Engineering
History
Why is it important to take notes
during this presentation?
It helps you remember.
It gives you a way to review for the
final.
You can use your notes on the quiz
next class.
We will discuss…
When did engineering begin?
Who were the first engineers?
What were the first engineering
designs?
Your Assignment:
Pay attention…
this presentation
will help you complete your assignment.
Your assignment will be to answer the following questions:
What is an Engineer?
Describe what you think might have been the greatest
invention of all time (not including the last two hundred
years).
Describe an instance when you have invented anything or
found a solution that has been useful to others.
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor
http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Change from
nomadic life
(hunter/gatherers)

They were
becoming less
nomadic and more
what?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg
The Beginnings of
Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
The Agrarian Society
(agriculture)
forms the basis of
civilization
cultivate plants - the
need for increased food
production
domesticate animals for food and work
build permanent houses
in community group

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Increased food
production permitted
time to engage in other
activities such as:


Government:
A Ruler makes laws that
stabilize community life
land ownership

The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
The results of
Government:

organize work force
 beginnings of a class
society

supervisors
foremen
workers - artisans

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.

Artisans are
considered
to be the first
engineers

Why?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/050326101411.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era

People discovered methods of producing fire
at will
http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C.
 People discovered how to use rocks as tools.
http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in
this Era
Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.
 People learn how to shape
soft metals into tools.

http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements
in this Era
Bronze Age 3000-2000
B.C.
 Mixing different kinds of
metals could make better
tools.
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg
The Beginnings of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era

Development of a system of symbols for
written communications
http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or
Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop growth

http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or
Inventions
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.

http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg
http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering
Projects or
Inventions
The wheel and axle
 Plow
 Yoke

http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg
http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”

Clay tile material used for permanent documentation

Clay tablets unearthed which show:
maps of caravan routes
including mountains, cities
and water
city plans
irrigation systems
water supply systems
Mesopotamia
Tigris River
Euphrates
River
Clay Tablet
Also called Cuneiform
The Beginning of Engineering:
6000 - 3000 B.C.

Outstanding
contributions of
mathematics
 Sexagesimal
system
 divided circle
into 360
degrees
 hour into 60
minutes
 minute into
60 seconds
Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Babylonian engineers:
Among the first scientific
engineers

Familiar with basic math
Could figure out areas and
volumes of land excavations

Number system based on
60 instead of 10
Buildings were constructed
using basic engineering
principles still used today

http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg
Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:


Primitive arches used in
moving water (hydraulics)

Bridges were built with
stone piers carrying wooden
stringers
http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/
Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:


Roads were surfaced with a
naturally occurring asphalt, a
construction system not
used again until the
nineteenth century
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg
The first recorded use of asphalt
(bitumen) as a road building material
was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the
reign of King Naboppolassar.
http://www.hotmix.org/history.php
Map of Babylon
Gardens of Babylon
Engineering in Early
Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Egyptian Engineers
Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to
build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in
land measurement and building layout -transit
and level
 Irrigation systems

www.greatbuildings.com
Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Engineering in Greece:
Had its origin in Egypt
 Better known for the intensive development of
borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention
 Famous for outstanding philosophers:
 Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and
Archimedes (mathematics)

Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in
Greece:


Use of ideas was retarded
because of the belief that
verification and
experimentation, which
required manual labor,
were only fit for slaves.
http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg
Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in
Greece:

Even so, greeks were able
to come up with a few
useful ideas:
 Archimedes water screw
 Crossbow
 Catapult

Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Roman Engineering

Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering
knowledge from the countries they conquered
for use in warfare and in their public works
Superior in the application of ideas and
techniques

Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Hero’s Inventions:
 Gear driven odometer
on chariot
 Steam turbine
 Hydraulic clock
 Fire engine
• All ideas stolen from
Hero by the Romans
•Who was Greek
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm
http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html
http://www.the-romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif
Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.


Roman Engineering
Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat
180,000 miles
http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg
Science of the Greeks and
Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Roman Engineering
Aqueducts for
 Water supply
 Sanitary systems
 Engineering principles
applies to military tactics

http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg
Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark
Ages, but was it?

The word engineer began to appear. Its root
lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or
devise”

Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark
Ages, but was it?

Animals and waterwheels began to replace
humans as the power source Arabs were
developing paper making, chemistry, and optics

Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark
Ages, but was it?

Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume
distilling became part of the culture

Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and
5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark
Ages, but was it?

Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical
instruments, the loom and spinning wheel,
and gunpowder

Engineering in the Middle
Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first
books printed on paper
 Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was
also an engineer, inventor and architect
 Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults
bridges and buildings
 Sketches of future engineering devices such as:

Machine Gun
Helicopter
Drawbridge
Breach-loading Cannon
Roller Bearings Universal Joint
Tanks
The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries
Galileo Discovers:
Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves
while falling, is independent of weight
Earth moves around the sun
Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:
hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer
Boyle Discovers:
expansion quality of air and the correlation between
temperature, volume, and pressure

The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries
Hooke Discovers:
material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted
on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it
shortens in a similar fashion
 Huygens develops
spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and
measures gravitational acceleration
 Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of
motion
developed differential calculus, essential to
mathematical analysis of most physical systems

The Revival of Science:
17th and 18th Centuries

The Developing Industrial Age
James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron
furnaces, rolling mills and other industries
 Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the
spinning and weaving machinery
 Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold
a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar
forerunner to the capacitor
 Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction
 Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

Beginnings of Modern
Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical
current, leading to the science of electrodynamics
 Michael Faraday found the means to generate
electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic
field
 Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the
transmission of electric signals through space;
Marconi was awarded a patent for the same
achievement a year later
 Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron
 James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam
engine
 At last good iron for machines and power plants to
operate the machinery

20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass
production emerges
 Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical
equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread
use of power systems and communication networks
 Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of
alternating current, the polyphase induction motor
 Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft
 Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and
chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop
NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings
of polymer research

20th Century Technology
Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from
Europe and the United States at the University of
Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of
controlled nuclear reaction begins.
 John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s
Moore School of Engineering develop the first
computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons
and occupied over 1500 square feet.
 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley,
at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one
part of a diode caused current changes in another part
of a diode and create the transistor.

20th Century Technology
Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor
discovers that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be
made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch
that controls the world”
 Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines
 Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707
capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600
mph
 Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which
has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit
telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in
supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce
holograms

20th Century Technology
Communication Satellites - now handle more than half
of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio
network program distribution


And the list goes ON AND
ON
AND
ON