DATA AND KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 3
MBNA
MANAGING DATA AND INFORMATION
Usually too much data rather than too little in
organizations
 How does an organization ____________ all this data
and information?


____________ – a collection of integrated and related files
____________
 Proquest
 MBNA

2
DATABASE TECHNOLOGY
 A ____________
of related data organized
in a way that makes it valuable and useful
 Allows
organizations to retrieve, store, and
analyze information easily
 Is
vital to an organization’s success in
running ____________ and making
decisions
3-3
RELATIONSHIP OF DBMS CONCEPTS TO
OTHERS?
3-4
Fig 3.1
THE HIERARCHY OF DATA
5
VIEW OF A DATABASE TABLE OR FILE
Entity
Attribute
Fig 3.2
3-6
THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH
Figure 3.3: The Traditional Approach to Data Management
U of L example
7
http://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/casestudy.aspx?casestudyid=52519
Washington hospital
THE DATABASE APPROACH
Figure 3.4: The Database Approach to Data Management
8
FILE PROCESSING VS. DATABASE APPROACH
____________ Approach (New School-TODAY)
• Storage Media: Direct Access Storage Device (DASD)
• Data: stored in related tables
• Organization: redundant data minimized/eliminated
• Efficiency: data stored only in tables
• Updates: requires few or one update for a data field
• Processing: faster query/slower processing
3-9
File ____________ Approach (Old School)
• Storage Media: sequential tapes or files
• Data: stored in long sequential files
• Organization: redundant data in multiple files
• Efficiency: data embedded to support processing
• Updates: requires multiple updates in many files
• Processing: slower query/faster processing
ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH
3-10
COSTS OR RISKS OF THE DATABASE
APPROACH
3-11
ROLES IN DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND USE
__________________________
• Creates business applications
that connect to databases
• Tests the new systems and
databases before use
3-12
__________________________
• Designs, develops and monitors
performance of databases
• Enforces policy and standards for
data use and security
______________________
• Defines data requirements
working with a DBA
• Incorporates the database
design into new program
designs
DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – DATA ENTRY
Employment
Applications
Enter
Forms
(Form Entry Screen)
Example
• _______ is entered from paper employment
applications into a form entry screen
• The entry _______ are designed to match the
paper forms for ease of entry
• The form _______ is processed by the entry
program and then stored in the employment
_______
(Form Entry Program)
3-13
(Employment DB)
DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – QUERY
Query – A database function that extracts and displays information from a database
given selection parameters.
_______ (Structured Query Language)
_______(Query by Example)
Example – Display applicants entered in the last 30 days
Query parameters are selected in the query request screen
The database program uses SQL to query and present the
result
(Query Request)
(Query Program)
3-14
(Employment Query)
DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – REPORT
Report – A database function that extracts and formats information
from a database for printing and presentation
_______ Generator
Example – Report on applicants entered in the last 30 days
• _______ parameters are selected in the report request screen
• The database program uses _______ to query and present the result
(Query Request)
(Query Program)
3-15
(Employment Report)
DESIGNING DATABASES – DATA MODEL
Data Model
• A map or _______ that represents entities and their
relationships
• Used by Database Administrators to design tables with
their corresponding associations
Example: ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)
3-16
DESIGNING DATABASES – KEYS
Primary
Key
ENTITIES
- Student ID
Entities are translated
into Tables
(Students and Grades)
Secondary
Key
- Major
Entities are
joined by
common
attributes
Compound
Primary Key
- Student ID
- Course ID
- Sec No.
- Term
3-17
DESIGNING DATABASES - ASSOCIATIONS
3-18
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
• Diagramming _______ used to express entity relationships
• Very useful in developing _______ databases
DESIGNING DATABASES – ASSOCIATIONS
(EXAMPLE)
3-19
THE RELATIONAL MODEL
• Most _______ type of database model used today in
organizations
• Is a three-dimensional model compared to the
traditional two-dimensional database models
- Rows (first-dimension)
- _______(second-dimension)
- Relationships (third-dimension)
3-20
THE RELATIONAL MODEL - EXAMPLE
3-21
THE RELATIONAL MODEL - _______________
____________
A technique to make complex databases more efficient by
eliminating as much redundant data as possible
• Example: Database with redundant data (below)
3-22
THE RELATIONAL MODEL - NORMALIZATION
Normalized Database
3-23
THE RELATIONAL MODEL – DATA DICTIONARY
Data Dictionary
• Is a _______ that database designers prepare to help individuals
enter data
• Provides several pieces of information about each attribute in
the database including:
- _______
- Key (is it a key or part of a key?)
- Data _______ (date, alphanumeric, numeric, etc.)
- Valid _______(the format or numbers allowed)
• Can be used to enforce Business Rules which are captured by
the database designer to prevent illegal or illogical values from
entering the database. (e.g. who has authority to enter certain
kinds of data)
3-24
ONLINE TRANSACTIONAL PROCESSING (_______)
Online _______ Processing
• The mechanism by which customers, suppliers, and employees
process business transactions for an organization
• These users conduct transactions online through internal systems
and external websites for processing and storage
Example
3-25
OPERATIONAL VS. INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS
3-26
ORGANIZATIONAL USE OF DATABASES
_______
Hong Kong
Airport
_______ _______
Extract
Data
3-27
Extract
Data
Department
Databases
Data
Warehouse
Data
Mart
• Day-to-day
department
transactions
• Used primarily by
departments
• Extracted
department
transactions
• Used for
business
analysis
• Extracted subset
of a data
warehouse
• Used for highly
specific business
analysis
Hong Kong Airport
HONG KONG AIRPORT
1.
Identify three operational database
applications that Hong Kong airport
would utilize.
2.
Identify three informational uses of
database applications that Hong Kong
airport would utilize.
DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA
MINING

Data _______ : collects business information from many
sources in the enterprise

Data _______ : a subset of a data warehouse

Data _______ : an information-analysis tool for
automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a
data warehouse or a data mart
Online
______________ Processing -Graphical software
tools that provide complex analysis of data stored in a
database
29
• Data _______ are not
transaction-oriented.
30
• Data _______ support
online analytical
processing (OLAP).
DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA
MINING (CONTINUED)
Figure 3.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse
31
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DEFINITIONS
_______ _______
The process an organization uses to gain the greatest value from
its knowledge assets
Knowledge _______
All underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulae,
methods, heuristics, and intuitions whether explicit or tacit
_______ Knowledge
_______ Knowledge
3-32
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (KMS)
_______ _______
Procedures and processes that are widely accepted as being among
the most effective and/or efficient
Primary Objective
How to recognize, generate, store, share, manage this tacit
knowledge (Best Practices) for deployment and use
_______
Generally not a single technology but rather a collection of tools
that include __________ technologies (e.g. e-mail, groupware,
instant messaging), and information storage and retrieval
systems (e.g. database management system) to meet the Primary
Objective
3-33
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT
3-34
A not so perfect match
A
NOT SO PERFECT MATCH
With the increasing power of Data mining techniques,
comes ever increasing and reaching uses of this powerful
technology.
 Is this DNA application an application that has gone too
far?

 Do
you agree with this statement
 "There should be a familial searching
policy that is constitutional and legal in
the Canada”