberto Rossin – (CDF)
• Jean-Roch Vlimant – (DZero)
• Steven Lowette – (CMS)
• Tom Danielson – (Zeus)
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Students
• Mariarosaria D’Alfonso
• Chris Justus
• Puneeth Kalavase
• Sue Ann Koay
• Jim Lamb
• Jake Ribnik
• Finn Rebassoo
• Wing To
• Jess Reidel
• All have and will continue to contribute to the tracker.
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* Past and present technical personnel presented in next talks.
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 3

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Pixels
Inner Barrel & Disks
(TIB & TID)
Outer Barrel
(TOB)
End Caps (TEC 1&2)
4 volume 24.4 m 3 running temperature – 20 0 C
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 4

Outer Barrel (TOB)
~105 m 2
End Caps (TEC)
50% Modules for
Rings 5 and 6 and hybrid processing for Rings 2,5,6
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 5

Frames:
Brussels
Sensors: factories
Hybrids:
Strasbourg
Pitch adapter:
Brussels
Hybrid:
CF carrier
US in the tracker
CERN
Wien
Sensor QAC
RU
Module assembly
FNAL UCSB
Pisa Perugia
Perugia Bari Wien Lyon
Karlsruhe Louvain
Strasbourg
Brussels UCSB
FNAL
Bonding & testing
FNAL UCSB
Padova Pisa Torino Bari Firenze Wien Zurich Strasbourg Karlsruhe Aachen UCSB
FNAL
Integration into mechanics
ROD INTEGRATION
FNAL UCSB
TIB-TID INTEGRATION
Pisa
Louvain
Brussels
PETALS INTEGRATION Aachen
Lyon Strasbourg Karlsruhe
Sub-assemblies
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TOB assembly TIB-ID assembly
At CERN Pisa
TEC assembly
Aachen
TK ASSEMBLY
At CERN
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008
TEC assembly
Karlsruhe. --> Lyon
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CMS decision for an all silicon tracker in 2000
• Concerns about Micro Strip Gas Chambers (MSGC)
• Cost for a silicon had fallen
• US was on board
US in the tracker
• 1997: First US workshop (FNAL)
• 1998: An initial proposal
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900 modules
• 2000: All of the Tracker Outer Barrel (TOB)
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5200 modules
• Final: All TOB + Fraction of Tracker End Caps (TEC)
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7100 modules (~135 m 2 )
UCSB: 4200 modules (~80 m 2 ),
• ~60% of US production and 40% of total surface area of tracker
• Relative cost of production ~35% (large cost savings to US CMS)
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 7

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Brown University
• L. Christofek, S. Esen, D. Giordano,G. Landsberg, M. Nahrain, H.D. Nguyen, T. Speers, K.V. Tsang
University of California, Riverside (UCR)
• G. Hanson, H. Liu, G.Y. Jeng, G. Pasztor, A. Satpathy, R. Stringer
University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)
• C. Campagnari, M. D’Alfonso, T. Danielson, J. Incandela, C. Justus, P. Kalavase, A. Kaminskiy, S.
Koay, D. Kovalskyi, V. Krutelyov, S. Kyre, J. Lamb, S. Lowette, F. Rebasso, J. Ribnik, J. Richman, R.
Rossin, D. Stuart, S. Swain, W. To, D. White, J-R Vlimant+ technicians
University of Illinois, Chicago (UIC)
• E. Shabalina, C. Gerber, S. Khalatian, V. Bazterra
Fermilab (FNAL)
• L. Bagby, P. Bhat, M. Demarteau, H. Jensen, M. Johnson, T. Miao, S. Moccia, C. Noeding, J.
Spalding, L. Spiegel, Y. Sverev, S. Tkaczyk
University of Kansas (KU)
• P. Baringer, A. Bean, J. Chen, T. Moulik
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
• S. Hahn, K. Hahn, P. Harris, M. Rudolph, P. Everaerts, K. Sung
University of Rochester (UR)
• R.Demina, Y. Gotra, S. Korjenevski, D. Miner
Mexican Consortium:
• Cinvestav : H. Castilla, R. Perez, A. Sanchez Puebla: E. Medel, H. Salazar
• San Luis Potosi: A. Morelos
Project Leader: J. Incandela (UCSB)
Deputy: R. Demina (UR)
*As of summer ’07 for institutions other than UCSB
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 8

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Module and rod production at UCSB
• A substantial effort for many years - completed last year
 At peak ~ 25 people including many outstanding undergraduates
Tracker Integration at CERN
• We have had a presence at CERN on the tracker since 2005
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Rod reception, Tracker Assembly and testing (2005-2007)
• UCSB technicians were involved in construction
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UCSB was responsible for all testing of the Tracker Outer Barrel (TOB)
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The UCSB testing team was the core of CERN-based expertise in detector operation and played a major role in operation and testing during the slice test and cosmics data-taking of the fully assembled tracker.
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A UCSB physics B.S. spent one year on DAQ integration
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Currently UCSB is contributing to preparations for first data
• 1 Faculty, 2 post-docs, 3 students, 1 engineer and 1 tech. full-time at CERN
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Other faculty, Post-docs, Students and Engineers make regular long visits to
CERN to participate in point 5 activities
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 9

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• Common Mode Noise (CMN) in ST sensors (TOB,TEC)
>12,000 sensors to Hamamatsu Corporation
• Broken traces on hybrid pigtails: (TIB, TOB & TEC)
 integrated the pigtail into the kapton layers.
• Poorly plated vias: (TIB, TOB & TEC)
 change hybrid production methodology and QA.
• Degradation of Ag epoxy bias connection. (TOB & TEC)
 bias connection made with wirebonds (as already done for TIB).
• I2C communication failures on rods: (TOB & TEC)
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Redesign interconnect cards (not used in TIB).
• Sensor damage due to discharge: (TOB,TEC)
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Resolved by encapsulating and modifying power supplies (TIB did not have this problem).
Methods drew upon CDF, D0, Babar, CLEO etc.
Avoided potentially catastrophic failure of tracker
Led to unprecedented quality and performance for physics
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 10

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UCSB found modules with SGS
Thomson Microelectronics (STM) sensors showed CMN
• Micro-discharge
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More modules developed the problem over time even if only stored on shelf!
• We postulated some kind of chemical deterioration.
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After 1.5 years of intense effort, it was determined to be corrosion
APV 3
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APV 4
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8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Ultimately needed to compress 2.5 year production schedule into a little over 1 year
Total US Modules Tested
Grade A
Grade B
Grade F
Total
~1 year
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7115 modules : Only 27 were not installable
2644 of 4,145,912 bad channels
99.96% good channels @ UCSB
 best in CMS
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 12

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The + end of the TOB in the Tracker Support Tube (TST)
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 13

14 J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 14

• Noise distribution after common mode noise subtraction is
Gaussian over nearly 4 decades!
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Only a few dozen outliers = known bad channels.
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•Edge strips responsible for the small shoulder (black) and are removed (blue).
•Average noise per chip is rescaled to arbitrary value of 10 ADC to correct for gain variations.
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 15

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Cosmic slice test data validation: (Rubinstein, Stuart)
• Online zero suppression
• optimal clustering thresholds
• TOB alignment
• Check momentum spectrum with scattering
• Calibration monitoring
Commissioning: (Justus,
Rubinstein, To, Stuart)
• Cabling and electronics testing in UX5
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Calibration monitoring in Nov. global run
• Calibration validation and monitoring will continue through connection and checkout.
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 17

J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 18

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UCSB involvement
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Commercial, large-scale silicon pixel production (UCSB has been involved in discussions with HPK)
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Cooling and material budget
• One of the groups in CMS that spearheaded the idea of using fewer but more powerful sensing layers (long-pixels),
• Studying ways of achieving low mass mechanics shared by more than one layer, thinned sensors and electronics
• Thinking outside the box to achieve adequate cooling without vast increases in material
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Simulations for physics performance
• GEANT4 representations of pixel-superlayers
• Ability to change geometry on the fly
• Optimize design within a specific design class
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Plan involvement in electronics, e.g. L1 track trigger R&D
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 20

CMS Tracker Upgrade
Possible High Pt Discrimination Scheme
Stacks of Sensor Pairs, improved local Pt measurement
Su mm
Straw-man Layout Example
12 Measurement Layers
Organized in Super-Layers
Each Super-Layer =
Stack of 2 Sensor Pairs
(4 measurement layers /
Super-Layer)
Inner Super-Layer ~ 20cm (?)
Middle Super-Layer ~ 60cm
Outer Super-Layer ~ 100cm
Incandela, Mannelli
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 21
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α
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 22
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Many contributions completed, underway, foreseen:
Development of tools for the collaboration
• Tracking and triggering (Richman et al.)
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Rapid, efficient and pure regional tracking in the High Level Trigger
• Muons (Campagnari et al.)
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Helping to develop robust muon reconstruction tools
• Physics Analyzer Tool development (Lowette)
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Facilitate data-access as well as access to new innovations
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Will help those who are now saddled with detector installation and commissioning to ramp up quickly in physics analysis
• On-shell effective theories (OSETs) (Koay, Rossin)
In collaboration with theorists, have developed a special tool to allow the rapid characterization of observations of non Standard Model (SM) phenomena in CMS data
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Enables CMS to rapidly characterize any new signals that may be seen and quickly point the way to new directions of enquiry
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 23

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Offline Muon Reconstruction and Identification
Developed “propagator” to swim track and cov matrix into 
-system
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B-field, dE/dX, multiple scattering essential to
 reconstruction (V. Krutelyov)
Developed alternative inside-out
 reconstruction algorithm
• Increased efficiency at low P
T
, redundancy, robustness (D. Kovalskyi, C. Campagnari, J. Ribnick)
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Development of muonID algorithms
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(J. Ribnick, C. Campagnari, D. Kovalskyi, V. Krutelyov)
Coordination of muon isolation tools development (V. Krutelyov)
Definition of muon object content and format (D. Kovalskyi)
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Main goals: design, implementation, and testing of
Level 3 Muon Trigger
• No silicon tracking performed prior to L3.
• Algorithm development, tools, studies of trigger rates
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p
T
Improvement in efficiency for
Richman, Jean-Roch Vlimant, Finn Rebassoo matching muon to correct track in dense tracking environment.
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 25

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Data-driven methods for normalizing SM backgrounds and new physics with specific topologies
• (Pavlunin, Stuart…) Normalize SM Z+jets in forward region
• ( D’Alfonso, Incandela…) Use W+jets with W decaying to e n or
n to normalize Z+jets with Z decaying to neutrinos
• Study top dileptons (Campagnari et al) top lepton+jets (Lamb,
Incandela) in preparation for new physics with leptons/jets/missing energy
Full feasilbility studies (CMS Physics TDR)
• (Hill, Koay, Incandela) Studied Htt and showed that for the case of H decaying to bb, this channel may not be accessible at the LHC
Leadership roles in CMS Physics organization
• Physics Coordination (JI, deputy phys coordinator)
• Physics analysis (Claudio Campagnari, co-leader of top group)
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 26

ee
T
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Njets e 
Njets all
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Njets Njets
Campagnari, Kalavase, Kovalskyi,
Krutelyov, Ribnick
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 27

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UCSB has been an important asset for CMS for many years
• Large part of the success of the tracker project
We are now turning to the critical needs of the next phases
• Commissioning, maintenance and operation of the tracker
• Providing important tools for physics
• Preparing to analyze data
• R&D for the tracker upgrades
UCSB remains an important asset for CMS
• A strong UCSB group is an important CMS –wide resource
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Noise Measurement
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• Minimum noise
• Maximum sensitivity
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Noisy
1 sensor open
2 sensors open
Bad Channel Flags
Pinholes
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Use results of many partially correlated tests to determine the type and location of faults
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>99.9% faults are found with <0.01% error rate
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 30

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The start of production was delayed >2 y
Production capacity had to be expanded
• US CMS portion of project was increased 40%
Ultimately needed to compress 2.5 year production schedule into a little over 1 year
• Required an enormous amount of organization, workflow analysis, failure modes analysis, etc.
There was less than 3 days downtime due to equipment failure.
31 J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 31

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Opens in the power vias appeared with time
• Inconsistently plated
Kapton
Glue
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Fix: add intermediate kapton layer
Kapton
Glue
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Analyze movement of people in clean room, layout work areas to optimize efficiency, minimize interference and minimize errors.
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Two teams of 5 technicians includes 2 US technicians
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0.25
 m IBM CMOS
• 128 Channels
50 ns CR-RC shaper
• Clever sampling of charge in three intervals separated by 25 ns intervals
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Total charge on strip in a single
25 ns bunch crossing obtained by de-convolution of signal from impulse response of amplifier
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Low noise and power
Expect < 3000 e noise for all detector types during CMS lifetime
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192 cell analog pipeline
• Diff. analog data output
Radiation Hard- Performance unchanged after 50 MRad
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008 36

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Data for all channels are readout to the Front End Driver
(FED) which then applies
• Zero suppression
• Pedestals
• Common mode filtering
• Clustering
Readout is analog optical
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Blue = double sided
Red = single sided
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Strip lengths 10 cm (innermost) to 20 cm (outermost)
Strip pitches 80
 m (innermost) to 205
 m (outermost)
J. Incandela – DOE Site Visit – January 17, 2008
J. Incandela, Jan. 17,2008
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T
Single
 sample, p
T
=100 GeV
Only rms shifts greater than 10
 m degrade pt resolution
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2
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