Mk. AGROEKOLOGI
PERTANIAN
BERKELANJUTAN
Oleh:
Prof Dr Ir Soemarno, M.S.
Oktober 2008
1
Dampak Pembajakan Tanah
• Soil is damaged considerably whenever it is
ploughed and turned over.
• The moldboard plow brings subsoil to the surface
and buries the crop residue layer so deep it is
unable to decay properly.
• Virtually no soil residue is left on the surface,
exposing the soil to erosion and impairing the
water and mineral cycles.
2
Virtually no soil residue is left on the
surface, exposing the soil to erosion and
impairing the water and mineral cycles.
3
Dampak pembajakan tanah
Today, millions of acres are being farmed without
any tillage at all (no-till) or in such a way that
adequate groundcover remains afterwards (ridge till,
zone till, minimum till).
Production systems that reduce or eliminate tillage
in a manner consistent with effective weed control
foster the four ecosystem processes discussed
above.
4
1. Pengolahgan tanah secara dangkal
2. Chisel plowing, not invert the soil
3. Deep subsoiling
4. Ridge tillages
5. Shallow-tine, menggemburkan tanah
6. Harrowing, menyiapkan bedengan
7. No-till (tanam benih langsung; TABELA)
8 …… etc.
5
Keaneka-ragaman: Diversify
• Enterprise diversification reduces financial
risk by spreading income and costs (e.g., of
pest control and fertilizer) out over several
crops or livestock operations.
• Sustainability is increased when animal
wastes become inputs to crop production
on the same farm.
6
diversification reduces financial risk by spreading
income and costs
7
Pergiliran tanaman : Rotate crops
Moving from simple monoculture to a higher level of
diversity begins with crop rotations, which break weed and
pest life cycles, provide complementary fertilization to crops
in sequence with each other—nitrogen-fixing legume crops
preceding grain crops such as corn—and prevent buildup of
pest insects and weeds.
In many cases, yield increases follow from the "rotation
effect." Including forage crops in the rotation will reduce soil
erosion and increase soil quality.
8
Pergiliran tanaman : Rotate crops
When planning crop rotations, it is important to consider
that cultivated row crops—such as corn and soybeans or
vegetables—tend to be soil-degrading. Since the soil is
open and cultivated between rows, microbes break down
organic matter at a more rapid pace.
Furthermore, row crops have modest root systems and
consequently do not contribute enough new organic
matter to replace that lost from the open soil between
rows; in most cases above-ground crop residues make only
minor contributions to replacing lost organic matter.
9
….. row crops have
modest root systems
and consequently do
not contribute enough
new organic matter to
replace that lost from
the open soil between
rows; in most cases
above-ground crop
residues make only
minor contributions to
replacing lost organic
matter.
10
ROTATION EFFECTS IN CROPS
LEGUME = KACANG-KACANGAN
Annual seed legume
Kedelai
Kacangtanah
Kacang hijau
Kac. Panjang, dll
Perennial forage legume
Animal feeds
Green manure
FIKSASI N2 dlm BINTIL AKAR
MENYUBURKAN
TANAH
11
ROTATION EFFECTS IN CROPS
ANNUAL SEED LEGUME
Vigna sinensis
(Cowpea)
Hasil jagung dan
kapas lebih baik kalau
ditanam setelah
cowpea
Glycine max
(soybeans = kedelai)
Arachis hypogaea
(peanut = kc.tanah)
Hasil jagung lebih
baik kalau ditanam
setelah kedelai
FIKSASI N2 dlm BINTIL AKAR
MENYUBURKAN TANAH
12
ROTATION EFFECTS IN CROPS
Perennial Forages
TURI
SENGON
Glericidea
FIKSASI N2 dlm BINTIL AKAR
MENYUBURKAN TANAH
13
CROP ROTATION EFFECTS ON SOIL
KARAKTERISTIK TANAH
Agregasi
Tanah
Bulk
density
TATA UDARA
Bahan
organik
tanah
KETERSEDIAAN
HARA
Water
infiltration
….
TATA AIR
HUBUNGAN TANAH - TANAMAN
Memperbaiki Kualitas Tanah pd Zone PERAKARAN tanaman
14
TANAMAN PENUTUP-TANAH & PUPUK HIJAU
• Perennial and biennial cereal crops, annual
green manures, and annual cover crops are
important for building soil in field-cropping
systems.
• The soil-building crops most appropriate
for a given farm depend not only on
regional factors (torrential rains, etc.) but
also on the type of production system
involved: each farmer will have to
determine which cover crops are most
appropriate to his or her system.
15
Perennial and biennial cereal crops, annual
green manures, and annual cover crops are
important for building soil in field-cropping
systems.
16
Kompos, Rabuk, dan Pupuk
Crop rotations, covercropping, and greenmanuring are key
strategies for soil building,
which is the foundation of
sustainable farming.
However, modern
production systems place
high demands on land
resources, requiring
additional attention to soil
fertility management.
17
Kompos, Rabuk, dan Pupuk
• Manures and composts, especially those produced onfarm or available locally at low cost, are ideal resources
for cycling nutrients on-farm.
• From the standpoint of overall soil and crop health,
composts or aged manures are preferred.
• where quantities are available. Much higher rates are
not unusual, especially where soil is being improved
rather than maintained.
18
1. Rabuk kandang
2. Limbah domestik
3. Sampah yang dapat dikomposkan
4. Limbah pertanian/ peternakan/
perikanan
5. Limbah industri makanan dan
minuman
6. Limbah agroindustri
7. Bahan organik lainnya
19
1. Pupuk mempengaruhi pertumbuhan gulma =
tanaman
2. Pupuk dapat meningkatkan gangguan Hama /
Penyakit
3. BO dpt mereduksi hangguan hama & penyakit
4. BO dapat merangsang populasi fungi pengendali
NEMATODA
5. BO dapat menjerap pestisida
6. BO dpt menjadi makanan alternatif bagi marginal
pests
20
PUPUK - RABUK
Pemupukan meningkatkan hasil/kualitas:
The law of diminishing return
Dosis PUPUK Optimum
Minimize Fertilizer:
Sistem rotasi dg legume
Manure/ Bahan organik
Uji tanah & analisis tanaman
Kultivar dg kebutuhan hara rendah
Teknologi aplikasi
Limbah organik
Musim / waktu tanam
Fiksasi N-biologis
21
Kompos, Rabuk, dan Pupuk
Compost has a unique advantage in
comparison to unaged manure and other
organic soil amendments in that it has a
(usually) predictable, and nearly ideal, ratio
of carbon to nitrogen. (Parnes, 1990)
• Compost can be safely applied at rates of 12
tons per ha (Parnes, 1990),
22
RN =  (AP + AR - RM - L)
RN : hara dalam tanah pada akhir periode t
AP : hara dalam tanah pada awal periode t
AR : hara yang ditambahkan ke tanah selama periode t
RM: hara yang dipanen selama periode t
L : hara yg hilang selama periode t
t : periode waktu tertentu
23
1. Kultivasi dapat meningkatkan atau menurunkan gangguan
hama atau penyakit
2. Kultivasi mengendalikan gangguan gulma
3. Kultivasi mempengaruhi dosis pupuk yang
diperlukan
4. Kultivasi meningkatkan efektivitas pestisida
5. Kultivasi membenamkan/mengubur BO ke dalam
tanah
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1. Herbisida mempengaruhi keparahan gangguan
hama/penyakit
2. Pestisida mempengaruhi organisme tanah dekomposer
3. Insektisida mereduksi gangguan virus dan penyakit
4. Insektisida meningkatkan populasi gulma
5. Insektisida membunuh musuh alami
6. Fungisida membunuh fungi tanah pengendali insek dan
nematoda
7. Fungisida mereduksi populasi dekomposer dan
antagonist
8. Pestisida menekan populasi cacing tanah
9. …… ?
25
Kompos, Rabuk, dan Pupuk
• Compost has some particular advantages in row crop
production, especially when used in conjunction with
cover crops and green manures. In sandy soils,
compost's stable organic matter is especially effective
at absorbing and retaining water.
• Fresh plant material incorporated as green manure, on
the other hand, retains its waxy leaf coating and cannot
perform the same function until thoroughly digested by
microbes.
26
THE NATIVE NUTRIENT POOL
1. Senyawa Organik : C, N, P, S , …...
2. Pengurangan cepat karena:
a. Mineralisasi dan serapan tanaman
b. Mineralisasi, denitrifikasi,
penguapan
c. Mineralisasi dan pencician
d. Erosi dan run off
3. Penambahan melalui:
a. Pemupukan
b. Residu tanaman: akar + non akar
c. Fiksasi biologis
d. …...
27
1. Pertumbuhan tanaman:
a. Asam amino alanin, glisin dpt
diserap tnm
b. Zat tumbuh dan vitamin
c. Asam di-hidroksi-stearat ……
toksik
d. Asam vanilat, as. Fenol
karboksilat
e. Pengaruh tidak langsung
28
2. Sifat dan Ciri Tanah
a. Warna tanah: Coklat - hitam
b. Merangsang Granulasi
c. Menurunkan plastisitas, kohesi
d. Meningkatkan kemampuan
menahan air
e. Meningkatkan kapasitas jerapan
kation
f. Meningkatkan ketersediaan hara
g. Ekstraksi hara dari mineralmineral
29
FIKSASI N SECARA BIOLOGIS
Legume
Kac.tunggak
Kac. Kapri
Kedelai
Kac. Buncis
Kac. Tanah
N-fixed, kg/ha
100
72
65
45
44
30
CROP RESIDUES
1. Mengandung bahan organik dan unsur hara N, P, K,
…..
2. CR = hasil biji x indeks panen
3. Residu jagung:
N = 43 % total
P = 41% total
K = 78% total
4. Residu kedelai: N = 38% total
P = 36% total
K = 48% total
5. Dikembalikan ke tanah atau dipanen ?
31
1. SOIL EROSION & RUN-OFF
2. Pencucian hara = Nutrients leaching
3. Denitrifikasi dan volatilisasi
4. Shifts in nutrient use:
Fertilizer
Manure
Crop residues
Mulches
32
PUPUK ORGANIK
1. PUPUK HIJAU : C/N-RATIO
2. PUPUK KANDANG : BO, N, P, K
3. KOMPOS: DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK
4. PUPUK BUATAN / SINTESIS:
a. ……….. Kandungan logam berat
b………. Kandungan senyawa organik
c. ……… kandungan senyawa anorganik
33
Kompos, Rabuk, dan Pupuk
There are several conventional fertilizers that should be avoided in
sustainable farming because of their harmful effects on soil
organisms, structure and acidity.
These include ammonium sulphate will result in increasing the soil
acidity (reducing pH).
Penggunaan kapur-pertanian, pupuk fosfat, dan pupuk
lainnya harus dilakukan berdasarkan hasil uji tanah,
untuk menghindari ketidak-seimbangan hara dan
pemborosan biaya yang tidak perlu.
34
PENGELOLAAN KESUBURAN TANAH
Agroekologi
Optimum
Inputs
Agroteknologi
Natural Inputs
KESUBURAN
TANAH
Optimum
Crop
Yields
Minimum
Losses
35
SIKLUS HARA
DALAM
SISTEM PERTANIAN
Atmosfer
TANAMAN
PANEN
Residu
PUPUK
TANAH
Kehilangan
Penguapan
Pencucian
Erosi
Fiksasi
Pupuk buatan
Pupuk organik:
Kandang,
Kompos, Hijau
36
Significant additions of lime, phosphate rocks,
and other fertilizers should be guided by soil
testing to avoid soil imbalances and
unnecessary expenditure on inputs..
37
PENGENDALIAN GULMA
Weed management poses one of the greatest challenges to
the crafting of sustainable production systems.
However, weed populations tend to decline in severity as
soil health builds.
A basic understanding of weed ecology and the influence of
cropping patterns on weed communities will help growers
refine their use of cultural and mechanical techniques,
thereby reducing the time required for effective weed
control.
Tindakan pencegahan gulma menjadi bagian utama
dari program pengendalian .
38
Mechanical weed control
Crop rotations
Cover cropping
Live mulches
Mycoherbicides
Pest of weeds
39
PENGENDALIAN GULMA
In general terms, weed prevention in crops is based on
developing a sound rotation, thwarting all attempts by
existing weeds to set seed, and minimizing the arrival of
new weed seeds from outside the field.
In a grazing system, weed management may be as simple
as adding other animal species such as goats or sheep to a
cattle herd to convert weeds into cash.
40
Table 4. Tillage and cover crop mulch effect on weed numbers
and production.
Weeds/meter2
Weed weight
kg/meter2
None
36
0.66
None
None
15
0.42
None
Rye
2.7
0.3
None
Wheat
0.9
0.21
None
Barley
0.24
0.27
Tillage
Cover crop
Conventional
Source: Putnam et al., 1983.
41
PENGENDALIAN HAMA
Insect pests can have a serious impact on farm income. In
ecologically balanced farm production systems, insect
pests are always present, but massive outbreaks resulting
in severe economic damage are minimized.
This results in good part from the presence of natural
control agents—especially predatory and parasitic insects,
mites, and spiders—that keep pest populations in check.
To restore populations of beneficials on the farm, cease or
reduce pesticide use and other practices that harm them,
and establish habitats through farmscaping
42
1. Metode peramalan gangguan hama
2. Better placement & formulations
3. Cropping rotations
4. Appropriate cultivations
5. Time of planting/ sowing
6. Controlled weed growth practices
7. Biological insecticides
8. Parasites & predators of pests
9. Allelochemicals, pheromones, repellents
10. Resistant cultivars
11. Use of trap crops
12. Innovative cultural techniques
43
PENGENDALIAN HAMA
IPM integrates habitat modification and
cultural, physical, biological, and chemical
practices to minimize crop losses.
Monitoring, record keeping, and life-cycle
information about pests and their natural
enemies are used to determine which
control measures are needed to keep pests
below an economic threshold.
44
PENGENDALIAN HAMA
Biological control—the use of living organisms to control crop
pests—is one of the pillars of IPM.
Biocontrol agents may be predatory, parasitic, or pathogenic;
they may also be either "natural" (from naturally occurring
organisms such as wild beneficial insects) or "applied"
(meaning the organisms are introduced).
Biocontrol agents include insects, mites, bacteria, fungi,
viruses, and nematodes.
Certain beneficial nematodes (Steinernema species, for
example) transmit pathogens to their prey, and could be
seen as a form of indirectly applied biocontrol.
45
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
The first step toward preventing serious disease problems
in any cropping system is the production of healthy plants
nurtured by a microbially active soil.
Healthy soil suppresses root diseases naturally; the
primary means to create disease-suppressive soil is to add
biologically active compost at appropriate rates to a soil
with balanced mineral levels.
Supplemental strategies include crop rotation, resistant
cultivars, good soil drainage, adequate air movement, and
planting clean seed.
46
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
• Biorational fungicides include compost teas
(which add beneficial fungi capable of
preventing colonization of the crop by
pathogens) baking soda, and plant extracts.
• As with insect pest management, integrated
management principles should be applied,
including monitoring of environmental conditions,
to determine whether preventive fungicidal
sprays are required.
47
1. Metode peramalan penyakit
2. Pergiliran Tanaman
3. Aplikasi - placement
4. Waktu / musim tanam
5. Disease antagonists
6. Menanam kultivar yang Toleran / tahan
48
RINGKASAN
• Sustainable farming meets economic, environmental, and
social objectives simultaneously; because these three
objectives always overlap, they are managed together.
• Economic sustainability requires selecting profitable
enterprises and doing comprehensive financial planning.
• Social sustainability involves keeping money circulating
in the local economy, and maintaining or enhancing the
quality of life of the farm family.
• Environmental sustainability involves keeping the four
ecosystem processes (effective energy flow, water and
mineral cycles, and viable ecosystem dynamics) in good
condition.
49
RINGKASAN
Managing economics, society, and environment
simultaneously depends on clear goal-setting, effective
decision making, and monitoring to stay on track toward
the goal.
Wise decisions allow us to extract our living from the land
as the interest, while preserving the social, water, and
soil capital. As a result, the capability of the landscape
and community resources will not be compromised over
time by our activities.
50
RINGKASAN
Some specific land-use strategies to achieve sustainability
include:
1. keeping the soil covered throughout the year;
2. avoiding moldboard plowing;
3. increasing biodiversity wherever possible through crop
rotation, intercropping, use of sod or cover crops,
farmscaping, and integrated pest management;
4. applying animal manures or compost;
5. diversifying enterprises and planning for profit;
6. integrating crop and animal enterprises;
7. minimizing tillage, commercial fertilizer, and pesticides;
8. buying supplies locally;
9. employing local people; and
10. including quality of life in your goals.
51
Sustainable agriculture was also addressed by the 1990 farm bill
[Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 (FACTA), Public
Law 101-624, Title XVI, Subtitle A, Section 1603].
Pertanian berkelanjutan didefinisikan sbb:
Stated by: “the term sustainable agriculture means an integrated
system of plant and animal production practices having a sitespecific application that will, over the long term:
1. Memenuhi kebutuhan sandang dan pangan manusia
2. Melestarikan kualitas lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam yang
menjadi tumpuan ekonomi-pertanian
3. Menggunakan secara efisien sumberdaya tidak-pulih dan
sumberdaya pertanian, serta mengintegrasikan siklus biologis
alami dan pengendalian biologis
4. Melestarikan viabilitas ekonomis dari kegiatan usahatani
5. Meningkatkan kualitas hidup petani dan masyarakat
keseluruhan.”
52
Menggunakan secara efisien
sumberdaya tidak-pulih dan
sumberdaya pertanian,
serta mengintegrasikan
siklus biologis alami dan
pengendalian biologis
53
Melestarikan viabilitas
ekonomis dari kegiatan
usahatani
54
Melestarikan kualitas lingkungan dan
sumberdaya alam yang menjadi
tumpuan ekonomi-pertanian
55
Sustainable Agriculture:
Environmentally friendly methods of farming that allow
the production of crops or livestock without damage to the
farm as an ecosystem, including effects on soil, water
supplies, biodiversity, or other surrounding natural
resources.
The concept of sustainable agriculture is an
“intergenerational” one in which we pass on a conserved
or improved natural resource base instead of one which
has been depleted or polluted.
Terms often associated with farms or ranches that are selfsustaining include “low-input,” organic, “ecological,”
“biodynamic,” and “permaculture.”
56
WHAT IS
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE?
Sustainable agriculture is a way of raising food
that is healthy for consumers and animals,
does not harm the environment, is humane for
workers, respects animals, provides a fair
wage to the farmer, and supports and
enhances rural communities.
57
Characteristics of SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE :
Konservasi dan Preservasi
What is taken out of the environment is put back in, so
land and resources such as water, soil and air can be
replenished and are available to future generations.
The waste from sustainable farming stays within the
farm’s ecosystem and cannot cause buildup or pollution.
In addition, sustainable agriculture seeks to minimize
transportation costs and fossil fuel use, and is as locallybased as possible.
58
Characteristics of SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE :
Biodiversity
Farms raise different types of plants and animals, which are
rotated around the fields to enrich the soil and help prevent
disease and pest outbreaks.
Chemical pesticides are used minimally and only when
necessary; many sustainable farms do not use any form of
chemicals.
59
Characteristics of SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE :
Animal welfare.
Animals are treated humanely and with respect, and
are well cared for.
They are permitted to carry out their natural
behaviors, such as grazing, rooting or pecking, and
are fed a natural diet appropriate for their species.
60
Characteristics of SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE :
Kelayakan EKonomi
Farmers are paid a fair wage and are not dependent
on subsidies from the government.
Sustainable farmers help strengthen rural
communities.
61
Characteristics of
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE :
Socially just.
Workers are treated
fairly and paid
competitive wages and
benefits.
They work in a safe
environment and are
offered proper living
conditions and food.
62
63
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals--environmental
health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity.
Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
Therefore, stewardship of both natural and human resources is of prime
importance.
Stewardship of human resources includes consideration of social
responsibilities such as working and living conditions of laborers, the needs of
rural communities, and consumer health and safety both in the present and
the future.
Stewardship of land and natural resources involves maintaining or enhancing
this vital resource base for the long term.
64
Sistem pertanian berkelanjutan
A systems perspective is essential to understanding sustainability.
The system is envisioned in its broadest sense, from the individual farm,
to the local ecosystem, and to communities affected by this farming
system both locally and globally.
An emphasis on the system allows a larger and more thorough view of
the consequences of farming practices on both human communities and
the environment.
A systems approach gives us the tools to explore the interconnections
between farming and other aspects of our environment.
A systems approach also implies interdisciplinary efforts in research and
education. This requires not only the input of researchers from various
disciplines, but also farmers, farmworkers, consumers, policymakers and
others.
65
Making the transition to sustainable agriculture is a
process.
For farmers, the transition to sustainable agriculture normally
requires a series of small, realistic steps. Family economics and
personal goals influence how fast or how far participants can go in the
transition.
It is important to realize that each small decision can make a
difference and contribute to advancing the entire system further on
the "sustainable agriculture continuum."
The key to moving forward is the will to take the next step.
Finally, it is important to point out that reaching toward the goal of
sustainable agriculture is the responsibility of all participants in the
system, including farmers, laborers, policymakers, researchers,
retailers, and consumers. Each group has its own part to play, its own
unique contribution to make to strengthen the sustainable agriculture
community.
66
PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA
ALAM
Water.
When the production of food and
fiber degrades the natural resource
base, the ability of future generations
to produce and flourish decreases.
The decline of ancient civilizations in
the world is believed to have been
strongly influenced by natural
resource degradation from nonsustainable farming and forestry
practices.
Water is the principal resource that
has helped agriculture and society to
prosper, and it has been a major
limiting factor when mismanaged.
67
PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Ketersediaan Air & Penggunaannya
In the world, an extensive water storage and transfer system has been
established which has allowed crop production to expand to very arid
regions.
In drought years, limited surface water supplies have prompted overdraft of
groundwater and consequent intrusion of salt water, or permanent collapse
of aquifers.
Several steps should be taken to develop drought-resistant farming systems
even in "normal" years, including both policy and management actions:
1) improving water conservation and storage measures,
2) providing incentives for selection of drought-tolerant crop species,
3) using reduced-volume irrigation systems,
4) managing crops to reduce water loss, or
5) not planting at all.
68
PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
KUALITAS AIR
The most important issues related to water
quality involve contamination of surface
waters by pesticides, nitrates and selenium.
Temporary solutions include the use of
tolerant crops, low-volume irrigation, and
various management techniques to
minimize application of any agrochemicals
in crops cultivation.
In the long-term, some farmland may need
to be removed from production or
converted to other uses. Other uses include
conversion of row crop land to production
of drought-tolerant forages, Integrated Pest
Management to minimize the impacts of
pesticides on its environment.
69
Pertanian & Sumberdaya Alam
Energy.
Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on non-renewable energy
sources, especially petroleum.
The continued use of these energy sources cannot be sustained
indefinitely, yet to abruptly abandon our reliance on them would
be economically catastrophic.
However, a sudden cutoff in energy supply would be equally
disruptive.
In sustainable agricultural systems, there is reduced reliance on
non-renewable energy sources and a substitution of renewable
sources or labor to the extent that is economically feasible.
70
Farming and Natural Resources
UDARA
Many agricultural activities affect air quality.
These include smoke from agricultural burning; dust from
tillage, traffic and harvest; pesticide drift from spraying;
and nitrous oxide emissions from the use of nitrogen
fertilizer.
Options to improve air quality include incorporating crop
residue into the soil, using appropriate levels of tillage, and
planting wind breaks, cover crops or strips of native
perennial grasses to reduce dust.
71
Farming and Natural
Resources
Soil.
Soil erosion continues to
be a serious threat to our
continued ability to
produce adequate food.
Numerous practices have
been developed to keep soil in
place, which include reducing
or eliminating tillage,
managing irrigation to reduce
runoff, and keeping the soil
covered with plants or mulch.
72
Farming and Natural Resources
Budidaya Tanaman
Sustainable production practices involve a variety of approaches.
Specific strategies must take into account topography, soil characteristics,
climate, pests, local availability of inputs and the individual grower's goals.
Despite the site-specific and individual nature of sustainable agriculture,
several general principles can be applied to help growers select appropriate
management practices:
1. Selection of species and varieties that are well suited to the site and to
conditions on the farm;
2. Diversification of crops (including livestock) and cultural practices to
enhance the biological and economic stability of the farm;
3. Management of the soil to enhance and protect soil quality;
4. Efficient and humane use of inputs; and
5. Consideration of farmers' goals and lifestyle choices.
73
PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Selection of site, species and variety.
Preventive strategies, adopted early, can reduce inputs and help
establish a sustainable production system.
When possible, pest-resistant crops should be selected which are
tolerant of existing soil or site conditions.
When site selection is an option, factors such as soil type and depth,
previous crop history, and location (e.g. climate, topography) should
be taken into account before planting.
74
PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Diversity.
Diversified farms are usually more economically and ecologically
resilient.
While monoculture farming has advantages in terms of efficiency and
ease of management, the loss of the crop in any one year could put a
farm out of business and/or seriously disrupt the stability of a
community dependent on that crop. By growing a variety of crops,
farmers spread economic risk and are less susceptible to the radical
price fluctuations associated with changes in supply and demand.
Properly managed, diversity can also buffer a farm in a biological sense.
For example, in annual cropping systems, crop rotation can be used to
suppress weeds, pathogens and insect pests.
Also, cover crops can have stabilizing effects on the agroecosystem by
holding soil and nutrients in place, conserving soil moisture with mowed
or standing dead mulches, and by increasing the water infiltration rate
and soil water holding capacity.
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PERTANIAN &
SUMBERDAYA
ALAM
Diversity.
Optimum diversity may be
obtained by integrating
both crops and livestock in
the same farming
operation.
This was the common
practice for centuries until
the mid-1900s when
technology, government
policy and economics
compelled farms to become
more specialized.
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PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Diversity.
Mixed crop and livestock operations have several advantages:
First, growing row crops only on more level land and pasture or forages on
steeper slopes will reduce soil erosion.
Second, pasture and forage crops in rotation enhance soil quality and reduce
erosion; livestock manure, in turn, contributes to soil fertility.
Third, livestock can buffer the negative impacts of low rainfall periods by
consuming crop residue that in "plant only" systems would have been
considered crop failures.
Finally, feeding and marketing are flexible in animal production systems. This
can help cushion farmers against trade and price fluctuations and, in
conjunction with cropping operations, make more efficient use of farm labor.
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PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Pengelolaan Tanah
A common philosophy among sustainable agriculture
practitioners is that a "healthy" soil is a key component of
sustainability; that is, a healthy soil will produce healthy crop
plants that have optimum vigor and are less susceptible to
pests.
While many crops have key pests that attack even the
healthiest of plants, proper soil, water and nutrient
management can help prevent some pest problems brought
on by crop stress or nutrient imbalance.
Furthermore, crop management systems that impair soil
quality often result in greater inputs of water, nutrients,
pesticides, and/or energy for tillage to maintain yields.
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PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
PENGELOLAAN TANAH.
In sustainable systems, the soil is
viewed as a fragile and living
medium that must be protected and
nurtured to ensure its long-term
productivity and stability.
Methods to protect and enhance
the productivity of the soil include:
using cover crops,
compost and/or manures,
reducing tillage,
avoiding traffic on wet soils, and
maintaining soil cover with plants
and/or mulches.
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PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Efficient use of inputs.
Many inputs and practices used by conventional farmers are also used in
sustainable agriculture.
Sustainable farmers, however, maximize reliance on natural, renewable,
and on-farm inputs. Equally important are the environmental, social, and
economic impacts of a particular strategy.
Converting to sustainable practices does not mean simple input
substitution. Frequently, it substitutes enhanced management and
scientific knowledge for conventional inputs, especially chemical inputs
that harm the environment on farms and in rural communities.
The goal is to develop efficient, biological systems which do not need
high levels of material inputs.
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Penggunaan Sarana-Produksi secara Efisien.
Growers frequently ask if synthetic chemicals are appropriate in a
sustainable farming system.
Sustainable approaches are those that are the least toxic and least
energy intensive, and yet maintain productivity and profitability.
Preventive strategies and other alternatives should be employed before
using chemical inputs from any source.
However, there may be situations where the use of synthetic chemicals
would be more "sustainable" than a strictly nonchemical approach or an
approach using toxic "organic" chemicals.
For example, one grape grower switched from tillage to a few
applications of a broad spectrum contact herbicide in the vine row.
This approach may use less energy and may compact the soil less than
numerous passes with a cultivator or mower.
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PERTANIAN & SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Consideration of farmer goals and lifestyle choices.
Management decisions should reflect not only environmental and broad
social considerations, but also individual goals and lifestyle choices.
For example, adoption of some technologies or practices that promise
profitability may also require such intensive management that one's
lifestyle actually deteriorates.
Management decisions that promote sustainability, nourish the
environment, the community and the individual.
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MENGAPA sustainability PERLU DILAKUKAN ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kesuburan tanah menurun karena erosi dan BO rendah
HPT tidak terkendali, karena ekosistem tidak stabil
Pencemaran lingkungan dan gangguan terhadap kesehatan manusia
sebagai akibat penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia pertanian
Sumber BBM akan habis karena bersifat “non renewable”
Ketergantungan proses produksi terhadap input dari luar tinggi,
pada akhirnya petani tidak berdaya
Penggunaan “external input” semakin tidak efisien, sehingga petani
rugi
Kualitas hasil panen rendah menyebabkan harga rendah dan
keuntungan petani berkurang
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UNTUK APA DILAKUKAN ?
1. Agar kesuburan tanah dan lingkungan hidup
dapat terjaga kelestariannya
2. Agar hasil panen ( kuantitas, kualitas dan
kontinyuitas ) dapat ditingkatkan
3. Agar input produksi ( external input ) dapat
dihemat dan biaya produksi tidak semakin
tinggi
4. Agar petani lebih mandiri, tidak tergantung dari
pabrik pupuk dan pestisida
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MENGAPA DI INDONESIA
PELAKSANAANNYA SULIT ?
1. Daya dukung wilayah rendah karena penduduk
padat
2. Kondisi sosial-ekonomi petani belum menunjang
3. “Political will” dari pemerintah belum terlihat di
lapangan (target jangka pendek masih lebih
dominan dari pada program jangka panjang)
4. Sumber bahan-bahan kimia pertanian (pupuk +
pestisida) banyak terdapat di Indonesia
5. Sebaliknya, sumber BO sulit didapat
6. “Bargaining Power” pertanian organik kalah jauh
dibandingkan pertanian kimiawi
7. Masyarakat konsumen belum seluruhnya dapat
menghargai produk pertanian organik
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