Alabama High School
Graduation Exam Review
Social Studies
Standards I – VII
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Crusades
They were a series of wars in which
European Christians attempted to
regain control of the holy land from
Muslims.
People who fought in the war
discovered new goods.
The Crusades lead people to desire
these new goods from Asia.
This helped lead to exploration.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Renaissance
This was a period of renewed
interest in science and learning in
the 1300 and 1400s.
It helped make people curious
about the world.
This made people want to explore
the world.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Reformation
This was a series of religious wars
between Protestants and Catholics in
the 1500s.
Protestants were people who
protested against the Catholic
Church.
The Reformation led people to want to
live in new places to get away from
war and practice their religions.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Columbian Exchange
This was the exchange of goods,
foods, and other items between
Europe and Africa and the
Americas.
Some of the things that were
brought harmed the New World,
like disease.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Conquistadors
They were Spanish conquerors who
defeated Native American tribes and
explored the New World.
The following were famous Conquistadors
–Columbus – discovered the Americas
–Cortez – defeated the Aztecs
–Pizaro – defeated the Incas
–De Soto – explored the Southeast
(including Alabama and discovered the
Mississippi River
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
St. Augustine
This was the first permanent
European settlement in North
America.
It was a Spanish colony in
Florida.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Jamestown
This was the first permanent
English colony in North America.
It was in Virginia.
Jamestown was led by Captain
John Smith.
People in Jamestown did not
become successful until they began
growing tobacco.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Virginia House of Burgesses
This was the first representative
government in the New World.
It was the government of the
Virginia Colony.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Great Awakening
This was a religious revival
movement that occurred in the
colonies in the mid 1700s.
It led to greater unity between the
colonies.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
French and Indian War
A war between France, France’s
Indian allies, and Great Britain.
Great Britain won and gained all
French land in North America.
Britain needed money after the
war so they began to tax their
colonies in America.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Taxation
Taxes made the colonists angry because
they did not have any representation in
the British government (Parliament).
This helped lead colonists in America to
want independence
The following were famous taxes:
–The Stamp Act – a tax of paper goods
–The Tea Act – a tax on tea
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Lack of Free Trade
Great Britain restricted the
colonists’ ability to trade.
They were not allowed to trade
with people from other countries.
This helped to lead some
colonists to want independence
from Great Britain.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Boston Massacre
In 1770, British soldiers killed five
men in Boston.
The Sons of Liberty (a group that
wanted independence from
Britain) used this event to make
other colonists angry at Britain.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Boston Tea Party
Members of the Sons of Liberty
threw tea into Boston Harbor as
a means of protest.
They were unhappy about paying
the Tea Tax.
Britain punished Massachusetts
and sent troops to enforce laws.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The First Continental Congress
This meeting was called to protest
Britain’s punishment of
Massachusetts.
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Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry gave a speech in
the First Continental Congress
that made many people desire
independence.
He said: “Give me liberty, or give
me death.”
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Lexington and Concord
This is where the first shots of the
American Revolution took place in
1775.
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The Second Continental Congress
This meeting was called after fighting
began.
They created an army called the
Continental Army. It was led by
George Washington
This meeting became the government
for the colonies during the Revolution.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Bunker Hill
This was this first major battle of
the Revolutionary War.
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The Declaration of Independence
After Bunker Hill, the Second
Continental Congress declared its
independence from Britain.
Thomas Jefferson wrote most of
the Declaration of Independence.
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Inspirations for the Declaration
Magna Carta – a listing of rights that
English people had.
John Locke – an English philosopher
who believed all people are born with
natural rights (life, liberty, and property).
Also, Locke believed if a government
does not protect people’s natural rights,
then they can get rid of the government
(the social contract theory).
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Leaders of the Revolution
George Washington – he led the
army
Samuel Adams – he was the
leader of the Sons of Liberty
Paul Revere was a member of the
Sons of Liberty who warned
colonists in Lexington that “the
British are coming.”
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Battles of the American Revolution
Saratoga – after Americans won this
battle the French became allies with
America. This battle is considered the
“turning point” of the war.
Valley Forge – George Washington was
able to keep his army together after they
nearly froze and starved to death here.
Yorktown – after this battle the British
surrendered and the Revolution ended.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Treaty of Paris (1783)
This treaty ended the American
Revolution.
The United States was given
independence.
Its territory was from the Atlantic
to the Mississippi River, and from
Canada to Florida.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Articles of Confederation
This was the first government of
the United States.
It was a weak government that
could not raise money with taxes.
State governments had more
power than the government under
the Articles.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Land Ordinances
The Land Ordinance of 1795
established a system for dividing up
land into small square sections called
townships.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
divided the Northwest Territory (IN, IL,
OH, MH, MN, WS) and set up a
system by which territories could
become states.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Constitution
A meeting was held in Philadelphia in
1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation.
They made a new government instead
called the Constitution.
The first paragraph of the Constitution is
called the Preamble. It lists the
purposes of the government.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Constitution
The Constitution divides the
government into three branches to
separate their power.
The French philosopher Montesquieu
first developed the idea of “separation
of powers.”
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Constitution
Under the Great Compromise the
legislative branch would have two
parts. The House of Representatives
would be based on the number of
people in each state. The Senate
would have equal representation from
each state.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Constitution
Under the Three-Fifths Compromise
slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a
person so Southern states could
count them for representation in the
House.
The Constitution created a federal
government. This is a government in
which the states are under the power
of a national government.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Constitution
The Elastic Clause of the Constitution
allows the government to change
over time.
It is a statement that says the
government has the right to make
new laws that is feels are “necessary
and proper.”
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Federalist Papers
These were a series of articles
written by Alexander Hamilton,
John Jay, and James Madison.
These articles attempted to
persuade people to ratify (or vote
on) the Constitution.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Bill of Rights
Some people were afraid the
government created by the Constitution
would become to powerful.
They wanted a Bill of Rights. This is a list
of the basic rights people have.
The Bill of Rights are the first 10
amendments.
The First Amendment protects freedom
of speech, religion, press, and assembly.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Other Amendments
The 13th Amendment freed slaves.
The 14th Amendment guarantees
that all people born in the U.S. are
citizens and have equal rights with
every other citizen.
The 15th Amendment granted the
right to vote to all men.
The 19th Amendment granted the
right to vote to women.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Effect of Colonial Experience
The experiences that colonists had
with the British before independence
effected the development of the Bill
of Rights.
–Freedoms like speech, weapons,
and privacy were all denied by the
British. Thus they were protected in
the Bill of Rights.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Violations of the Constitution
Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws
were laws written in the South
after the Civil War that restricted
the rights of African Americans.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Washington’s Farewell Address
George Washington, the first
president, made a final statement
as he left the presidency.
He believed Americans should
avoid making political parties and
getting involved in foreign
problems.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon, the leader of France,
needed money to fight a war. He sold
the Louisiana Territory (1/3 of the
present US – all west of the
Mississippi River) to the United
States.
Thomas Jefferson was the president
who made the purchase in 1803.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson sent two explorers, Lewis
and Clark, to explore the Louisiana
Purchase Territory.
They traveled making scientific
observations about plants and
animals and the met with the Indian
tribes of the West.
They traveled for nearly two years
from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific
Ocean and back.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Embargo Act
Great Britain and France fought a war
after the American Revolution.
Jefferson decided to punish both
countries for harassing Americans
during their war.
He passed an embargo. This meant
that the U.S. would not trade with
either county.
However, it hurt the U.S. more than it
did them.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The War of 1812
In 1812 the United States and Great
Britain went to war.
Americans were upset because
Britain used impressment. This
meant they kidnapped American
sailors and forced them to work in the
British navy. They also supported
Indian attacks against the U.S.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The War of 1812
Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek
Indians at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama
during the War of 1812.
At Ft. McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote
the Star-Spangled Banner.
Andrew Jackson defeated the British at
New Orleans.
The War of 1812 ended positively for
Americans when the British decided to
stop fighting.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Results of the War of 1812
Nationalism, pride in one’s country,
grew after the war.
American industry grew during the
war because Americans could no
longer buy foreign goods.
The U.S. government passed tariffs
(taxes on imported goods) to help
American businesses. The taxes
made foreign goods more expensive.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, people
were generally happy with the
U.S.
This period of prosperity was
called the Era of Good Feelings.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
American Culture
During the early 1800s, Americans
started to make their own, distinct
culture.
Several writers became well known
during this period.
–Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry
David Thoreau, Walt Whitman,
Edgar Alan Poe, Washington Irving,
James Fennimore Cooper, Emily
Dickinson
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Henry Clay’s American System
Henry Clay, a senator from
Kentucky, came up with a plan for
the government to build roads
and canals.
He thought it would improve the
U.S. and its economy.
However, the plan never passed.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Alabama
During the Era of Good Feelings,
in 1819, Alabama became a state.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Women’s Movement
The Seneca Fall’s Convention was
the first major meeting of women
seeking equal rights like suffrage
(the right to vote).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan
B. Anthony were early leaders of
the women’s movement.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Abolition Movement
This was the movement to free
slaves.
Frederick Douglass was a former
slave who published the North
Star, an anti-slavery newspaper.
William Lloyd Garrison was a a
white abolitionist who published
the Liberator.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Abolition Movement
Sojourner Truth was a former slave.
She was both an abolitionist and a
women’s rights activist.
Harriet Tubman was a former slave
that helped hundreds of slaves
escape the from the South on the
Underground Railroad.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Reform Movements
The Temperance Movement was
the movement to ban the use of
alcohol in the United States.
Dorothea Dix fought to improve
conditions in mental institutions
and prisons in the U.S..
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Utopian Communities
Utopias are communities that
seek to become perfect societies.
Several religious groups sought to
become utopias. The Shakers
and the Mormons were examples.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Missouri Compromise
This was an agreement in 1820
whereby Missouri was admitted
as a slave state, Maine was
admitted as a free state, and
slavery was forbidden north of the
36°30‘ line of latitude.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Monroe Doctrine
An order by President Monroe in
1823 warning European countries
against further colonization in
North or South America.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
John Marshall
Marshall was the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court in the early 1800s.
He helped increase the power of the
federal government and the Court
system.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Marbury v. Madison
In the case of Marbury v. Madison,
John Marshall said federal courts
have the right to declare a law
unconstitutional.
–This is called judicial review.
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Gibbons v. Ogden
This Supreme Court decision
states that states cannot interfere
with interstate commerce (trade
between states).
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Jacksonian Democracy
Jacksonian Democracy refers to
the growing spirit of democracy in
the U.S. after Andrew Jackson’s
election as president in 1828.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Common Man Ideal
Part of Jacksonian Democracy was
the growing power that common
people had.
Jackson believed that the common
man deserved more power in
government and in life.
During this period state got rid of
property qualifications for voting.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Spoils System
The practice of giving government
jobs to political supporters is
called the spoils system.
Andrew Jackson used this
system.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Nullification Crisis
South Carolina did not like the tariff
on foreign goods.
They decided to nullify the law. This
means they chose not to follow it.
They also threatened to secede or
leave the union.
A new tariff was passed and South
Carolina took away its threat.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Indian Removal Act
Andrew Jackson decided to remove
all Indian tribes from the Southeast
(including Alabama).
Indians were moved to Oklahoma
(the Indian Territory).
In the Trail of Tears thousands of
Cherokees died as they were forced
to move.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Manifest Destiny
After the War of 1812, people began
to move out west.
Most Americans believed it was God’s
will that Americans live from sea to
sea. This was known as manifest
destiny.
They moved on a series of trails
known as the Santa Fe Trail, the
Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, and
the California Trail.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Texas
Texas belonged to Mexico when
Americans began to move there.
In the 1830s, Texas fought for
independence from Mexico.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Mexican-American War
In the 1840s, the U.S. gained the
Southwestern part of the U.S. by
going to war with Mexico.
These states were collectively
known as the Mexican Cession.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Gold Rush
In 1849 thousands of people began to
move to California when gold was
discovered there. This was known as
the gold rush.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Compromise of 1850
This compromise allowed California to
become a free state while the New
Mexico territory would be allowed to
use popular sovereignty to decide
about slavery.
Popular sovereignty is allowing
people to decide on an issue by
voting
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Fugitive Slave Act
This part of the Compromise of
1850 angered many Northerners
because it said runaway slaves,
who had come North, had to be
returned to the South.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Kansas-Nebraska Act
This act allowed these two
territories to use popular
sovereignty to determine if they
wanted slavery.
It led to several years of violence
in Kansas. This period was known
as Bleeding Kansas.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Dred Scott Decision
In the Supreme Court case of
Dred Scott v. Sanford slaves were
considered property and, thus,
slavery could not be denied
anywhere.
Also, black persons, free or slave,
did not have any rights.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
John Brown Raid
John Brown was an abolitionist
who attempted to start a slave
rebellion by taking a Federal
Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry Virginia.
He tried to arm slaves, but he was
captured before it could work.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln, a Republican
who was opposed to the
expansion of slavery into the
West, was elected as president.
His election led several Southern
states to secede (leave) the
union.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Confederate States of America
Several Southern states formed a
new government after Lincoln’s
election (The CSA).
The first state to secede was South
Carolina.
Its capital was at first in Montgomery,
Alabama. It was later moved to
Richmond, Virginia.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Ft. Sumter
In 1861, at Ft. Sumter South
Carolina, the Civil War began
when Confederate Forces opened
fire on a U.S. (Union) fort.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Northern Goals in the Civil War
Restore the Union.
Preserve the power of the federal
government over the states.
End slavery.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Southern Goals During the War
Create an independent nation.
Preserve the powers of the
states.
Defend slavery.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
North Alabama During the War
Winston County, Alabama and the
western counties of Virginia
seceded from their states
because they did not agree with
the Civil War.
The western portion of Virginia
became known as West Virginia.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Black Units During the Civil War
During the Civil War, blacks
fought for both sides.
However, most blacks fought for
the Union.
The most famous black military
unit during the Civil War was the
54th Massachusetts.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Homestead Act
During the Civil War, Congress
passed this law.
It gave free land (160 acres) in
the West to people willing to live
on that land.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Morrill-Land Grant Act
During the Civil War, Congress
passed this law.
Under this law, states were
required to establish colleges,
called Land Grant Schools,
whose purpose it was to teach
agriculture and mechanical skills
(a & m’s).
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Draft Opposition
People in both the North and the
South were often drafted, or
forced, to serve in the military.
However, on both sides there
were people who opposed, or
refused to serve, in the military.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Emancipation Proclamation
This proclamation issued by
Lincoln freed slaves in the
Confederate States.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Legal Problems During the War
Lincoln was sometimes criticized
for breaking Constitutional rights
during the war.
In some cases, he denied people
arrested a writ of habeas corpus.
This means they were not informed
of why they were arrested or
allowed to have a trial.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Battles of the Civil War
The first major battle of the Civil War
was First Bull Run (First Manassas).
Antietam was the bloodiest battle of
the war.
The capture of Vicksburg on the
Mississippi River ensured the Union
was able to blockade the South. It is
considered a “turning point in the
war”.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Battles of the Civil War
Robert E. Lee (Confederate general)
was defeated in his attempt to invade
the North at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. This is also known as
one of the “turning points”.
Sherman’s March to the sea through
Georgia led to widespread
devastation.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Gettysburg Address
After the Battle of Gettysburg,
Lincoln gave a speech to honor
the dead in which he reaffirmed
the idea that “all men are created
equal.”
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Appomattox Courthouse
At Appomattox Courthouse in
1865, Virginia, Lee surrendered to
Ulysses S. Grant (Union
commander).
This was the end of the Civil War
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Results of the War
The Civil War was the deadliest
war in our history. Over 600,000
Americans (on both sides) died.
Much of the South was
devastated, both economically
and socially.
Nearly 4 million slaves were now
free.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Lincoln’s Assassination
After the war ended, President
Lincoln was assassinated.
Andrew Johnson became the new
president.
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Reconstruction
Reconstruction was the attempt to
rebuild the South after the Civil
War.
It was also the attempt to correct
the wrongs of the past that had
been done to slaves.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Lincoln’s Plan
Lincoln wanted Southern states to
abolish slavery and apologize for
the war.
His plan was considered lenient
(easy).
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Congressional Reconstruction
After Lincoln’s assassination,
Congress took control of
Reconstruction.
They wanted to punish the South
and make significant changes in
the South.
It is sometimes called Radical
Reconstruction.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Military Control
Under Radical Reconstruction,
the South would be controlled for
many years following the war by
the Union army.
The South was divided into
military districts.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Black Codes
Southern states passed strict
laws to keep blacks from gaining
rights during Reconstruction.
They were called black codes.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Carpetbaggers & Scalawags
Carpetbaggers were northerners
who moved to the South during
Reconstruction to take advantage
of problems in the period after the
war.
Scalawags were Southerners who
cooperated with Northern officials
to take advantage of problems in
the period after the war.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Ku Klux Klan
The Klan was organized to resist
the social changes that occurred
during Reconstruction.
They attempted to frighten blacks
from practicing their rights (like
the right to vote).
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
U.S. Grant
Grant was president during much
of the Reconstruction period.
His presidency was marked by
numerous political scandals.
The most famous scandal was
the Credit Moblier Scandal.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Compromise of 1877
The election of 1876 ended with a
dispute as to who won.
A compromise was made that
allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to
become president.
In return, Reconstruction in the
South ended.
This Compromise marks the end of
Reconstruction.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New South
In the late 1800s, many
Southerners wanted to make a
“New South”.
This meant they wanted to bring
industry and education to the
South.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Race Relations
During the late 1800s, race
relations deteriorated in the
South.
Southerners practiced
segregation and other forms of
legal racial discrimination. These
laws were known as Jim Crow
Laws.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Black Cultural Changes
After the Civil War, black
communities were created
throughout the South.
Segregated churches and schools
led to a close knit society for
blacks.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Problems With Indian Tribes
As Americans moved west, more
conflict began with Indian tribes.
The Sioux Indians fought several
times with the U.S. military.
At Little Big Horn the U.S. military
led by Gen. George Armstrong
Custer was defeated by a Sioux
chief named Sitting Bull
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Buffalo
One of the biggest problems
Indians on the Great Plains
faced was the near annihilation
(destruction) of the buffalo
herds by over hunting by
whites.
Plains Indians used buffalos for
food, clothing, to make tent
materials, etc….
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Innovations That Effected the West
Steel plow: made it easier for farmers to
plow their fields.
Windmill: allowed farmers to use wind power
to run machinery and generate electrical
power.
barbed wire: allowed farmers to mark off their
property and keep their animals on the
property.
railroads: (most important innovation)
allowed people to easily move west; town
developed around the rail lines.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Agrarian
This term refers to agriculture or a
rural way of life.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Grange
The Grange was an organization
that helped farmers gain influence
in the government; they fought for
the rights of farmers.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Farmers’ Alliance
This was another organization
that fought for the rights of
farmers.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Populist Movement
This was a political movement
by farmers that fought for:
–direct election of senators;
government control of utilities;
regulation of railroads; silver as the
currency instead of gold
William Jennings Bryan and James
Weaver were leading Populists.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Industrialization
Several factors that led to industry
developing in the late 1800s
were:
–abundance of natural resources;
rivers; large workforce because of
immigration
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
New Sources of Power
Oil and electricity started to be
new sources of power in the late
1800s.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Communication Changes
In the late 1800s and early 1900s
several new communication
systems were created.
–phonograph
–the telephone
–transatlantic cable
–radio
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Alabama Industry
Iron, steel, and coal all became
leading industries in Alabama in
the late 1800s.
Birmingham became a leader in
iron and steel.
Lumber, shipping, and textiles also
became important industries in
Alabama.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Monopolies
A monopoly (or trust) is when one
company has total control of all
the companies that make a
certain product.
People thought they were unfair
because they kept prices high.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Robber Barons
Robber Barons were industry
leaders who became powerful
by running their competition out
of business.
Rockefeller became the leader
in the oil business.
Andrew Carnegie became the
leader in the steel industry.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Social Darwinism
Theory that society should do as
little as possible to interfere with
people’s pursuit of success.
This theory was strongly
advocated during the late 1800s.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Gospel of Wealth
This was the belief that people
should give back part of their
wealth to the community.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Horatio Alger
Alger was an author who wrote
“rags to riches” novels.
He became popular in the late
1800s.
Many people saw his stories as a
“role model.”
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
City (Urban) Growth
Cities grew dramatically in the
late 1800s.
Reasons for this were:
–immigration; plentiful jobs; growth of
industry
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Urban Problems
Overcrowding in the cities.
Poverty levels were high.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Work Problems
Immigrants were often faced
discrimination in the workplace.
Children often worked long hours
in dangerous locations.
Women were paid less that men
and had no opportunity for
advancement in the workplace.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Labor Unions
Labor unions grew rapidly in the
late 1800s because of problems
in the workplace.
A union is a group that works for
workers’ rights.
Strikes became a common form
of protests.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Immigration Restrictions
Some people did not like the
rapid growth of immigration in
the late 1800s.
Some sought to restrict
immigration to the U.S.
For example, in the late 1800s,
all Chinese immigration to the
U.S. was stopped.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Progressive Movement
In the early 1900s (20th Century),
the Progressive Movement
attempted to fix the problems
caused by urbanization and
industrialization.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Muckrakers
Muckrakers were writers who
exposed corruption and problems
in society.
They wrote about these problems
in an attempt to get people to deal
with the problems.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Jungle
This was a book by Upton Sinclair
that exposed the terrible
conditions in the meat industry.
His book led to the Pure Food
and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Women in the Progressive
Movement
Women were some of the leaders
of this movement for change.
Jane Addams attempted to help
new immigrants to the U.S.
Ida Tarbell, a muckraker, fought
against the corruption in the Oil
business.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Niagara Movement
This was a movement to gain political
and social rights for African
Americans.
It was begun by W.E.B. Dubois.
The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) came out of this movement.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Atlanta Exposition
(Compromise)
Booker T. Washington’s statement
of belief that African Americans
needed to gain economic rights
before being concerned with
gaining political rights.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington formed this
school in Alabama to help African
Americans gain work skills.
George Washington Carver was a
scientist at Tuskegee who
developed uses and encourage
the growth of peanuts.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Plessey v. Ferguson
This Supreme Court case in the
1890s stated that segregation in
the U.S. was legal.
This led to Southern states
beginning to segregate their
society even more than before.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Alabama’s 1901 Constitution
In 1901 Alabama rewrote their
constitution.
It has been widely criticized
because it took rights away from
African Americans.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Progressive Amendments
16th: the federal income tax
17th: the direct election of
senators by the people
18th: prohibition of alcohol
19th: women’s suffrage rights
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt: enforced
antitrust laws (anti-monopoly).
He also attempted to protect the
environment.
Woodrow Wilson: created the
Clayton Antitrust Act and the
Federal Trade Commission (it
monitors business practices)
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Federal Reserve Act
This progressive act by Wilson
restructured the banking system
in America.
It attempted to control the flow of
money in the United States.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Election of 1912
Four Candidates:
–Democrat: Woodrow Wilson
–Republican: William Howard Taft
–Progressive (Bull Moose Party):
Roosevelt
–Socialist: Eugene V. Debs
Wilson won the election
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Imperialism
In the late 1800s and early 1900s
the U.S. became an imperialist
nation.
This means that countries
attempted to dominate weaker
countries.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Reasons for Imperialism
Search for raw materials
to become a world power
create a market in which a nation
can sell its goods.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Hawaii
In the early 1890s, American
citizens overthrew the
government of Hawaii.
In the late 1890s, the U.S.
annexed (added to) Hawaii.
The U.S. wanted it for a naval
base.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Spanish-American War
The Spanish colony of Cuba
rebelled in the late 1890s.
The U.S. supported Cuba.
The war with Spain began after a
US battleship, The Maine, was
sunk.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Spanish-American War
Yellow Press (the exaggeration of news
stories) helped lead to the war.
Theodore Roosevelt led his unit, the
Rough Riders, in a battle in Cuba called
San Juan Hill.
The U.S gained Puerto Rico, the
Philippines, and Guam from the war.
Cuba gained its independence, but the
U.S. held power over them.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Open-Door Policy
The U.S. wanted European
nations to allow for free trade in
China.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Panama Canal
Roosevelt began the construction
of the canal through Panama.
Dr. William Gorgas (of Alabama)
helped wipe out yellow fever in
Panama so that workers on the
canal could work.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Roosevelt Corollary
This was Roosevelt’s addition to
the Monroe Doctrine that stated
the U.S. had the right to intervene
in South American nations to stop
problems.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Four Long Term Causes of
WWI
The MAIN causes:
– Militarism: the aggressive build up of a nations
armed forces in preparation for war.
– Alliances: a system of alliances in Europe bound
these countries to come to each others aid in
case of attack.
– Imperialism: European countries competed with
each other for land around the world.
– Nationalism: a.)some countries worked for their
own national interests, b.) while some countries
were divided by ethnic groups that wanted their
own nation.. Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Immediate Cause of WWI
The event that sparked WWI into
beginning was the assassination of
the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary.
His death sparked a conflict which
quickly spread into war, but the four
MAIN causes were the real reason
of the war.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Western Front
The war between Germany and
France, Great Britain, and, later
the U.S., took place in the
Western part of Europe.
Most of the war was fought in
horrible conditions in trenches.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Two Sides in WWI
The Central Powers
–Germany, Ottoman Empire,
Austria-Hungary
The Allied Powers
–France, United States, Russia,
Great Britain
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
U.S. Entry into WWI
The German practice of
unrestricted submarine warfare
was one cause of the U.S.’s entry
into WWI.
–Example: The sinking of the
Lusitania
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
U.S. Entry into WWI
The Zimmerman Note (Telegram)
was one of the causes.
The Germans attempted to get
the Mexicans to go to war with the
U.S. to keep us from fighting
Germany.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Mobilization
The U.S. began to ready troops
for war following these events.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
America’s Military Role
The U.S. entered WWI near the
end of the war.
The U.S. provided fresh troops,
supplies, and a boost in morale.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Homefront during WWI
The U.S. had to raise money for
the war by selling liberty bonds.
The government began to
organize corporations for the
purpose of preparing for war.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Homefront during WWI
Hatred of foreigners, especially
Germans, increased during WWI.
This is known as nativism.
During the war, the government
banned criticism of the war with
the Espionage and Sedition Acts.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Technological Innovations
During the war several
innovations occurred:
–airplanes
–machine guns
–tanks
–submarines
–poison gas
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty ended WWI
In this treaty, Germany lost all its
colonies, its military, had to make
reparations of over $30 billion, and
had to accept a war-guilt clause.
– this meant they had to accept blame for
the war
This treaty also created a League
of Nations.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Treaty of Versailles
President Wilson wanted the U.S.
to become a member of the
League and sign the treaty.
The U.S. did not become a
member of the League or did it
sign the Treaty of Versailles.
Congress rejected the treaty.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Treaty of Versailles
This treaty was so hated in
Germany that it would be one of
the leading factors leading into
WWII.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Roaring Twenties
This term refers to the period of
rapid development and change
that occurred in the 1920s.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Lost Generation
A group of writers who shared the
belief that they were lost in a greedy,
materialistic world that lacked moral
values.
Some of these writers were F. Scott
Fitzgerald and Ernst Hemingway.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Harlem Renaissance
The African American literary
movement centered in Harlem (in
New York City) during the 1920s.
Some of the writers were Zora
Neale Hurston, Claude McKay,
Countee Cullen, Langston
Hughes.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Jazz Age
This refers to the rise in
popularity of jazz music in the
1920s.
W.C. Handy (from Alabama)
becomes one of the leaders of
this new musical style.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Mass Entertainment
The development of the radio
and the film industry led to the
rise of a national culture.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Underside of the 1920s
Poverty, an unorganized labor
force, racism, crime due to
prohibition, and a decline in farm
prices were all problems faced in
the 1920s.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Prohibition
The 18th Amendment banned
alcohol.
It had the undesirable effect of
causing a rise in crime in the
U.S.
Crime bosses, like Al Capone,
became rich selling alcohol.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Women’s Issues
Women gained the right to
vote in the 1920s with the
passage of the 19th
Amendment.
Margaret Sanger became an
advocate for birth control rights
for women.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Racial Problems
In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan
rose in power.
As the Great Migration of African
Americans from the South to the
North occurred, racial problems,
like riots, in Northern cities grew.
In the South, lynching (hangings)
became commonplace.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Ethnic Conflicts
Fear of different ethnic and
foreign groups grew following
WWI.
The Red Scare (a fear of
communism) developed because
many saw it as a foreign plot to
destroy America.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Ethnic Conflict
Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian
immigrants who were executed
for murder, but who were most
likely innocent.
The trial became a symbol for
the fear of foreigners and radical
beliefs that developed in the
1920s.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Ethnic Problems
Immigration laws were
changed during the 1920s to
make it more difficult for
foreigners to move to the U.S..
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Underlying Causes of the Great
Depression
Disparity of income – great differences
between the poor and the rich
Stock market speculation – too many
people were investing in stocks who
could not afford it and the value of
stocks were overrated.
Collapse of the farm economy –
farmers were suffering in the 1920s
due to overproduction and low prices
for their goods
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Wall Street Crash
In 1929, the value of all stocks in
America fell dramatically.
This “crash” in value is the event
that sparked the Great
Depression.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Problems in the Depression
Many people became
unemployed, homeless, and
malnourished.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Relief From the Depression
Movies and radio programs
allowed people to escape some of
the problems of the Great
Depression.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Dust Bowl
In western states like Kansas and
Oklahoma, severe dust storms
added to the problems caused by
the Great Depression.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Alabama’s Economy
Poor Alabamians suffered
tremendously during the
Depression.
Those who were especially hurt
were poor farmers in the
Tennessee River Valley and in the
Appalachian Mountain region.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
President Hoover
Hoover, a Republican, was president
when the Great Depression began
He believed the government should not
get involved with the economy.
–This belief is known as laissez-faire.
He believed the economy, if left alone,
would correct itself.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
FDR
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a
Democrat, was elected because
he said the government should
help the economy improve.
His plan to end the depression
was called the New Deal
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Fireside Chats
Franklin Roosevelt used
speeches on the radio to reassure
Americans during the Depression.
These speeches were known as
fireside chats.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: FDIC
One of the first parts of FDR’s
plan was the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
It insures people’s bank accounts.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: Social Security
Social Security provides pension
plans to workers when they retire.
It also provides aid to those who
are unemployed or disabled.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: WPA
The Works Progress
Administration put unemployed
people to work in construction
projects as well as other types of
work.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: TVA
The Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) put people to work in
Tennessee and Alabama building
hydroelectric plants, dams, and
parks.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: CCC
The Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC) put young men to work
building parks and roads.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: NLRB
The National Labor Relations
Board helped solve problems
between workers and employers.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: Fair Labor
Standards Act
This act helped create the
minimum wage.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The New Deal: Criticisms
The New Deal was sometimes
criticized for being expensive and
giving the government more
power.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Cultural Changes During the New
Deal
Movies and radio programs
became a way to escape the
problems of the Depression
FDR spoke on the radio to
Americans to lift their spirits.
–These talks were known as
fireside chats.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Causes of WWII
In Europe the Causes of WWII were:
–The Munich Conference – this meeting
allowed Germany to annex the
Sudetenland. They promised not to
take anything else. They lied.
–Invasion of Poland – in 1939 Germany
invaded Poland. Britain and France
declared war.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Causes of WWII
In Asia the Causes of WWII were:
–Japanese expansion – the
Japanese expanded their empire
into other nations in Asia. The
U.S. was unhappy about this.
–Pearl Harbor – the Japanese
attacked a U.S. Naval base in
Hawaii in Dec of 1941. This led
the U.S. to declare war on Japan.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Two Sides in WWII
The Axis Powers were:
–Japan, Italy, and Germany
The Allied Powers were:
–Great Britain, France, the Soviet
Union (USSR), China, and
United States
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Leaders in WWII
FDR: president of the United States
Stalin: leader of the Soviet Union
Churchill: Prime Minister of Great
Britain
Hitler: leader of Germany; leader of
the Nazi party
Mussolini: leader of Italy
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Women in the War
In the United States during WWII,
women got new rights:
–Women served in the military as
support personnel
–More importantly, women
worked in factories taking the
place of men who were fighting
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Life on the Homefront
Goods were rationed during the
war.
–This meant that goods were
limited to the amount you could
purchase so that there was
enough for the soldiers.
The government sold war bonds
to raise money for the war.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Stalingrad
Germany’s Nazi army was
defeated by the Soviet army at
Stalingrad.
This battle marked the “turning
point” of World War II in Europe.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Midway
The Japanese defeat at Midway
Island by American forces marked
the “turning point” of World War II
in Asia.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
North Africa
Dwight D. Eisenhower led the first
major invasion by American
forces in World War II in North
Africa.
The invasion led to German and
Italian troops being driven out of
Africa.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Military Leaders of World War II
Eisenhower led U.S. forces in
Europe.
Douglas MacArthur led U.S.
forces against Japan.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Holocaust
During WWII Hitler ordered that the
Jews of Europe be killed.
The genocide (mass murder) of the
Jews is called the Holocaust.
Six million Jews were killed.
American troops helped to liberate
(free) the Concentration Camps that
held Jews who were still alive.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
The Atomic Bomb
The Manhattan Project was the name
of the secret plan to build an atomic
bomb in the United States.
The first bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima, Japan.
The second bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki, Japan.
The Japanese surrendered after the
bombs were used.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher
Compare WWI & WWII
The U.S. in both wars was at first
neutral.
In both wars the U.S. fought
Germany.
In both wars the U.S. fought to
help spread democracy.
Copyright 2004 Grady A. Lacher