Art History-19th Century
Birth of “Isms”
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Neoclassisim
Romanticism
Realism
Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
Neoclassism
• 1780-1820
• Words associated with this period-virtue;
patriotism;
• Tone: calm, rational
• Technique: stressed drawing with lines not
color, smooth surface and glossy, no trace of
brushstrokes
• ordered grids,
Neoclassical
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Values:
Order, solemnity
Subjects: Greek & Roman History
Role of Art: Morally uplifting, inspirational
Founder & leader of movement: David
French & British Academies behind,
preached that reason, not emotion, should
dictate art
Oath of the Horatii
Jacque Louis David
1784
Louvre, Paris, France
Romanticism
• Dramatic, emotional, violent energy;
Themes-liberty power of nature;
compare/associations to Baroque – ‘history
repeats itself’
Romanticism
• Imaginative idealized creations
• Values: Intuition, Emotion, Imagination
• Inspiration: Medieval & Baroque eras,
Middle and Far East
• Tone: Subjective, spontaneous,
nonconformist
Romanticism continued…
• Color: Unrestrained, deep rich shades of
color
• Subjects: Legends,exotica, nature, violence
• Genres: Narratives of heroic struggle,
landscapes, wild animals
• Technique: Quick brushstrokes, strong
light-and-shade contrasts
• Composition: Use of diagonals
Gericault (Raft of the Medusa,
1818) & Delacroix (Liberty
Leading the People, 1830)
• Teacher and his student
• Gericault (Raft of the Medusa, 1818) &
Delacroix (Liberty Leading the People,
1830)
Early Photo-Realism
• Photo realism; tromp l’oeil-fool the eye
• Ultra realistic painting, American painter
Harnett
Realism
• Unadulterated rendering; poor people in
everyday situations; landscapes
Realism
• Courbet, the father of the Realist movement
• Portrayed drab figures at everyday tasks
• First one man show, when rejected by an art
jury built a shed to show his painting
Interior of My Studio
• Burial of Ornans,
• The Stone Breakers,
French Realism:
• Courbet
• Corot
• Millet, Barbazon School
American Realism
• Winslow Homer
• Eakins
Art for art’s sake
• James McNeil Whistler
• Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1,
1872, Muse d’Orsay, Paris
• Nocturn in Black and Gold: the Falling
Rocket, 1875
Manet
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Often called the “Father of Modern Art”
1832-1883
Never exhibited with the Impresionists
Striped away idealizing mythology to
portray modern life candidly
• Sketchy brushwork-images appear flat and
hard
Manet, “Olympia”, 1863
“Dejeuner sue l’herbe” (1863)
“ The Luncheon on the Grass”
Luncheon:
• Painting offended on moral and aesthetic
grounds
• Indecent because the nude was not idealized
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Classical trappings)
• Based on historic art precedent, Giorgione,
Titian,
• Brushstrokes, applied in broad strokes
Impressionism
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En plein air-Paint outside
Concerned with effects of light;
Dabs of pure color painted side by side
Viewer’s eye blends the colors
Shadows not black but blends of colors
Country, City associated with
Impressionism-France, Paris
Compositions
• Japanese prints and new tool influenced
Impressionists; cropping-cutting off
• Camera/photography
Impressionists
• Grouped together because of way painted
and concern for light
• Purpose; to portray immediate visual
sensations of a scene
• Impressionists: Manet, Monet. Renior,
Degas
• Also: Pizzaro, Sisley, Marisot, Casatt
• 1862-1886
Impressionist subjects:
• Outdoors, seaside, Parisian streets and cafes
Post-Impressionism
• Grouped together because making art at the
same time- but not because of similar style
• 1880-1905
• Post Impressionists: Seurat, ToulouseLautrec, Cezanne, Gauguin, van Gogh
Different styles
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Small dots of pure color on canvas, Seurat
Pointillists
Textural paint, sick man
van Gogh
Reduce to basic shapes: cone, cylinder,
Cezanne
“Starry Night”
Pointillism, Seurat, “A Sunday on
La Grande Jatte” 1884-1886
Cezanne, “Still Life”
Cezanne
• Cezanne liberated art from reproducing
reality by reducing reality to its basic
compositions
• Cylinder, sphere, cone
• To create illusions of depth placed cool
colors like blue, which seem to recede, at
rear and warm colors like red, which seem
to advance, in front ( Mt. St. Victoire, 1902)