Comprehensive Exam #1
EUROPEAN HISTORY
SECTION I
Time—55 minutes
80 Questions
1. The War of the Roses was significant
because it
(A) significantly increased the power of
the French monarchy.
(B) led to a decline in the independence
of the Italian city-states.
(C) led to the rise of the Tudor dynasty
in England.
(D) led to the deaths of nearly 100,000
Swabian peasants.
(E) signaled the victory of Charles V
over the French Valois kings.
4. Which of the following statements is
true concerning the Anabaptists of the
sixteenth century?
(A) They believed in following the
seven sacraments of the Catholic
church.
(B) They believed that the second
coming of Jesus was far off into the
future.
(C) They believed in strong secular
authority to maintain law and order.
(D) They believed in a strong voluntary
association of believers with no
connection to any state.
(E) They believed in a Trinity
consisting of the Father, the Son,
and the Holy Spirit.
2. Which of the following families led the
city-state of Milan in the late-fifteenth
century and sought improved relations
with the city-states of Venice and
Florence?
(A) Este
(B) Medici
(C) Fugger
(D) Borgia
(E) Sforza
5. Which of the following explorers
conquered the Incas in South America in
the sixteenth century?
(A) Alfonso de Albuquerque
(B) Amerigo Vespucci
(C) Bartholomew Dias
(D) Hernan Cortés
(E) Francisco Pisarro
3. Which of the following co-founded
Plato’s Academy in Florence and was an
expert on Greek philosophy and
Neoplatonism?
(A) Marsilio Ficino
(B) Lorenzo Valla
(C) Francesco Petrarch
(D) Pico della Mirandola
(E) Leonardo Bruni
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6. Which of the following became a major
staple crop in Europe by the eighteenth
century as a result of the Columbian
Exchange?
(A) Oats
(B) Potato
(C) Sugar
(D) Tobacco
(E) Wheat
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
7. The map above best represents France’s
borders after the
(A) Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
(B) Thirty Years’ War
(C) War of Spanish Succession
(D) Seven Years’ War
(E) Congress of Vienna
8. The structure above most likely reflects
which of the following styles?
(A) Gothic
(B) Venetian
(C) Baroque
(D) Neoclassical
(E) High Renaissance
9. The last Muslim stronghold on the
Iberian peninsula prior to 1492 was
(A) Navarre
(B) Granada
(C) Castile
(D) Aragon
(E) Andalusia
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
10. “Those that commonly call themselves the religious and monks, most false in both titles,
when both a great part of them are farthest from religion, and no men swarm thicker in all
places than themselves. For first, they reckon it one of the main points of piety if they are so
illiterate that they can't so much as read. And then when they run over their offices, which
they carry about them, rather by tale than understanding, they believe the gods more than
ordinarily pleased with their praying. And yet, like pleasant fellows, with all this vileness,
ignorance, rudeness, and impudence, they represent to us, for so they call it, the lives of the
apostles.”
The above excerpt mostly likely reflects the views of which of the following authors?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
Lorenzo Valla, On the False Donation of Constantine
François Rableis, Gargantua
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
Louis XIV, Edict of Fountainbleu



The clergy is not allowed to marry.
Catholicism cannot be practiced openly
Everyone is required to attend church services of the Anglican Church
11. The above provisions were incorporated during the reign of
(A) Henry VII
(B) Mary Tudor
(C) Edward VI
(D) Elizabeth I
(E) Oliver Cromwell
12. In which of the following ways was Philip II successful in promoting his Catholic crusade?
(A) Achieving a political marriage to Elizabeth I of England.
(B) Maintaining religious uniformity throughout the Netherlands.
(C) Defeating the Turks at the naval battle at Lepanto.
(D) Forging a military alliance with Catherine de Medicis of France.
(E) Preventing the spread of Calvinism to French-controlled territories in Italy.
13. The major figure of the Scottish Reformation who was instrumental in making
Presbyterianism the dominant church in Scotland was
(A) John Wyclif
(B) William Tyndale
(C) Robert Peel
(D) David Hume
(E) John Knox
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
14. “While the nobility merits to be
generously treated if it does well, it is
necessary at the same time to be severe
with it if it ever fails in what its status
demands of it. I do not hesitate to say
that those nobles who, degenerating
from the virtuous conduct of their
forebears, fail to serve the crown
constantly and courageously with both
their swords and their lives, as the laws
of the state require, deserve the loss of
the privileges of their birth and should
be reduced to sharing the burdens of the
common people.”
16. The English ruler most known for the
conquest of Ireland and particularly
harsh treatment of its inhabitants was
(A) Henry VIII
(B) Oliver Cromwell
(C) Elizabeth I
(D) Mary Stuart
(E) George I
17. The English Bill of Rights (1689)
established
(A) a republican form of government
with increased suffrage for
landowners.
(B) the supremacy of the House of
Lords in Parliament.
(C) a constitutional monarchy with the
nobles and gentry in control of
Parliament.
(D) a democratic republic with
increased suffrage for commoners.
(E) a parliamentary dictatorship with a
symbolic monarchy.
The above statement was most likely
written by
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Frederick I of Prussia
Leopold I of Austria
Charles II of England
Cardinal Richelieu of France
Robert Walpole of Great Britain
15. Which of the following pairs of
countries emerged as growing major
powers by the end of the seventeenth
century?
(A) Poland-Lithuania and Sweden
(B) The Ottoman Empire and Holy
Roman Empire
(C) Prussia and Austria
(D) Spain and Portugal
(E) Italy and Hungary
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18. Which of the following was a major
cause for the economic decline of the
Netherlands by the early eighteenth
century?
(A) The wars of Louis XIV put
tremendous strains on the Dutch
economy.
(B) The new Dutch leadership under
William of Orange III fanatically
enforced religious uniformity.
(C) The Hanseatic League in northern
Germany began to disrupt Dutch
trade routes.
(D) Antwerp replaced Amsterdam as the
new mercantile center in Europe as
a result of aggressive anti-Dutch
policies by the Spanish Netherlands.
(E) The Treaty of Westphalia crippled
Dutch independence.
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
19. Which of the following statements best
describes Ottoman rule in the Balkans in
the years between 1500 and 1700?
(A) The Turks were religiously tolerant
of Christian worship.
(B) The Balkans enjoyed politically
democracy as long as they provided
tribute.
(C) The Turks were exceedingly
ruthless in stamping out nonMuslim practices.
(D) The Turks’ major goal in the region
was to impose Turkish customs on
the people.
(E) The Turks fostered a cosmopolitan
and enlightened atmosphere
throughout the region.
22. Which of the following was known for
his statement, “I think; therefore I am,”
that illustrated the viability of deductive
reasoning?
(A) John Locke
(B) Isaac Newton
(C) Galileo Galilei
(D) Blaise Pascal
(E) Rene Descartes
23. The notion that the accumulation of
property was at the root of society’s ills
was expressed in the works of which of
the following pairs of authors?
(A) Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay
(B) David Hume and Baron Paul
d’Holbach
(C) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
(D) Thomas More and Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
(E) Jacob Burckhardt and Giorgio
Vasari
20. Which of the following conducted
revolutionary experiments to study
gravity that led to his development of the
laws of motion?
(A) Tycho Brahe
(B) Galileo Galilei
(C) Francis Bacon
(D) Baruch Spinoza
(E) Pierre Bayle
24. Which of the following philosophers
influenced the “enlightened despots” to
decrease the use of torture?
(A) Marquis de Beccaria
(B) Georg William Friederick Hegel
(C) Denis Diderot
(D) Marquis de Condorcet
(E) Immanuel Kant
21. Great Britain was officially created as a
state due to
(A) Oliver Cromwell’s invasion and
conquest of Ireland in the 1650s
(B) the Restoration of Charles II in
1660
(C) the convening of the Long
Parliament in 1640
(D) the Act of Union between England
and Scotland in 1707
(E) the ascendance to the throne by
George I of Hanover in 1714
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25. Which of the following was a limitation
experienced by explorers in the sixteenth
century?
(A) Inability to determine the
approximate time of day
(B) Inability to determine latitude
(C) Inability to determine longitude
(D) Inability to travel in more than two
directions due to lack of modern sail
technology
(E) Inability to determine a ship’s
general location at night
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
26. Which of the following styles does the above painting, The Swing, by Jean-Honore
Fragonard, best represent?
(A) Realism
(B) French classicism
(C) Rococo
(D) Dutch Style
(E) Mannerism
27. A major eighteenth-century result of the Enlightenment was
(A) the rise of classical liberalism and the French Revolution
(B) the rise of mercantilism and state-sponsored monopolies
(C) the onset of the Scientific Revolution
(D) the rejection of rationalism among European elites
(E) the rise of scientific socialism as a new political philosophy
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
28. A major aspect of England’s mercantilist
system in the years between 1650 and
1750 was
(A) the institution of Navigation Laws
(B) the replacement of hard currency
with paper currency throughout the
empire.
(C) the success of the South Sea Bubble
(D) the lucrative free trade
arrangements negotiated with the
Netherlands
(E) the dissolution of the British East
India Company
29. Which of the following statements
concerning the country gentry in
England is true?
(A) It consisted of the noble class that
staunchly defended the strict
qualifications necessary for
membership
(B) It consisted of small farmers who
led the innovative period of the
agricultural revolution.
(C) It consisted of landless peasants
who worked common lands prior to
enclosure.
(D) It tended to be the social class least
supportive of the changes brought
by the industrial revolution.
(E) It consisted of wealthy landowners
who were not members of the
nobility but exercised significant
influence in Parliament.
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30. Which of the following conclusions
regarding social customs in eighteenthcentury Europe can be drawn from the
image above?
(A) Upper-class women tended to be
thinner than lower-class women.
(B) The average woman tended to
marry at a significantly younger age
than in previous centuries.
(C) New fashions, such as the one
shown in the image above, reflect
the increased political power of
women during the period.
(D) Many women, due to social
pressures of the period, became so
thin that they were unable to marry.
(E) Clothing styles for middle- and
upper-class women restricted their
participation in physical activities.
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
32. The storming of the Bastille on July 14,
1789 was significant because
(A) it demonstrated that the bourgeoisie
was capable of using force against
the Old Regime.
(B) it demonstrated that French peasants
were capable of exerting political
control in Paris.
(C) it led directly to the execution of
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
(D) it prevented the royal army from
cracking down on the new National
Assembly.
(E) it signaled the rise of the Jacobins to
power.
33. All of the following statements
regarding the rule of Napoleon I in
France are true EXCEPT
(A) he increased legal and political
rights for women.
(B) he utilized a secret police
organization to watch political
opponents.
(C) he allowed a significant degree of
religious toleration.
(D) he established the foundations for
France’s modern legal system.
(E) he refused to allow formation of
guilds and trade unions.
31. Which of the following statements best
reflects the above image?
(A) It portrays a typical intendant in the
French bureaucracy during the reign
of Louis XIII.
(B) It portrays a typical member of the
English gentry during the reign of
George III.
(C) It portrays a serf during the reign of
Catherine the Great.
(D) It portrays a member of the sans
culottes during the French
Revolution.
(E) It portrays a junker in the Prussian
military during the War of Austrian
Succession.
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34. Which of the following rulers during his
reign sought to improve relations with
the Catholic church?
(A) Frederick the Wise
(B) Gustavus Adolphus
(C) Napoleon I
(D) William of Orange
(E) Michael Romanov
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
35. In which capacity was the flying shuttle
a major innovation?
(A) It enabled an attacking army to win a
siege in early-modern warfare.
(B) It enabled maritime explorers to
calculate longitude quickly.
(C) It increased crop production during
the agricultural revolution.
(D) It improved mass transportation
during the late nineteenth century.
(E) It increased the production of textiles
during the era of protoindustrialization.
38. Which of the following statements best
describes why Russia was the last major
European country to industrialize in the
late-nineteenth century?
(A) Russia’s territory was too vast to
create an effective transportation
network.
(B) Russia had a relatively small
middle-class compared to other
major European countries.
(C) Russia’s peasantry was generally
less skilled than peasants in western
Europe.
(D) Russia’s lack of major ports
inhibited its trade with other
industrialized nations.
(E) The significant influence of
Marxism on Russian politics created
a negative environment for
industrial capital.
36. A major source of labor during the early
years of the industrial revolution in
England was
(A) chain gangs from local prisons
(B) orphaned children
(C) unmarried women over the age of
35
(D) middle-class girls under the age of
25
(E) men from poorhouses
39. “Finally, that, in this new order, people
possess a guarantee of well-being, of a
minimum sufficient for the present and
the future, and that this guarantee free
them from all uneasiness concerning
themselves and their families.”
37. Which of the following countries was
most affected by the challenges of ruling
a multi-ethnic empire during the
eighteenth century?
(A) Spain
(B) Germany
(C) Austria
(D) Italy
(E) Dutch Republic
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The above quote was most likely written
by
(A) an anarchist
(B) a proponent of laissez faire
capitalism
(C) a proponent of classical liberalism
(D) a Russian slavophile
(E) a French utopian socialist
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43. The 1848 “June Days” revolution in
France was characterized primarily by
(A) attacks by the bourgeoisie on the
absolutist character of the French
monarchy
(B) class warfare between the
bourgeoisie and the working class
(C) Louis Napoleon’s use of force to
decimate forces of the Paris
Commune
(D) the rise of the peasantry as a major
political force in the French
Republic
(E) anger at foreign influence and the
expulsion of numerous foreign
diplomats
40. The philosophy of utilitarianism as
advanced by Jeremy Bentham sought to
(A) influence government policy to
provide the “greatest good for the
greatest number”
(B) prevent liberal political movements
that would threaten the conservative
status quo
(C) reduce the influence of organized
religion in British society
(D) convince governments to adopt
mercantilist economic policies
(E) convince the masses that violent
revolution was the only effective
means to achieve social justice
41. Which of the following statements
regarding Florence Nightingale is true?
(A) She developed an early form of
vaccination for smallpox.
(B) She was a leading figure in the
Anti-Corn Law League.
(C) She was a leading figure in
battlefield nursing during the
Crimean War.
(D) She was a major figure in the
British suffrage movement.
(E) She was influential in advocating
increased financial support for
unmarried women in the post-World
War Two “welfare state”
44. Which of the following philosophies is
most closely associated with atheism?
(A) Scholasticism
(B) Deism
(C) Romanticism
(D) Existentialism
(E) Expressionism
45. The Reform Bill of 1832 was significant
in British politics as it
(A) provided universal male suffrage
(B) gave the House of Commons
supremacy over the House of Lords
(C) created the Cabinet system with a
prime minister as its leader
(D) reduced child labor in urban areas
(E) legalized labor unions so long as
they were peaceful
42. All of the following are characteristics of
the Romantic movement EXCEPT
(A) glorification of nature
(B) emphasis on rationalism
(C) interest in medieval culture
(D) preoccupation with the exotic
(E) belief in the supremacy of emotion
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46. Which of the following countries was
the first to grant female suffrage?
(A) Finland
(B) Germany
(C) Switzerland
(D) England
(E) France
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
47. Which of the following dates does the above map best represent for Europe?
(A) 1871
(B) 1919
(C) 1946
(D) 1989
(E) 1996
48. In contrast to artists during the last half of the nineteenth century, Baroque artists
(A) enjoyed more artistic freedom
(B) depended primarily on wealthy donors
(C) experimented more frequently with new styles
(D) received patronage from major institutions
(E) rejected oil paints as a legitimate medium
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
50. Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin both
believed that imperialism was the logical
outgrowth of
(A) socialism
(B) communism
(C) democracy
(D) fascism
(E) capitalism
51. A major difference between
totalitarianism in the 1920s and 1930s
and absolutism in the seventeenth
century was that
(A) larger numbers of ordinary citizens
were killed by their governments in
the seventeenth century.
(B) mass participation of ordinary
citizens was required by totalitarian
regimes.
(C) totalitarian regimes emphasized
religious conformity to a higher
degree.
(D) ordinary people enjoyed more
freedoms in totalitarian regimes so
long as they did not challenge
government authority.
(E) dictators in totalitarian countries
tended to rule for a longer period
than absolute monarchs did in the
seventeenth century.
“Dropping the Pilot” (1890), Punch
49. Which of the following best summarizes
the point of this cartoon by Sir John
Tenniel?
(A) Captain Alfred Dreyfus deserved
public humiliation for selling
French military secrets to Germany.
(B) Tsar Nicholas II was usurping
powers ordinarily reserved for the
Russian nobility.
(C) The services of Prime Minister
William Gladstone were no longer
required by Queen Victoria’s
government.
(D) Kaiser Wilhelm II was assuming
more authority in the German
Empire through the resignation of
Otto von Bismarck.
(E) Giuseppe Garibaldi’s authority in
southern Italy was no longer
recognized by King Victor
Emmanuel.
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52. Which of the following was the nucleus
of Italian unification after 1850?
(A) Sardinia-Piedmont
(B) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
(C) Venetia
(D) Rome
(E) Lombardy
53. In theory, women enjoyed a significant
increase in rights during
(A) Gladstone’s leadership in England
(B) Robespierre’s leadership in France
(C) Hitler’s leadership in Germany
(D) Lenin’s leadership in Russia
(E) Mussolini’s leadership in Italy
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 17501913
140
Level of Industrialization
120
100
Britain
80
France
Germany
60
Russia
China
40
India
20
0
1750
1800
1830
1860
Years
1880
1900
1913
54. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above graph?
(A) A higher level of industrialization per capita will result in a larger and more powerful
army.
(B) A lower level of industrialization per capita will indicate a lower total population for a
country.
(C) A higher level of industrialization per capita will result in a higher total production of
goods.
(D) A higher level of industrialization per capita indicates that a country is less efficient in
producing goods.
(E) There is no correlation between level of industrialization per capita and political power.
________________________________________________________________
55. All of the following countries experienced significant emigration to non-European regions of
the world during the nineteenth century EXCEPT
(A) Italy
(B) Germany
(C) Ireland
(D) Great Britain
(E) France
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
The World’s Plunderers
Thomas Nast, 1885
56. Which of the following statements best reflects the point of view of cartoonist Thomas Nast
regarding international affairs?
(A) Great Britain is less aggressive in its acquisition of colonies.
(B) Russia has more colonies than Britain or Germany.
(C) European powers are greedy in their conquest of other countries.
(D) Social Darwinism justifies the acquisition of colonies.
(E) Great Britain is late arriving to the imperialistic game.
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57. Pope Leo XIII’s issuance of Rerum
Novarum (1891) indicated the church’s
acceptance of which of the following in
the nineteenth century?
(A) Capitalism
(B) Protestantism
(C) Darwinism
(D) Socialism
(E) Italian nationalism
60. The French Revolution and the
Bolshevik Revolution were similar in
that they
(A) were
directly
caused
by
international wars.
(B) caused a dramatic decrease in the
influence of the nobility.
(C) relied on the bourgeoisie as the
major force in leading the
revolutions.
(D) both enjoyed support from the
majority of their populations.
(E) joined international alliances in
order to save their revolutions.
58. Which of the following statements best
reflects the purpose of Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points during World
War One?
(A) They sought to return world trade
towards the mercantilism that
existed prior to the war.
(B) They sought to severely punish
Germany for starting the war.
(C) They sought to increase European
control over global empires in
Africa and the Middle East.
(D) They sought to foster free trade
throughout the world.
(E) They sought to increase America’s
international territories in return for
U.S. involvement in the war.
61. A major target of Stalin’s wrath during
the Soviet collectivization of agriculture
was the
(A) middle class
(B) Russian Orthodox church
(C) urban proletariat
(D) kulaks
(E) old nobility
62. The most notorious example of
appeasement during the twentieth
century occurred at the
(A) Teheran Conference
(B) Munich Conference
(C) Yalta Conference
(D) Potsdam Conference
(E) Casablanca Conference
59. In which of the following ways did
World War One transform European
society?
(A) It increased the gap between the
wealthy and the poor.
(B) It inspired a return to Victorian-era
gender roles.
(C) It ushered in an era of economic
stability.
(D) It ended the rule of long-standing
dynasties in central and eastern
Europe.
(E) It stimulated an increased birthrate
during and after the war.
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63. The thorny issue of U.S., French, and
British forces in West Berlin during the
Cold War was essentially settled by
(A) the building of the Berlin Wall
(B) the Brezhnev Doctrine
(C) the 1955 Geneva summit
(D) the Berlin Airlift
(E) the Revolutions of 1989
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory
64. The above painting by Salvador Dali is an example of which of the following artistic styles?
(A) Dadaism
(B) Expressionism
(C) Synthetic cubism
(D) Futurism
(E) Surrealism
_____________________________________________________________
65. Which of the following was true about Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini?
(A) He sought to end private ownership of major industries.
(B) He organized all independent labor unions into government-controlled syndicates.
(C) He had similar racist policies to Hitler in Germany.
(D) He discouraged marriage since it distracted young men from their military duties.
(E) He was able to achieve totalitarianism to the same extent as in Russia and Germany.
66. All of the following were important causes for western Europe’s “economic miracle” after
World War Two EXCEPT
(A) the Marshall Plan
(B) the emergence of the “welfare state”
(C) political stability provided by the Christian Democrats
(D) rejection of fiscally strict Keynesian policies
(E) the creation of the Common Market
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
69. In the two decades following World War
Two, the average European woman
(A) married later
(B) had fewer children
(C) chose her career over marriage
(D) increased the size of her dowry
(E) abstained from pre-marital sex
70. The Second Vatican Council (1962-65)
and the Council of Trent (1545-1563)
were similar in that both
(A) made major changes in Catholic
church doctrine in order to adjust to
changes in society
(B) reasserted the Latin language as the
official language to be used during
Mass
(C) funded and promoted new
translations of the Latin Vulgate
(D) reaffirmed the core doctrines of the
Catholic church
(E) refused to invite any representatives
from Protestant churches to attend
71. The Atlantic Alliance was revitalized in
the 1980s due, in part, to the emergence
of
(A) Jean Monnet
(B) Margaret Thatcher
(C) John Major
(D) Francois Mitterand
(E) Jimmy Carter
67. The above political cartoon portraying
U.S. President John F. Kennedy and
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev refers
to the aftermath of which of the
following events?
(A) The Hungarian Uprising
(B) The Suez Canal Crisis
(C) The launching of sputnik
(D) The U-2 Incident
(E) The Cuban Missile Crisis
72. All of the following former colonies
achieved their independence from
European countries after World War II
EXCEPT
(A) the Philippines
(B) Vietnam
(C) Egypt
(D) Algeria
(E) India
68. The western European country which
stepped back from the process of
European economic and military unity in
the late 1950s and 1960s was
(A) West Germany
(B) Great Britain
(C) France
(D) Italy
(E) the Netherlands
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
76. “We are motivated by the ideas of the
1917 October Revolution, the ideas of
Lenin, the interests of the Soviet people.
Moving from suspicion and hostility to
confidence, from a “balance of fear” to a
balance of reason and goodwill, from
narrow
nationalist
egoism
to
cooperation—this is what we are urging.
And if the Russian word “perestroika”
has easily entered the international
lexicon, this is due to more than just
interest in what is going on in the Soviet
Union… We want freedom to reign
supreme in the coming century
everywhere in the world.”
73. Why was the invasion of Normandy (DDay) so important in the final outcome
of World War II?
(A) The invasion guaranteed that the
U.S. and Britain would arrive in
Berlin before the Soviet army.
(B) The Allied armies overran atomic
bomb facilities that would have
provided Hitler with an atomic
bomb by the middle of 1945.
(C) Within days of the invasion, Hitler
committed suicide and the German
army surrendered.
(D) Over one million Jews, who would
have otherwise been victims of the
Holocaust, were liberated by the
Allies in France and Belgium.
(E) Had the invasion failed, Nazi
Germany and the Soviet Union may
have opted for a mutually beneficial
peace treaty.
The above quote is most likely attributed
to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
74. The period of improved relations
between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. in the
1970s was known as
(A) “peaceful coexistence”
(B) détente
(C) ostpolitik
(D) the “spirit of Helsinki”
(E) glasnost
77. One of the most troubling issues for
right-wing ultra-nationalist politicians in
Europe during the 1990s was
(A) the large number of guest workers
coming into Europe from nonEuropean areas
(B) the slow progress in creating the
European Union
(C) the seeming lack of commitment
towards improving environmental
issues
(D) the dramatic reduction of nuclear
weapons among Europe’s most
powerful countries
(E) the decline of American influence
in the European economy
75. One of the most important causes of the
economic recession of the 1970s was
(A) the absence of war to stimulate
economies
(B) the deflation of many national
currencies
(C) governments foolishly embracing
large-scale Keynesian policies
(D) the “oil shock” caused by OPEC’s
reduction of oil supplies
(E) the “welfare state” being abandoned
in most western European countries
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Nikita Khrushchev
Leonid Brezhnev
Mikhail Gorbachev
Vaclav Havel
Boris Yeltsin
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
78. “Woman has always been man’s
dependant, if not his slave; the two sexes
have never shared the world in equality.
Even when her rights are legally
recognized in the abstract, long-standing
custom prevents their full expression in
the mores. In the economic sphere men
and women can almost be said to make
up two castes; other things being equal,
[men] hold the better jobs, get higher
wages, and have more opportunity for
success than their new competitors
[women].”
79. The economic role of the state during the
seventeenth century was similar to
economic role of the state after 1945 in
that
(A) both eras saw governments create
“welfare states” to provide for its
citizens.
(B) western Europe after World War II
was committed to free trade policies
like those in the seventeenth
century.
(C) increased imperialism by European
countries after World War II
resembled the rise of global empires
during the seventeenth century.
(D) seventeenth century governments
gave massive resources to scientific
research similar to the “Big
Science” projects that governments
sponsored after World War II.
(E) command economies in post-World
War II eastern Europe used
centralized planning that was
characteristic of France’s
mercantilist economy in the
seventeenth century.
The above quotation was most likely
written by
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Angela Merici
Madame de Pompadour
Simone de Beauvoir
Katherina von Bora
Angela Merkel
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
RUSSIAN POPULATION PROFILE: 1996
80. Which of the following statements best explains the above graph of Russia’s population
distribution?
(A) Women tend to live longer than men at nearly all ages.
(B) There are more men currently alive who were born in 1905 than there are women born
the same year.
(C) The majority of the Russian population consists of people born prior to 1955.
(D) Russia’s total population is less than two million.
(E) The years during World War Two saw the largest population growth.
END OF EXAMINATION
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
C
E
A
D
E
B
C
E
B
A
D
C
E
D
C
B
C
A
A
B
© HistorySage.com 2008
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
D
E
D
A
C
C
A
A
E
E
D
D
A
C
E
B
C
B
E
A
-21-
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
C
B
B
D
B
A
E
B
D
E
B
A
D
C
E
C
A
D
D
B
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
D
B
A
E
B
D
E
C
B
D
B
A
E
B
D
C
A
C
E
A
AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
Diagnostic
Directions: The following breakdown may be useful for assessing areas of relative weakness
and strength for material between 1450 and the present. There is some overlap as a few questions
fit into multiple categories.
Unit
Question Numbers
1.2 Renaissance
2, 3, 4, 10, 23, 48
1.3 Expansion: Commercial Revolution,
New Monarchs, Exploration
2.1 Reformation
1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 25
2.2 Religious Wars
12, 16
3.1/3.3 Absolutism
7, 14, 15, 19, 37, 51, 79
3.2 Constitutionalism
17, 18, 21, 29
4.1 Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment
20, 22, 23, 24, 27
4.2 Atlantic Trade/Mercantilism/18th
Century Society
5 French Revolution and Napoleon
6, 18, 26, 28, 30
6 Industrial Revolution
35, 36, 38
7.1 1815-1848
39, 40, 42, 43, 45
7.2 Urbanization & 19th c. Society
40, 48, 54, 57
8.1/8.2 Politics 1848-1914
38, 41, 46, 47, 52
8.3 Imperialism
50, 55, 56
9.1 World War I/Russian Revolution
58, 59, 60
9.2 Age of Anxiety/Interwar Period
44, 64,
10.1 Totalitarianism
51, 53, 61, 65
10.2 World War Two
62, 73
10.3 Cold War and Nationalism
47, 63, 67, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77
4, 13, 70
31, 32, 33, 34, 60
10.4 Economic Recovery and Unity; Society 66, 68, 69, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
Explanations
1. The War of the Roses was significant because it: (C) led to the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
The victory of the House of York over the House of Lancaster paved the way for the
ascension of Henry VII Tudor to the English throne in the late-fifteenth century. The War
of the Roses was essentially a civil war between two noble families vying for the English
throne. (Unit 1.3, p. 3)
2. Which of the following families led the city-state of Milan in the late-fifteenth century
and sought improved relations with the city-states of Venice and Florence? (E) Sforza.
Milan was a principal adversary of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454)
created a relative 40-year period of peace among the Italian city-states. The most powerful
Milanese leader during this period was Ludivoco “the Moor.” (Unit 1.2, p. 2)
3. Which of the following co-founded Plato’s Academy in Florence and was an expert on
Greek philosophy and Neoplatonism? (A) Marsiglio Ficino. One of the most influential
humanist philosophers of the fifteenth century, Ficino founded the Platonic Academy at the
behest of Cosimo de’ Medici in the 1460s.This new institution served to spread the works
and philosophy of Plato throughout much of Europe. Ficino translated Plato’s works into
Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the first time. (Unit 1.2, p. 6)
4. Which of the following statements is true concerning the Anabaptists of the sixteenth
century? (D) They believed in a strong voluntary association of believers with no
connection to any state. The Anabaptists rejected secular agreements, refused to take civil
oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in the military. They did not believe in
childhood baptism believing that only adults could make the decision to commit to Christ. As
millenarians, they believed the end of the world was near. They also rejected the idea of the
Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), an idea that other Christian sects saw as blasphemous.
Some historians see the Anabaptists as the “left wing” of the Protestant Reformation (Unit
2.1, p. 7)
5. Which of the following explorers conquered the Incas in South America in the sixteenth
century? (E) Francisco Pizarro. He conquered Peru in 1532. The Potosí silver mines in
Peru became a major source of revenue for the Spanish crown. (Unit 1.3, p. 10)
6. Which of the following became a major staple crop in Europe by the eighteenth century
as a result of the Columbian Exchange? (B) Potato. Although numerous new foods were
introduced to Europe as a result of the Columbian exchange, corn and potatoes became
fundamental staples for millions of people throughout Europe. Both foods were high in
vitamins and carbohydrates when compared to other staples such as wheat, oats and barley.
(Unit 1.3, p. 15; Unit 4.2, p. 7)
7. The map above best represents France’s borders after the: (C) War of Spanish
Succession. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) formally ended the War of Spanish Succession.
The war was the last of the major expansionist wars of Louis XIV. As seen from the map,
France gained only a modest amount of territory in its border areas, largely the result of the
balance of power that emerged in Europe against France during this period. The wars did
much to undermine the French economy. (Unit 3.1, pp. 9-10)
8. The structure above most likely reflects which of the following styles? (E) High
Renaissance. The photograph in this question is of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. While
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
Florence dominated Renaissance culture in the 1400s (the “quattrocento”), the center of
Renaissance culture shifted to Rome in the 1500s (“cinquecento”). Michelangelo and
Raphael achieved greatness during this period. Major works of this era include
Michelangelo’s painting of the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel; Bramante and Michelangelo’s
design of the façade and dome at St. Peter’s Basilica, respectively; and Raphael’s School of
Athens, and his numerous paintings of the Madonna and Child. (Unit 1.2, pp. 7-8)
9. The last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula prior to 1492 was: (B) Granada.
The reconquista of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain resulted in the removal of the last
major stronghold of Muslims from Spain. This was the last step in the unification of Spain.
Muslims who remained in Spain were forced to convert to Catholicism . (Unit 1.3, p. 3)
10. The above excerpt mostly likely reflects the views of which of the following authors? (A)
Erasmus, In Praise of Folly. In his most famous work, In Praise of Folly (1513), Erasmus
was highly critical of the corruption and hypocrisy in the Catholic church. The work was
written in Latin, an indication that it was not meant for widespread public consumption. Yet
the influence of the work was profound as it “lay the egg that Luther hatched” just four years
later. (Unit 1.2, p. 12)



The clergy is not allowed to marry.
Catholicism cannot be practiced openly
Everyone is required to attend church services of the Anglican Church
11. The above provisions were incorporated during the reign of: (D) Elizabeth I. In the
Elizabethan Settlement, Queen Elizabeth I and Parliament required conformity to the
Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and
Catholicism privately. Some church practices and rituals resembled Catholic practices. The
Book of Common Prayer was instituted in 1559. Catholicism remained popular, especially
among the gentry, but could not be practiced openly. In the Anglican Church, services were
given in English, monasteries were not re-established, the clergy was not allowed to marry,
and everyone was required to attend Anglican Church services. Published in 1563, The
Thirty-Nine Articles defined the creed of Anglican Church and although it followed
Protestant doctrine, it was vague enough to accommodate most of the English, except
Puritans. (Unit 2.1, p. 13)
12. In which of the following ways was Philip II successful in promoting his Catholic
crusade? (C) Defeating the Turks at the naval battle at Lepanto. Like his father, Charles
V, Philip II (r. 1556-1598) sought to roll back Protestantism in Europe and was fanatically
committed to Catholic orthodoxy. His new royal palace, the Escorial, was built in the shape
of grates to commemorate the martyrdom of St. Lawrence (who had been burned alive). He
waged unsuccessful wars against the Dutch Republic and England (the Spanish Armada) in
an attempt to reimpose Catholicism. One of Philip’s great military accomplishments was the
defeat of the Turks at the naval battle of Lepanto in 1581, a victory that ended the Ottoman
threat in the eastern Mediterranean and that was reminiscent of the Christian Crusades of the
Middle Ages. It was under Philip II that Spain enjoyed its “Golden Age.” (Unit 2.2, pp. 1-2)
13. The major figure of the Scottish Reformation who was instrumental in making
Presbyterianism the dominant church in Scotland was: (E) John Knox. Similar to the
role John Calvin played in Geneva, John Knox was the dominant Calvinist in Scotland in the
mid-1500s. His influence led to the removal of Mary, Queen of Scots, from the Scottish
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
throne. Scottish Calvinism, known as Presbyterianism, became the dominant faith in
Scotland. In Presbyterianism, presbyters governed a church that was larger and more
hierarchical than individual congregations that characterized Calvinism in other countries.
(Unit 2.1, p. 9)
14. “While the nobility merits to be generously treated if it does well, it is necessary at the
same time to be severe with it if it ever fails in what its status demands of it. I do not
hesitate to say that those nobles who, degenerating from the virtuous conduct of their
forebears, fail to serve the crown constantly and courageously with both their swords
and their lives, as the laws of the state require, deserve the loss of the privileges of their
birth and should be reduced to sharing the burdens of the common people.” The above
statement was most likely written by: (D) Cardinal Richelieu of France. Cardinal
Richelieu contributed significantly to the development of absolutism in France with his
implementation of the intendant system. The system weakened the nobility and replaced
local officials with civil servants—intendants—who reported directly to the king. Intendants
were largely middle-class or minor nobles (“nobility of the robe”) who administered each of
the country’s 32 districts and who were responsible for justice, police and finance functions.
As a result, the government became more efficient and centrally controlled. Richelieu also
ended the practice of Huguenots presiding over fortified cities with their Protestant armies.
He saw them as a challenge to royal authority. (Unit 3.1, p. 4)
15. Which of the following pairs of countries emerged as growing major powers by the end
of the seventeenth century? (C) Prussia and Austria. The seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries saw the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, and the Ottoman
Empire in Europe. Replacing these three declining powers were Prussia (under the
Hohenzollerns), Austria (under the Hapsburgs) and Russia (under the Romanovs). Although
the HRE had been earlier dominated by the Hapsburgs, Austria remained a small political
entity. During the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Austria began to gain territory at
the expense of the Ottoman Empire (e.g. Hungary) and grew to be a dominant player in
eastern European diplomatic affairs. (Unit 3.3, pp. 1, 4-7)
16. The English ruler most known for the conquest of Ireland and particularly harsh
treatment of its inhabitants was: (B) Oliver Cromwell. In 1649, Cromwell invaded Ireland
to put down an Irish uprising that had favored royalist forces in England. In the subsequent
Act of Settlement (1652) land from two-thirds of Catholic property owners was given to
Protestant English colonists. (Unit 2.2., p. 8)
17. The English Bill of Rights (1689) established: (C) a constitutional monarchy with the
nobles and gentry in control of Parliament. The English Bill of Rights (1689) established a
constitutional monarchy in England and became the future hallmark for the rise of
constitutionalism in Europe. Among the numerous provisions, the Bill of Rights established
that the monarch could not be Roman Catholic, laws could be made only with the consent of
Parliament, Parliament had right of free speech, taxation was illegal without Parliamentary
approval, Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent, and a standing army in
peace time was not legal without Parliamentary approval. Moreover, the Bill of Rights
established protection for individuals from excessive government power such as prohibiting
excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments; providing the right to trial by jury, due
process of law, and reasonable bail; providing the right to petition; providing the right to bear
arms for Protestants (not Catholics); and providing free elections to Parliament. (Unit 3.2, pp.
9-10)
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
18. Which of the following was a major cause for the economic decline of the Netherlands
by the early eighteenth century? (A) The wars of Louis XIV put tremendous strains on
the Dutch economy. The first half of the 1600s is seen as the “golden age” of the
Netherlands. Increased economic and military competition with England weakened the Dutch
economy. However, the wars of Louis XIV threatened the very existence of the Netherlands
and the Dutch needed to put tremendous resources into their military survival. In 1672, the
opened their dikes and flooded large parts of Holland in order to prevent the French from
taking Amsterdam. By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) the Netherlands had become a secondrate power behind Britain and France in the Atlantic (Unit 3.2, p. 13)
19. Which of the following statements best describes Ottoman rule in the Balkans in the
years between 1500 and 1700? (A) The Turks were religiously tolerant of Christian
worship. Rather than imposing rule in the Balkans by foreign Turks, the Sultan created a
bureaucracy of former Christians that administered the Ottoman lands in the Balkans and
eastern Europe. The Turks tended to be tolerant of Christianity in their European-conquered
lands so long as their authority was not challenged. The Ottoman bureaucracy in southeastern
Europe consisted largely of former Christians had been taken from their homes as children
and trained and indoctrinated in Turkish ways. The more talented of these Christian slaves
became members of the Ottoman bureaucracy in the Balkans. Those who were less talented
were conscripted into the “janissary corps” in the Sultan’s army. (Unit 3.3, p. 1)
20. Which of the following conducted revolutionary experiments to study gravity that led to
his development of the laws of motion? (B) Galileo Galilei. He developed the laws of
motion using the experimental method (with controlled experiments). In his gravity
experiment, he hypothesized that gravity was a universal force that produced uniform
acceleration. He demonstrated that all falling objects descend with equal velocity regardless
of their weight. In his Law of inertia, Galileo hypothesized that an object that is in motion
remains in motion until it is stopped by some external force. Of course, Galileo is more
famously known for using his telescope to prove the validity of Copernicus’ heliocentric
theory.
21. Great Britain was officially created as a state due to: (D) the Act of Union between
England and Scotland in 1707. Scotland had regained its independence after the death of
Oliver Cromwell. While it closely guarded its independence from England in subsequent
decades, Scotland realized that only through a union with England and its powerful global
empire could it transform itself into a viable modern state with a vigorous economy. The Act
of Union (1707) thus created the Anglo-Scottish union of Great Britain. (Unit 3.2, p. 11)
22. Which of the following was known for his statement, “I think; therefore I am,” that
illustrated the viability of deductive reasoning? (E) Rene Descartes. Descartes helped
develop the deductive approach to reasoning that formed an important component of the
modern scientific method. He sought to prove his own existence by stating, “I think,
therefore I am.” This type of logic grew into the hypothesis step of the scientific method.
Francis Bacon, on the other hand, formalized empiricism (or direct observation) in order to
test whether a hypothesis was valid. This is the inductive approach that had been earlier
used by Brahe and Galileo. (Unit 4.1, pp. 4-5)
23. The notion that the accumulation of property was at the root of society’s ills was
expressed in the works of which of the following pairs of authors? (D) Thomas More
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In Utopia (1516), Thomas More mixes civic humanism with
religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island. He
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills as a few have it, while
most don’t. In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their
individual rights for the common good. Similarly, Rousseau saw civilization as a corrupting
influence on the “noble savage.” He saw people in a state of nature as good and equal
because the accumulation of property had not stratified society. (Unit 1.2, p. 12; Unit 4.1,
pp. 10-11)
24. Which of the following philosophers influenced the “enlightened despots” to decrease
the use of torture? (A) Marquis de Beccaria. In On Crimes and Punishment (1764),
Beccaria advocated the humanization of criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of
reason and equality before the law. He stated punishment for a crime should be based
rationally on the damage done to society and should not be linked to the religious concept of
sin. Moreover, he opposed death penalty except for serious threats against the state and
opposed torture to extract confessions. His views influenced the “Enlightened Despots” of
the eighteenth century: Frederick the Great of Prussia banned torture; Catherine the Great of
Russia restricted use of torture; and Joseph II of Austria banned torture and the death penalty
(but not necessarily other harsh punishments). Unit 4.1, p. 11)
25. Which of the following was a limitation experienced by explorers in the sixteenth
century? (C) Inability to determine longitude. While determining latitude had been known
for centuries, longitude (east to west distances on maps) was far more difficult to measure.
An extremely precise clock would be needed. John Harrison led the way in the mid- late
eighteenth century in developing a chronometer that would do the job. As a result, mariners
were now able to develop maps that were far more accurate. (Unit 4.1, p. 7)
26. Which of the following styles does the above painting, The Swing, by Jean-Honore
Fragonard, best represent? (C) Rococo. The Rococo emerged in France during the reign
of Louis XV as a reaction to the baroque. Rococo works tended to be lighter, more intimate
(and sensual), and some paintings focused on the lives of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. It
has been criticized by some as being a “frivolous” style, unlike the Neoclassical style that
replaced it in the eighteenth century. (Unit 4.2, pp. 23-24)
27. A major eighteenth-century result of the Enlightenment was: (A) the rise of classical
liberalism and the French Revolution. The philosophy of John Locke had a huge influence
on the development of classical liberalism in the eighteenth century. Other notable writers
included Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau. Classical liberalism encompassed the ideas
of equality before the law, due process, representative government (although not democracy),
religious freedom, and progress. Classical liberalism was championed by leaders of the
French Third Estate that oversaw the French Revolution. The American Revolution was
likewise dominated by classical liberal thought. (Unit 4.1, pp. 13-14)
28. A major aspect of England’s mercantilist system during the last half of the seventeenth
century was: (A) the passage of the Navigation Laws. The mid-eighteenth century saw a
fierce competition between England and the Dutch Republic for control of the Atlantic trade.
Hoping to freeze all Dutch commerce with England’s North American colonies, Oliver
Cromwell issued the first of England’s Navigation Laws in 1651. England passed many more
Navigation acts over the course of the next century seeking to regulate its American empire.
(Unit 4.2, p. 10)
29. Which of the following statements concerning the country gentry in England is true?
(E) It consisted of wealthy landowners who were not members of the nobility but exercised
significant influence in Parliament. Many of the gentry had been commercially successful
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
and had moved up from the middle-class into the upper-class. The gentry relied heavily on
legal precedent to limit the power of the king on economic and political matters. It was
willing to pay taxes so long as the House of Commons had a say in national expenditures.
The issue of taxation brought the House of Commons and the monarchy into direct conflict.
(Unit 3.2, p. 1)
30. Which of the following conclusions regarding social customs in eighteenth-century
Europe can be drawn from the image above? (E) Clothing styles for middle- and upperclass women restricted their participation in physical activities. Until the late-nineteenth
century, it was considered inappropriate for middle- and upper-class women to be physically
active (with the possible exception of dancing at social events). The corset, which shaped the
female torso into a then-fashionable hour-glass figure, was a highly restrictive piece of
clothing. In fact, the reason why larger numbers of women fainted at this time was due to the
lack of oxygen the brain received when a woman’s rib cage could not expand and take in a
large breath.
31. Which of the following statements best reflects the above image? (D) It portrays a
member of the sans culottes during the French Revolution. The term “sans culottes”
literally means “without breeches.” Members of the working class could not usually afford
the more expensive breeches that were customary for upper class people to wear. The sans
culottes played a major role in influencing the Republic during the more radical phase of the
Revolution. (Unit 5.1, p. 16)
32. The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 was significant because: (D) it prevented
the royal army from cracking down on the new National Assembly. The “Parisian”
revolution began in response to food shortages, soaring bread prices, 25% unemployment,
and fear of military repression. The leaders of the uprising were members of the sans
culottes. The storming of the Bastille inadvertently saved the National Assembly as King
Louis XVI had been prepared to use force to put down the new government. (Unit 5.1, pp. 89)
33. All of the following statements regarding the rule of Napoleon I in France are true
EXCEPT: (A) he increased legal and political rights for women. Although women did not
enjoy a significant increase in rights during the French Revolution, their small gains were
largely reversed during the reign of Napoleon. All of the other answer choices are correct. He
did utilize a secret police organization to watch political opponents. As an “enlightened
despot” he allowed a significant degree of religious toleration. He established the foundations
for France’s modern legal system through the Code Napoleon. And in keeping with the Le
Chapelier Law passed during the Revolution, he refused to allow formation of guilds and
trade unions. (Unit 5.2, pp. 2-5)
34. Which of the following rulers during his reign sought to improve relations with the
Catholic church? (C) Napoleon I. Seeking to end over a decade of religious strife in
France begun by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in 1790, as well as to weaken the
Church’s link to monarchists who sought to restore the Bourbons to the throne, Napoleon
agreed to a deal with the Catholic Church. The resulting Concordat of 1801 removed clergy
members who had pledged loyalty to the Revolution and returned clergy members to their
positions who had refused to take the oath (the “refactory clergy”). In return, the Church
had to accept the confiscation of its lands during the Revolution and Napoleon’s power to
appoint bishops to the French church. (Unit 5.2, pp. 3-4)
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AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
35. In which capacity was the flying shuttle a major innovation? (E) It increased the
production of textiles during the era of proto-industrialization. Along with the spinning
jenny, the flying shuttle (invented by John Kay in 1733) was the quintessential development
in the production of textiles in the mid-eighteenth century. It enabled woolen yarn to be
woven into cloth at a far higher pace than previously possible. Later, during the industrial
revolution, steam-powered looms produced textiles at a breathtaking pace. (Unit 6. p. 3)
36. A major source of labor during the early years of the industrial revolution in England
was: (B) orphaned children. With the advent of steam-powered textile production in the
1780s, English factory owners were eager for cheap labor. Orphaned children provided a
major source of labor during the early decades of the industrial revolution. Owners exercised
authority over children much like slaveowners and beatings of children in factories was not
uncommon. These children often worked very long hours in appalling conditions.
Additionally, children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, and shoemakers. (Unit 6. pp.
13-14)
37. Which of the following countries was most affected by the challenges of ruling a multiethnic empire during the eighteenth century? (C) Austria. As the Austrian empire
continued to grow in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it acquired lands where the
language and culture of people was different than the Germanic culture of Austria proper.
Some of these groups—such as the Hungarian Magyars and Bohemians—posed a challenge
to the Austrian government. With the partition of Poland in the late-eighteenth century along
with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, Austria continued to expand,
incorporating a wide range of cultural groups. Ruling a multi-ethnic empire proved to be a
challenge that other major powers, such as Prussia and France, did not experience. (Unit 3.3,
p. 4)
38. Which of the following statements best describes why Russia was the last major
European country to industrialize in the late-nineteenth century? (B) Russia had a
relatively small middle-class compared to other major European countries. Unlike western
and central European countries that developed strong middle classes during the Commercial
Revolution, Russia remained largely an agricultural society with a powerful nobility
controlling of millions of serfs. It was not until after its defeat in the Crimean War in the
1850s that Russian leaders realized modernization was necessary for the nation’s survival.
By this time, Russia had fallen far behind western Europe industrially. (Unit 9.2, p. 3)
39. “Finally, that, in this new order, people possess a guarantee of well-being, of a
minimum sufficient for the present and the future, and that this guarantee free them
from all uneasiness concerning themselves and their families.” The above quote was
most likely written by: (E) a French utopian socialist. Early French socialist thinkers,
such as Count Henri de Saint-Simon, Louis Blanc, Pierre Proudhon, and Charles
Fourier, proposed a system of greater economic equality planned by the government. Their
views were a reaction to the exploitation of labor during the industrial revolution. (Unit 7.1,
pp. 25-26)
40. The philosophy of utilitarianism as advanced by Jeremy Bentham sought to: (A)
influence government policy to provide the “greatest good for the greatest number.”
Bentham was a leading liberal in England during the early nineteenth century and his
utilitarian ideas had an important effect on reformers. He was at the forefront of the
poorhouse movement and some of his protégés—such as Edwin Chadwick—worked to
improve dreadful urban living conditions. (Unit 7.1, pp. 9-10)
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41. Which of the following statements regarding Florence Nightingale is true? (C) She was
a leading figure in battlefield nursing during the Crimean War. During the Crimean War in
the 1850s more men died of disease rather than by combat wounds. Nightingale was a British
nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing. Her “Light Brigade” of 38 nurses superbly
tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high.
(Unit 8.1, p. 4)
42. All of the following are characteristics of the Romantic movement EXCEPT: (B)
emphasis on rationalism. One of the hallmarks of the Romantic era was its emphasis on
human emotion and faith. This stood in stark contrast to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on
reason and rational thought. All of the other answer choices are correct statements.
Romantics glorified nature—its power and unpredictability; believed in the supremacy of
emotion; looked to medieval culture for inspiration; and showed much interested for exotic
cultures. (Unit 7.1, p. 19)
43. The 1848 “June Days” revolution in France was characterized primarily by: (B) class
warfare between the bourgeoisie and the working class. Although the two classes were
allies during the February Revolution that deposed King Louis Philippe, the struggling
economy eventually drove a wedge between the more affluent bourgeoisie and the Parisian
working class. A leader of the working class, Louis Blanc (a noted French socialist), decried
the government’s decision to end public works programs. This marked the beginning of the
“June Days” Revolution where government forces struggled against a working class uprising
that used narrow Parisian streets to their advantage by constructing barricades (as portrayed
in Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables). Conservatives took control of the government and
crushed the revolt. As a result, the French public was eager for a restoration of law and order
and they enthusiastically elected Louis Napoleon as their president. (Unit 7.1, pp. 15-16)
44. Which of the following philosophies is most closely associated with atheism? (D)
Existentialism. In the wake of the horrors of World War II and the advent of the atomic age,
pessimism and hopelessness were expressed by existentialists. Existentialists saw life as
absurd, with no inherent meaning. Therefore, an individual had to find his own meaning to
life. Most existentialists were atheists. They believed a person’s actions were derived from
personal choices that were independent from religion or political ideology. Jean-Paul Sartre
(1905-1980) and Albert Camus (1913-1960) were two of the leading existentialists of the era.
(Unit 9.3, p. 4)
45. The Reform Bill of 1832 was significant in British politics as it: (B) gave the House of
Commons supremacy over the House of Lords. The Reform Bill is considered a milestone
in British history and a victory for the Whig party and liberalism. Spurred by a recent cholera
epidemic, the British people demanded a more responsive government. The bill increased
number of voters from 6% of population to 12% by eliminating underpopulated rural
electoral districts (“rotten boroughs”) that supported the House of Lords and replacing them
with representatives from new manufacturing districts and cities that rose up from the
industrial revolution. The bill thus resulted in the supremacy of the House of Commons over
the House of Lords in Parliament. (Unit 7.1, p. 14)
46. Which of the following countries was the first to grant female suffrage? (A) Finland. In
1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland became the first region to grant women the
right to vote. Seven years later, Norway became the first independent nation to grant female
suffrage while also allowing women to hold public office. (Unit 8.2, p. 8)
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47. Which of the following dates does the above map best represent for Europe? (E) 1996.
The map shows countries in eastern Europe that became independent after the fall of the
Soviet Union in 1991. Moreover, the Czech Republic and Slovakia broke away from each
other in 1992. The map also shows independent countries where Yugoslavia once stood,
including Bosnia, which won its independence in the mid-1990s.
48. In contrast to artists during the last half of the nineteenth century, Baroque artists: (B)
depended primarily on wealthy donors from the aristocracy. In contrast to the Baroque era
where wealthy families, governments, and the Catholic church spent enormous sums of
money patronizing the visual arts, artists by the late-nineteenth century produced art for art’s
sake. Artists who produced realist, impressionist, and post-impressionist works were usually
not working on behalf of a patron but rather hoped to sell their paintings to the general
public. The middle class in particular, became a new and important connoisseur of latenineteenth-century art. (Unit 7.2, pp. 12-13)
49. Which of the following best summarizes the point of this cartoon by Sir John Tenniel?
(D) Kaiser Wilhelm II was assuming more authority in the German Empire through the
resignation of Otto von Bismarck. Hoping to gain more support from the working classes,
the young Kaiser Wilhelm II removed Bismarck from his position as Chancellor. Bismarck
had planned to outlaw the Social Democratic Party (S.P.D.). Diplomatically, Bismarck’s
removal proved unfortunate as the carefully constructed balance of power in Europe that had
largely been engineered by him soon began to unravel, resulting in international instability
that would be a cause of World War I. (Unit 8.2, p. 6)
50. Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin both believed that imperialism was the logical
outgrowth of: (E) capitalism. In Das Kapital, Marx argued that the bourgeoisie needed
constantly expanding markets to increase its profits. This would, in turn, lead to the conquest
of less-developed peoples. Lenin saw imperialism leading to colonial rivalries and war. The
outbreak of World War I seemed to validate Lenin’s views. (Unit 8.3, p. 11)
51. A major difference between totalitarianism in the 1920s and 1930s and absolutism in
the seventeenth century was that: (B) mass participation of ordinary citizens was required
by totalitarian regimes. Stalin’s 5-Year Plans and the Hitler Youth are examples of how
totalitarian regimes in the twentieth century demanded participation and loyalty from
ordinary citizens. Participation for people simply wasn’t a choice. In contrast, absolute
regimes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sought to maintain their power. Those
who did not challenge authority were largely left alone. (Unit 10.1, p. 1)
52. Which of the following was the nucleus of Italian unification after 1850? (A) SardiniaPiedmont. Under the leadership of prime minister Count Cavour, serving at the behest of
King Emmanuel, Sardinia-Piedmont gradually unified Italy in the two decades prior to 1871.
Sardinia-Piedmont was a liberal and economically viable state, modeled on the French
system under Emperor Napoleon III. Piedmont gained Lombardy from Austria in 1859;
Parma, Modena, Romagna and Tuscany in 1860; southern Italy in 1861 as a result of the
conquests of Garibaldi and his Red Shirts; Venice in 1866; and Rome in 1871. Rome became
the new capital of Italy with King Victor Emmanuel as Italy’s first king. (Unit 8.1, pp. 8-9)
53. In theory, women enjoyed a significant increase in rights during: (D) Lenin’s leadership
in Russia. The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution immediately proclaimed complete equality of
rights for women. In the 1920s, divorce and abortion were made easily available for women
and females were urged by the state to work outside the home and liberate themselves
sexually. Many women worked as professionals and in universities. Nevertheless, women
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were still expected to do household chores during the off hours as Soviet men considered
home and children as a woman’s responsibility. Moreover, men continued to monopolize the
best jobs. Rapid social change and economic hardship led to many broken families in the
Soviet Union. (Unit 10.1, pp. 5, 8)
54. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above graph? (C) A higher
level of industrialization per capita will result in a higher total production of goods. The
chart shows how countries that industrialized fully (Britain, Germany, France) became far
more productive while countries that did not industrialize (such as China and India) were left
far behind in total production.
55. All of the following countries experienced significant emigration to non-European
regions of the world during the nineteenth century EXCEPT: (E) France. France did not
suffer the same economic dislocation that occurred in countries such as Ireland, Germany,
and Italy in the late-nineteenth century. This is one reason why French emigration was
relatively low. Great Britain, since the seventeenth century, had experienced much
emigration to North America (present-day U.S.), and new destinations such as Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, and South America, continued to attract British emigrants as the
population in Britain continued to grow in the late-nineteenth century. (Unit 8.3, p. 2)
56. Which of the following statements best reflects the point of view of cartoonist Thomas
Nast regarding international affairs? (C) European powers are greedy in their conquest
of other countries. The date of the cartoon, 1885, coincides with the Berlin Conference in
which European powers established guidelines in their “scramble” for Africa. Ironically,
while the tone of the cartoon is critical, the U.S. would soon become a major imperialist
power in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. (Unit 8.3, p. 5)
57. Pope Leo XIII’s issuance of Rerum Novarum (1891) indicated the church’s acceptance
of which of the following in the nineteenth century: (A) Capitalism. Pope Leo XIII
condemned socialism for its association with atheism. While he found fault with capitalism
regarding poverty, insecurity, and degradation of the laboring classes, he stated that
capitalism could work if industrialists looked after the welfare of their workers and provided
them with a living wage. His pronouncement led to the creation of Catholic (or Christian)
political parties and Catholic trade unions began to appear at the turn of the century. (Unit
7.2, pp. 11-12)
58. Which of the following statements best reflects the purpose of Woodrow Wilson’s
Fourteen Points during World War One? (D) They sought to foster free trade
throughout the world. The Fourteen Points was Woodrow Wilson’s plan to end World War I
along liberal and democratic lines. He proposed freedom of the seas and the elimination of
economic barriers such as tariffs and quotas. He also urged self-determination for large
groups of ethnic minorities who were currently subjugated by empires. Along the same lines,
he sought more freedoms for people in countries colonized by Europeans. Most importantly
to Wilson, he sought an international collective security organization that would preserve
peace and economic prosperity after the war. This idea became the League of Nations, but
ironically, the U.S. never joined. (Unit 9.1, pp. 10-11)
59. In which of the following ways did World War One transform European society? (D) It
ended the rule of long-standing dynasties in central and eastern Europe. World War I
proved to be a political watershed as the 300-year Romanov dynasty, 300-year Hohenzollern
dynasty, and 500-year Hapsburg dynasty were all removed from power. In addition, the
Ottoman Empire, in Europe since 1453, was now completely removed. (Unit 9.1, pp. 12-13)
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60. The French Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution were similar in that they: (B)
caused a dramatic decrease in the influence of the nobility. The nobility was virtually
abolished after the Bolshevik Revolution while many nobles fled for their lives during the
French Revolution (A). While the Bolshevik Revolution was caused by international wars
(World War I), the French Revolution was not (C). While the bourgeoisie led the French
Revolution, the middle class was demonized by the communist Bolsheviks (D). And while
the French Revolution early on enjoyed support from a majority of the population the
Bolsheviks were always in the minority (E).
61. A major target of Stalin’s wrath during the Soviet collectivization of agriculture was
the: (D) kulaks. “Kulak” was a term used to pejoratively refer to a wealthier peasant who
opposed Stalin’s Five-Year Plans. Stalin had ordered farmers in the Soviet Union to join
collective farms. The kulaks who had some property, stood to lose much in collectivization
and resisted the program. In response, Stalin sought to liquidate the kulaks as a class.
Between seven and ten million kulaks died in Ukraine in the early 1930s as a result of a
forced starvation sponsored by Stalin. (Unit 10.1, pp. 6-7)
62. The most notorious example of appeasement during the twentieth century occurred at
the: (B) Munich Conference. In 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded from Czechoslovakia a strip
of its territory—the Sudetenland— that bordered Germany. When Czechoslovakia refused, a
general war in Europe seemed imminent. Hoping to forestall war, British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain arranged a conference in Munich that included Germany, Italy, France
and Britain. Czechoslovakia was not invited. Chamberlain hoped to appease Hitler by giving
him the Sudetenland in exchange for assurances that Germany would make no more
territorial demands. As a result, Czechoslovakia lost its territory. Hitler double-crossed
Chamberlain when six months later the German war machine rolled into the rest of
Czechoslovakia. Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement became a notorious example of how
naively placating ruthless dictators could lead to disaster. (Unit 10.2, p. 5)
63. The thorny issue of U.S., French, and British forces in West Berlin during the Cold
War was essentially settled by: (A) the building of the Berlin Wall. Until East Germany
built the Berlin Wall around West Berlin in 1961, there had been numerous conflicts between
the U.S. and Soviet Union concerning Allied military forces in West Berlin. Thousands of
East Germans had escaped into West Berlin per year while communist authorities grew
increasingly frustrated. While the Berlin Wall came to be seen as a symbol of communist
oppression behind the Iron Curtain, it also reduced Cold War tensions since East Germans
were no longer able to escape to the West. (Unit 10.3, pp. 8-9)
64. The above painting by Salvador Dali is an example of which of the following artistic
styles: (E) Surrealism. Inspired by Freudian theories regarding dreams, Salvador Dali
(1904-1989) led the Surrealist movement that often portrayed strange dreamscapes. The
Surrealist movement saw much of its greatest work in the years prior to World War II. (Unit
9.3, p. 7)
65. Which of the following was true about Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini? (B) He
organized all independent labor unions into government-controlled syndicates. As part of
Mussolini’s vision for a “corporate state” he organized labor unions into syndicates. By
1928, the fascist government established organizations of workers and employers while
outlawing strikes and walkouts. Corporations were created which coordinated activities
between worker-employer syndicates. (Unit 10.1, p. 10)
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66. All of the following were important causes for western Europe’s “economic miracle”
after World War Two EXCEPT: (D) rejection of fiscally strict Keynesian policies. In
fact, liberal western European governments after World War II—especially Britain, Germany
and France—widely embraced Keynesian economic policies which called for large
government spending to stimulate the economy while at the same time providing a safety net
in the form of the “welfare state.” This often meant the governments would spend less than
their revenues—deficit spending. This policy remained popular until the economic recession
of the 1970s where conservatives sought to reduce government spending. (Unit 10.4, p. 3)
67. The above political cartoon portraying U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet
Premier Nikita Khrushchev refers to the aftermath of which of the following events: (E)
the Cuban Missile Crisis. Perhaps the climactic moment of the Cold War, the Cuban Missile
Crisis in 1962 brought the U.S. and the Soviet Union as close to nuclear war as the two
superpowers would come. The crisis was resolved with a deal that included U.S. assurances
to never invade communist Cuba in return for the Soviets removing all their nuclear missiles
from Cuba. The U.S. also agreed to remove its nuclear missiles from Turkey, just across the
Soviet border. (Unit 10.3, p. 9)
68. The western European country which stepped back from the process of European
economic and military unity in the late 1950s and 1960s was: (C) France. A bitter
colonial war in Algeria resulted in the election in 1958 of General Charles de Gaulle who
established the Fifth French Republic and led as president until 1969. He withdrew France
from what he saw as a "US controlled" NATO and he supported the development of France’s
own nuclear weapons program. De Gaulle twice vetoed application of “pro-American”
Britain into the European Common Market (EC). As a result, Britain did not enter the EC
until 1973. (Unit 10.4, p. 7)
69. In the two decades following World War Two, the average European woman: (B) had
fewer children. In the postwar era, women continued to marry earlier. Western European
culture once-again emphasized the domestic role women should play in the home. While the
typical woman in Europe had children quickly after marrying, she only had two children.
Therefore, motherhood occupied a much smaller portion of a women’s life than at the turn of
the century. Birth control use increased with oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices.
With many years ahead of them after their youngest child had left home, women increasingly
sought opportunities in the workplace. This was one of the major causes of the women’s
rights movement of the 1960s. (Unit 10.4, p. 15)
70. The Second Vatican Council (1962-65) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563) were
similar in that both: (D) reaffirmed the core doctrines of the Catholic church. The Second
Vatican Council allowed for use of the vernacular in the Catholic liturgy worldwide. This
was an attempt to keep the Catholic church relevant in the modern world. However, scripture
was declared to be the foundation of the Church. The Council also declared that although the
Catholic church was the one true Church, other Christian groups who shared a belief in
Christ were to be respected. The Council of Trent had reaffirmed virtually all of the core
doctrines of the church while seeking to reform abuses in church practices. (Unit 10.4, p. 16)
71. The Atlantic Alliance was revitalized in the 1980s due, in part, to the emergence of: (B)
Margaret Thatcher. A strong anti-communist conservative, British prime minister Thatcher
worked alongside German chancellor Helmut Kohl and U.S. president Ronald Reagan in
creating a strong front against Soviet aggression, especially in the wake of the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. While the early 1980s was a tense time during the Cold
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War, a better climate emerged in 1985 with the ascension to power of Soviet premier Mikhail
Gorbachev. (Unit 10.3, p. 13)
72. All of the following former colonies achieved their independence from European
countries after World War II EXCEPT: (A) the Philippines. The Philippines was an
American colony that gained its independence in 1946. All of the other answer choices were
European-controlled colonies that gained their independence during a wave of decolonization
in the two decades following World War II. Vietnam and Algeria were French colonies that
gained their independence through warfare while Egypt and India gained their independence
from Great Britain more peacefully. (Unit 10.3, pp. 19-21)
73. Why was the invasion of Normandy (D-Day) so important in the final outcome of World
War II: (E) Had the invasion failed, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union may have opted
for a mutually beneficial peace treaty. While the Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point for
the Allies in their war against Nazi Germany, it was the successful Allied amphibious
invasion of Normandy that sealed Germany’s fate. Had the invasion failed, Germany would
have been able to concentrate most of its military forces against the Soviets on the eastern
front. This may have resulted in a stalemate and an eventual peace treaty with the Soviets in
control of eastern Europe and Germany in control of central and western Europe. (Unit 10.2,
p. 11)
74. The period of improved relations between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. in the 1970s was
known as: (B) détente. U.S. president Richard Nixon traveled to China and the Soviet
Union in 1972, ushering in an improved phase in relations between the superpowers. Nixon
hoped to get Soviet help in ending the Vietnam War. The U.S. and U.S.S.R. signed two
treaties to limit nuclear weapons systems and later met at the Helsinki Conference in 1975
where the U.S. recognized Soviet influence in eastern Europe in return for Russian pledges to
improve human rights in the Soviet empire. Détente ended abruptly in 1979 with the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan. (Unit 10.3, pp. 11-12)
75. One of the most important causes of the economic recession of the 1970s was: (D) the
“oil shock” caused by OPEC’s reduction of oil supplies. In 1973, the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) dramatically increased the price of oil and then
decreased production, creating an oil shortage. These measures were done as retaliation for
U.S. and western European support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and
Syria. The result was significant inflation in Europe coupled with rising unemployment. The
“oil shock” exacerbated the upheaval already felt worldwide due to a rocky international
monetary system. A second oil shock rocked the West in 1979. (Unit 10.4, pp. 8-9)
76. The above quote is most likely attributed to: (C) Mikhail Gorbachev. Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev sought to improve relations with the West beginning in 1985. His policy
of glasnost relaxed censorship and improved communication with the U.S. and western
Europe. Even more dramatic was his refusal to crack down on Soviet satellites behind the
Iron Curtain who declared their independence in 1989. (Unit 10.3, p. 14-15)
77. One of the most troubling issues for right-wing ultra-nationalist politicians in Europe
during the 1990s was: (A) the large number of guest workers coming into Europe from
non-European areas. The years following World War II saw the continued influx of lowwage immigrants from Africa and central Asia into Europe. France experienced a continued
wave of immigration from Algeria. Likewise, Germany and Austria allowed hundreds of
thousands of Turks to enter as “guest workers.” As a result, xenophobia (fear of immigrants)
emerged in ultra-conservative circles in various countries in Europe. The most notable critic
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of immigration was Jean-Marie Le Pen in France who argued that immigration should be
stopped. (Unit 10.3, p. 23)
78. The above quotation was most likely written by: (C) Simone de Beauvoir. She is
considered the most important European feminist of the twentieth century. In her seminal The
Second Sex (1949) she argued that women were in essence free but had almost always been
trapped by particularly inflexible and limiting conditions. Only by courageous action and
self-assertive creativity could women become free and escape the role of the inferior “other.”
De Beauvoir inspired a future generation of women's rights intellectuals. (Unit 10.4, p. 15)
79. The economic role of the state during the seventeenth century was similar to economic
role of the state after 1945 in that: (E) command economies in post-World War II eastern
Europe used centralized planning that was characteristic of France’s mercantilist
economy in the seventeenth century. Most of eastern Europe after World War II was
governed by Soviet-style command economies where the state, not the free market,
determined what, how, and for whom goods and services would be produced. This is not
unlike France under Louis XIV where the state played a major role in granting monopolies,
abolishing guilds, and determining how certain goods were to be produced.
80. Which of the following statements best explains the above graph of Russia’s population
distribution: (A) women tend to live longer than men at nearly all ages. A careful look at
the graph will show that answer (A) is the only possible choice.
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