MENANAM POHON
UNTUK
MEMANEN AIR HUJAN
NERACA LENGAS
Soemarno - psdl ppsub 2013
Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water
infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor.
CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62
Andisols are soils with high structural development and
aggregate stability, characteristics that play a major role in their
high infiltration rate. They are, however, vulnerable to
environmental changes, particularly those associated with land
use modifications.
The present work aims to ascertain the influence of modifications
to land use as well as vegetation cover on the steady-state
infiltration rate and associated properties of Andisols on the
volcanic island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Thirty two
sites were selected in three categories of land use/vegetation
cover (green forest, pine forest and cropped areas). The
infiltration rate was studied using a double ring infiltrometer.
Other soil properties which influence infiltration – organic matter
content, texture, structure, bulk density, water retention capacity
and water repellency – were also studied.
Infiltration is extremely rapid under green forest (796 mmh− 1) but
falls considerably under pine forest (188 mmh− 1) and in formerly
cropped soils (67 mmh− 1). The statistical analysis shows that the
main soil properties affected by a change in land use/vegetation
and which determine infiltration are soil aggregation, structural
stability and, to a lesser extent, organic matter and bulk density.
Compared to the green forest sites, a notable reduction in soil
aggregation, structural stability and organic matter, and an
increase in bulk density, are observed in the formerly cropped
soils. Although less pronounced, the same tendency is seen also
in the pine forest sites when compared to their green forest
counterparts.
The results confirm the vulnerability of Andisols' soil properties
and infiltration to land use modification, while also highlighting
the influence of the type of forest cover present.
Diunduh dari sumber:
Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water
infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor.
CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62
Water repellence severity of different vegetation and land
use types.
Diunduh dari sumber:
Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water
infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor.
CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62
Influence of soil type, vegetation and land uses on steady
infiltration rate (SIR) and classification according to Landon
(1984), modified (Box plot: thick bar = median; upper and lower
limits of the box = 75 and 25 percentiles, respectively).
Diunduh dari sumber:
Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water
infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor.
CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62
Hasil analisis PCA untuk berbagai tipe vegetasi dan
landuse.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012
Vegetation and land-use effects on soil properties and water
infiltration of Andisols in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
J. Neris, C. Jiménez , J. Fuentes, G. Morillas, M. Tejedor.
CATENA. Volume 98, November 2012, Pages 55–62
Hubungan antara infiltrasi dan sifat-sifat tanah (organic
carbon, bulk density, water retention, soil aggregation dan
stabilitas agregat tanah).
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816212001270 …..29/10/2012
Effects of vegetation-related soil heterogeneity on Runoff,
infiltration, and redistribution in semi-arid Shrubland and
grassland landscapes
David Ralph Bedford
B.S., Colorado state university, 1996
Model Konseptual proses redistribusi air hujan
dalam hubungannya dengan vegetasi dan sifat-sifat
tanah
Diunduh dari sumber: http://gradworks.umi.com/3337180.pdf …..29/10/2012
Effects of vegetation-related soil heterogeneity on Runoff,
infiltration, and redistribution in semi-arid Shrubland and
grassland landscapes
David Ralph Bedford
B.S., Colorado state university, 1996
Hubungan antara relief microtopographic dan
runoff untuk berbagai karakter hujan.
Shaded area denotes the roughness of the
“Lower1” plot
Diunduh dari sumber: http://gradworks.umi.com/3337180.pdf …..29/10/2012
Effects of vegetation-related soil heterogeneity on Runoff,
infiltration, and redistribution in semi-arid Shrubland and
grassland landscapes
David Ralph Bedford
B.S., Colorado state university, 1996
Infiltration variability (left-hand panel) for different
patterns (right-hand panels) of Ksat (dashed line) and
Zm (solid line). Ksat varies by 2x. Error bars denote
the standard deviation; values greater than unity
suggest redistribution. Topography profiles have a
10x exaggeration
Diunduh dari sumber: http://gradworks.umi.com/3337180.pdf …..29/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Ongoing investigations of infiltration processes have identified
the relatively horizontal caprock environment above portions of
the repository as a potentially large source of infiltrating
waters, due to shallow, permeable soils above a moderately
welded tuff with large soil-filled fissures.
The combination of shallow soils and fissured bedrock allows
rapid penetration of wetting pulses to below the rooting zone.
Plant uptake can strongly reduce net infiltration in arid
environments with high water storage capacity, and, despite the
low water storage capacity, there is a relatively high vegetation
density in this environment.
The apparent discrepancy between high vegetation density and
low water storage motivates the study of plant-hydrologic
interactions in this semiarid environment. Field observations
were coupled with plant- and landscape-scale models to provide
insight into plant-hydrologic interactions.
Several lines of evidence, including: (i) linear plant growth
features observed on aerial photographs; (ii) comparisons of
plant cover within the fissured environment and comparable
environments lacking fissures; and (iii) direct excavations, all
suggest that the widely spaced soil- filled fissures are conducive
to plant growth even when fissures are buried at soil depths
exceeding 30 cm.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Results from a mechanistic simulation model for root growth
into fissures suggest that the additional (sheltered) plantavailable soil water within fissures provides a competitive
advantage for plant establishment. Therefore, plants that
germinate above a fissure are more likely to survive, in turn
developing linear features above fissures. Having established
that plants preferentially root within soil-filled fissures in the
caprock environment, a set of simulations were performed to
examine the hydrologic consequence of plant roots within
fissures at the landscape-scale.
The response to three rainfall amounts was simulated. For the
largest storm, fluxes at the fissure bottom peaked at 1-4 weeks
after the storm when plant uptake was not active, but were
eliminated when fissures had active vegetation.
When plants were active within a fissure, uptake eliminated
net infiltration in the fissure regardless of the size of the
storm.
Two plant-related mechanisms reduced total flux through the
plant-filled fissures: (i) transpiration during fissure flow, and
(ii) wetting-pulse retardation due to drier fissures prior to rain.
The first mechanism appears to be dominant in these
simulations.
Results suggest that transpiration may strongly limit net
infiltration (i.e. total deep percolation flux escaping the plant root
zone); significant infiltration can occur, however, when plants
are dormant, so that most infiltration would be expected to occur
during winter.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Hydrologic interactions have been less examined in
shallow soils underlain by fractured bedrock. Several
studies are discussed by Sternberg et al. (1996).
They note that in many mountainous sites with
shallow soils, soil water storage is inadequate to
support existing vegetation and several studies
have found that roots of woody plants may penetrate
many meters into bedrock along fracture planes
and joints.
In a field study with highly weathered bedrock,
Sternberg et al. (1996) found that the bedrock
supplied nearly ten times as much water than did the
soil, suggesting that weathered bedrock may form
an important ecosystem component.
1. Sternberg, P.D., Anderson, M.A., Graham, R.C., Beyers, J.L.,
Rice. K.R., 1996. Root distribution and seasonal water status
in weathered granitic bedrock under chapparal. Geoderma 72,
89-98.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Ciri-ciri hidrologis dari caprock.
The mildly sloping caprock surface is overlain by loamy sand
soil of variable thickness, from exposed caprock to depths of
about 0.5 m. Soil texture varies with depth from loamy sand to
loam, typically features a light desert pavement at the surface,
and exhibits occasional embedded rock shards and fragments
at all depths.
The fine-content composition (<2 mm) is remarkably spatially
uniform.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Model untuk investigasi pertumbuhan akar : (a)
fissured bedrock system, and (b) solid bedrock (no
fissure exists).
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Simulated root systems after 90 d of growth: (a) side view of the
entire root system for the fissure simulation: (b)-(d) expanded
views of the top of the root system for the fissure simulation.
from the top, parallel to the tissure, and perpendicular to the
fissure, respectively: (e)-(g) the entire root system for the solidbedrock (no fissure) simulation from the same directions as in
(b)-(d). Shaded areas represent bedrock while white areas
denote soil.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
The effect of vegetation on infiltration in shallow soils underlain
by fissured bedrock
S.A. Stothoff, D. Or, D.P. Groeneveld, S.B. Jones
Journal of Hydrology 218 (1999) 169-190.
Water flux in each of the five fissures following a 100 mm
precipitation event: (a) and (b) top (T) and bottom (B) of soilfilled portion without plant uptake; (c) and (d) top (T) and
bottom (B) of soil-filled portion with plant uptake.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.hydrobio.org/publications/DG_99_Veg_Effect_YM_Infiltration_JH.pdf…..2
9/10/2012
Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes
in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community
D.E Carlyle-Moses
Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202
Gross precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were measured in a
representative matorral subinerme study plot within a small
montane basin of the Sierra Madre Oriental throughout three wet
season periods.
Data analysis suggests that of the 394.8 mm of cumulative gross
precipitation generated by 25 sampled events, throughfall,
stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes were 329.0±7.7 mm
(83.3±1.9%), 33.5±7.6 mm (8.5±1.9%), and 32.3±10.8 mm
(8.2±2.7%), respectively.
Stemflow from four woody plant stems was found to be
moderately correlated (r=0.54) with the product of gross
precipitation multiplied by stem basal area, while the season-long
Herwitz (Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 11 (1986) 401) funneling
ratios for these stems averaged 21.1.
The relatively large concentrations of water delivered to the bases
of these plants suggest that stemflow generation may be a means
of surviving drought conditions.
The importance of and possible factors influencing during-event
evaporation from the saturated matorral subinerme canopy, as
well as recommendations for future canopy water flux studies in
this plant community, are discussed.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012
Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes
in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community
D.E Carlyle-Moses
Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202
Huungan antara hujan bruto (mm) dengan kedalaman
throughfall (mm) pada kondisi tajuki musim basah.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012
Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes
in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community
D.E Carlyle-Moses
Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202
Throughfall sebagai persentase dari hujan bruto (mm) dalam
komunitas “matorral subinerme” di bawah kondisi tajuk
musim basah.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012
Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes
in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community
D.E Carlyle-Moses
Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202
Volume aliran-batang Stemflow (l) sebagai fungsi dari
hujan bruto (mm) × luas basal batang di lokasi petakuji “matorral subinerme”.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012
Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes
in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community
D.E Carlyle-Moses
Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202
Intersepsi tajuk (mm) merupakan fungsi dari hujan bruto
(mm) dalam komunitas “subinerme community” pada
kondisi tajuk musim basah.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012
Throughfall, stemflow, and canopy interception loss fluxes
in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community
D.E Carlyle-Moses
Journal of Arid Environments. Volume 58, Issue 2, July 2004, Pages 181–202
Intersepsi tajuk (%) sebagai fungsi dari hujan bruto (mm)
dalam komunitas “matorral subinerme” pada kondisi tajuk
musim basah.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196303001253…..30/10/2012
. Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing
and its consequences for rainforest succession
M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto.
Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007,
Pages 32–40.
We hypothesized that the arrested conversion back to forests may
reflect a nearly permanent condition associated with a rise in the
water table. To evaluate this possibility we acquired data from a 60year old evergreen forest and an area in shrub cover to
parameterize two hydrologic models; one that accounts for hourly
interception losses and predicts net precipitation (Gash model), the
other that calculates hourly transpiration from both overstory and
understory components as well as evaporation from the soil (a
modified Penman–Monteith model). In addition, standpipes were
installed to record water table levels over 18 months. The fraction of
a total annual precipitation (∼2100 mm) transpired by shrub and
forest cover differed (8% versus 22%) roughly in proportion to
differences in the leaf area index (2.2 versus 5.0). Although whole
canopy (stomatal) conductances were similar, the aerodynamic
conductance was more than three-fold higher for forests compared
with shrub cover (∼12 mol m−2 s−1 versus 3 mol m−2 s−1).
The frequent wetting of tree canopies, combined with an average
wind speed of 0.74 m s−1, resulted in ∼30% interception losses from
forests compared with 1% of annual precipitation lost through this
pathway from shrub cover. As a result of these differences, only
about half of the precipitation enters the ground under forest cover
compared to 90% under shrub cover. This difference in canopy
interception losses accounts for a rise in the water table from an
average of 45–10 cm.
The high water table prevents normal tree regeneration. This
condition is stable unless an effort is made to provide an elevated
substrate for tree seedlings to become established.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012
. Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing
and its consequences for rainforest succession
M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto.
Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007,
Pages 32–40.
Canopy (a) and aerodynamic (b) conductance from
forest (closed circles) and successional shrubland (open
circles) in Chiloé Islands. Measurements were made
during one clear day on April 2002, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012
. Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing
and its consequences for rainforest succession
M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto.
Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007,
Pages 32–40.
Water balance model for a young (60-year old) broad-leaved,
evergreen forest in northern Chiloé Island, based on
parameters estimated in this work for the period 2002–2003.
Percentages are relative to total precipitation (P). I:
interception; T: transpiration; E: evaporation; ET:
evapotranspiration; Sf: stemflow; Th: throughfall; Pnet: net
precipitation.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012
. Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing
and its consequences for rainforest succession
M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto.
Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007,
Pages 32–40.
Water balance model for secondary shrubland, established
after clearcutting of forest in northern Chiloé Island. This
picture shows differences in model parameters in response to
canopy removal. Model was based on parameters estimated in
this work for the period 2002–2003. Percentages are relative to
total precipitation (P). I: interception; T: transpiration; E:
evaporation; ET: evapotranspiration; Pnet: net precipitation.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012
. Alteration of the hydrologic cycle due to forest clearing
and its consequences for rainforest succession
M. Francisca Díaz, Seth Bigelow, , Juan J. Armesto.
Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 244, Issues 1–3, 15 June 2007,
Pages 32–40.
Groundwater depth in a secondary shrubland and adjacent
broad-leaved forest stand in northern Chiloé Island for the
period 2002–2003. Circles are mean monthly values of water
table depth ± 1S.E. in secondary shrubland (open) and forest
(closed). Bars are monthly precipitation values for the same
period in mm. Horizontal line at 60 cm depth indicates
maximum depth of detection and the approximate position of
the hardpan layer.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707002447…..31/10/2012
Initially all the precipitation is intercepted by the foliage
and the area underneath remains dry. If the precipitation
continues, eventually the canopy will become saturated
and water will drip through the foliage to the ground as
throughfall or down the trunk (via the branches) as
stemflow. These processes occur on a smaller scale with
smaller plants.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch106.htm …..31/10/2012
SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
Diunduh dari sumber:
SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
Soil water storage is the quantity of water held in
the soil at any given point in time. It is usually
applied to a soil layer of a given depth (often
between 30cm and 100cm).
Water is held in the soil by the attraction of water
molecules to each other and to soil particles. Water
is held in one of three ways.
Diunduh dari sumber:
VEGETATION AND CANOPY STORAGE
After the precipitation has finished the vegetation
and soil surfaces are wet because of interception.
Under the right conditions evaporation , which took
place even when rain was falling, will continue.
Transpiration , which takes place through the
stomata of plants, will also continue.
Water is stored in the canopy ( interception ) and
within the plant tissues (vegetation storage).
Vegetation storage ( VS ) is the volume of water
stored in the canopy and the plant tissues.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch088.htm …..
31/10/2012
Groundwater storage
Groundwater can
be present with
the soil,
superficial
deposits and solid
rock.
Kalau tanah kering, biasanya laju infiltrasinya tinggi. As more water
is added to the soil over time it becomes wetter and the infiltration
rate declines. This is usually shown as a graph of infiltration rate
(mm hr -1) plotted against time.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch120.htm …..31/10/2012
INTERSEPSI
Precipitation (rain in this example) begins.
Some of the rain falls on the vegetation and is
caught by the leaves and branches. This process is
called interception and is a storage component of
the hydrological system.
The water is stored on the vegetation foliage.
Water can also be intercepted by urban surfaces
e.g. roofs, pavements and roads as well as by
vegetation.
Diunduh dari sumber:
TRANSPIRASI
Transpiration is the loss of water from the vascular system of
plants to the atmosphere. This occurs via stomata (small
openings in leaves).
This is a biologically controlled process and forms an output
from the hydrological system.
The plant draws water from the soil into roots, up through the
plant and transpires it from stomata on leaves. Stomata respond
to daylight and therefore transpiration occurs during the day.
Transpiration depends
on the factors affecting
evaporation and also
on:
1. time of day
2. type and amount of
vegetation
3. length of growing
season
4. time of year
(especially for
deciduous plants)
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://learning.covcollege.ac.uk/content/Jorum/cat3_cp/catch093.htm…..
31/10/2012
Tree rings and streamflow
The soil moisture around an individual tree
reflects the overall water balance of a river basin
(precipitation minus evapotranspiration) and
thus the amount of streamflow produced by the
basin.
http://treeflow.info/lees/treering.html
. Soil water balance
Evapotranspiration can also be determined by measuring
the various components of the soil water balance. The
method consists of assessing the incoming and outgoing
water flux into the crop root zone over some time period
(Figure 6). Irrigation (I) and rainfall (P) add water to the root
zone. Part of I and P might be lost by surface runoff (RO)
and by deep percolation (DP) that will eventually recharge
the water table. Water might also be transported upward
by capillary rise (CR) from a shallow water table towards
the root zone or even transferred horizontally by
subsurface flow in (SFin) or out of (SFout) the root zone. In
many situations, however, except under conditions with
large slopes, SFin and SFout are minor and can be ignored.
Soil evaporation and crop transpiration deplete water from
the root zone. If all fluxes other than evapotranspiration
(ET) can be assessed, the evapotranspiration can be
deduced from the change in soil water content (D SW) over
the time period:
ET = I + P - RO - DP + CR ± D SF ± D SW ….. (2)
Some fluxes such as subsurface flow, deep percolation
and capillary rise from a water table are difficult to assess
and short time periods cannot be considered. The soil
water balance method can usually only give ET estimates
over long time periods of the order of week-long or ten-day
periods.
www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e04.htm
. Soil water balance
www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e04.htm
Soil water balance
The estimation of Ks requires a daily water balance
computation for the root zone.
Schematically the root zone can be presented by means of
a container in which the water content may fluctuate. To
express the water content as root zone depletion is useful.
It makes the adding and subtracting of losses and gains
straightforward as the various parameters of the soil water
budget are usually expressed in terms of water depth.
Rainfall, irrigation and capillary rise of groundwater
towards the root zone add water to the root zone and
decrease the root zone depletion. Soil evaporation, crop
transpiration and percolation losses remove water from
the root zone and increase the depletion.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e0e.htm
SIKLUS HIDROLOGI
Underground and Overland Flow. Water originating from a
source other than onsite precipitation may be an important
component of an ecosystem's water balance. Water
flowing in surface channels or in shallow groundwater
reserves may be accessed by deep-rooted trees and
shrubs. When roots reach a water table the plants are
referred to as phreatophytes. Phreatophytic communities
(e.g., oases and riparian communities) are an important
component of and ecosystems.
http://cnrit.tamu.edu/rlem/textbook/Chapter6.htm
Significance of tree roots for preferential infiltration in stagnic
soils
B. Lange1,2, P. Lüescher1, and P. F. Germann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1809-1821, 2009
It is generally recognized that roots have an effect on
infiltration.
In this study we analysed the relation between root length
distributions from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst),
silver fir (Abies alba Miller), European beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.) and preferential infiltration in stagnic soils in
the northern Pre-Alps in Switzerland.
We conducted irrigation experiments (1 m2) and recorded
water content variations with time domain reflectometry
(TDR).
A rivulet approach was applied to characterise preferential
infiltration.
Roots were sampled down to a depth of 0.5 to 1 m at the
same position where the TDR-probes had been inserted
and digitally measured.
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1809/2009/hess-13-1809-2009.html
Significance of tree roots for preferential infiltration in stagnic
soils
B. Lange1,2, P. Lüescher1, and P. F. Germann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1809-1821, 2009
The basic properties of preferential infiltration, film
thickness of mobile water and the contact length between
soil and mobile water in the horizontal plane are closely
related to root densities.
An increase in root density resulted in an increase in
contact length, but a decrease in film thickness.
We modelled water content waves based on root densities
and identified a range of root densities that lead to a
maximum volume flux density and infiltration capacity.
These findings provide convincing evidence that tree roots
in stagnic soils represent the pore system that carries
preferential infiltration. Thus, the presence of roots should
improve infiltration.
http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1809/2009/hess-13-1809-2009.html
Heterogeneous Soil Water Dynamics around a Tree
Growing on a Steep Hillslope
Wei-Li Liang, Ken'ichirou Kosugi and Takahisa Mizuyama
Vadose Zone Journal 2007. Vol. 6 No. 4, p. 879-889
The results showed that the soil water content
increased rapidly and greatly in the region
downslope from the tree stem, especially at
points close to the tree stem.
At these points, maximal soil water storage was
>100 to 200% of the cumulative open-area
rainfall, and occurrences of bypass flow were
recognized.
Moreover, the pore water pressure at the soil–
bedrock interface increased more rapidly and to
a greater degree in the region downslope from
the tree stem than in the upslope region.
https://www.soils.org/publications/vzj/abstracts/6/4/879
Heterogeneous Soil Water Dynamics around a Tree
Growing on a Steep Hillslope
Wei-Li Liang, Ken'ichirou Kosugi and Takahisa Mizuyama
Vadose Zone Journal 2007. Vol. 6 No. 4, p. 879-889
For a heavy storm event, the cumulative
stemflow per infiltration area along the
downslope sides of the tree trunk was 18.9 times
the cumulative open-area rainfall.
Locally concentrated rainwater input attributable
to the stemflow on the downslope side of the
tree trunk probably caused the large and rapid
increases in water content and pore water
pressure in the downslope region, resulting in
the development of an asymmetric saturated
zone around the tree.
https://www.soils.org/publications/vzj/abstracts/6/4/879
Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., Murdiyarso, D. 2007.
The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the
tropics: systematic review and meta-analysis . Forest
Ecology and Management 251 :45-51. ISSN: 0378-1127.
Soil water infiltration influences groundwater recharge and
potential top soil loss by erosion, as well as the
partitioning of runoff into slow flow and quick flow.
The aim of the work presented here was to critically review
studies of the effects of afforestation on infiltrability in the
tropics, using a systematic review approach to select peerreviewed articles published in English and French.
We then applied meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that
afforestation or the use of trees in agriculture increases
infiltration capacity.
After assessing titles and abstracts, on the basis of
specified selection and quality criteria, four references
remained, comprising 14 comparative experiments.
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/19743
Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., Murdiyarso, D. 2007.
The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the
tropics: systematic review and meta-analysis . Forest
Ecology and Management 251 :45-51. ISSN: 0378-1127.
The overall result of the meta-analysis was that infiltration
capacity increased on average approximately three-fold
after afforestation or planting trees in agricultural fields
(95% confidence interval: 2.4–4.7).
For the meta-analysis, the most common problems
resulting in exclusion of otherwise relevant experiments
were issues with the experimental design, and the absence
of statistics (variances and replicates).
Even considering the studies that were excluded in the
meta analysis (a total of six), the low number of studies
examining the effects of afforestation is a severe problem
with respect to modelling and examining the underlying
processes associated with the full range of different
edaphic situations, different species and different methods
of establishment.
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/19743
Significance of tree roots for preferential
infiltration in stagnic soils
B. Lange, P. Luescher, and P. F. Germann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 5, 2373–2407, 2008
It is generally believed that roots have an effect on
infiltration. In this study we analysed the influence of tree
roots from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), silver fir
(Abies alba Miller) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica
L.) on preferential infiltration in stagnic soils in the
northern pre-Alps in Switzerland.
We conducted irrigation experiments (1m2) and recorded
water content variations with time domain reflectrometry
(TDR). A rivulet approach was applied to characterise
preferential infiltration. Roots were sampled down to a
depth of 0.5 to 1m at the same position where the TDRprobes had been inserted and digitally measured.
The basic properties of preferential infiltration, film
thickness of mobile water and the contact length between
soil and mobile water in the horizontal plane are closely
related to fine root densities. An increase in root density
resulted in an increase in contact length, but a decrease in
film thickness.
We modelled water content waves based on fine root
densities and identified a range of root densities that lead
to a maximum volume flux density and infiltration capacity.
www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/5/2373/.../hessd-5-2373-2008.pdf
The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics:
A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ulrik Ilstedt, Anders Malmer, Elke Verbeeten, Daniel Murdiyarso
Soil water infiltration influences groundwater recharge and
potential top soil loss by erosion, as well as the partitioning of
runoff into slow flow and quick flow.
The aim of thework presented herewas to critically review studies
of the effects of afforestation on infiltrability in the tropics, using
a systematic review approach to select peer-reviewed articles
published in English and French.
We then applied meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that
afforestation or the use of trees in agriculture increases
infiltration capacity.
After assessing titles and abstracts, on the basis of specified
selection and quality criteria, four references remained,
comprising 14 comparative experiments.
www.aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/51009844.pdf
The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics:
A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ulrik Ilstedt, Anders Malmer, Elke Verbeeten, Daniel Murdiyarso
The overall result of the meta-analysis was that infiltration
capacity increased on average approximately three-fold after
afforestation or planting trees in agricultural fields (95%
confidence interval: 2.4–4.7).
For the meta-analysis, the most common problems resulting in
exclusion of otherwise relevant experiments were issues with the
experimental design, and the absence of statistics (variances and
replicates).
Even considering the studies that were excluded in themeta
analysis (a total of six), the low number of studies examining the
effects of afforestation is a severe problem with respect to
modelling and examining the underlying processes associated
with the full range of different edaphic situations, different
species and different methods of establishment.
www.aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/51009844.pdf
Austral Ecology (2005) 30, 336–347
Ecosystem wicks: Woodland trees enhance water
infiltration in a fragmented agricultural landscape in
eastern Australia
DAVID J. ELDRIDGE, AND DAVID FREUDENBERGER.
We examined infiltration through coarse- and fine-textured soils
within four landscape strata, the zones below Eucalyptus
melliodora and Callitris glaucophylla canopies, the intertree
zone dominated by perennial grasses and a landscape
homogenized by cultivation and dominated by annual crops.
We measured sorptivity, the early phase of water flow, and
steady-state infiltration with disc permeameters at two supply
potentials.
These different potentials enabled us to separate infiltration into
(i) flow through large (biopores) and small pores and (ii) flow
through small pores only where biopores are prevented from
conducting water.
Austral Ecology (2005) 30, 336–347
Ecosystem wicks: Woodland trees enhance water
infiltration in a fragmented agricultural landscape in
eastern Australia
DAVID J. ELDRIDGE, AND DAVID FREUDENBERGER.
On the fine-textured soils, both sorptivity and steady-state
infiltration were significantly greater (approximately fivefold)
under the timbered strata compared with the grassy slopes or
cultivation. Differences were attributable to the greater
proportion of macropores below the tree canopies compared
with the nontimbered strata.
The lack of a significant difference on the coarse-textured soils,
despite their macropore status, was attributed to differences in
surface litter and plant cover, which would maintain continuous
macropores at the surface and thus conduct large amounts of
water.
The tendency of slopes covered by cryptogamic crusts and
grasses to shed run-off and for the trees to absorb substantial
quantities of water reinforced the important ecological service
provided by trees, which moderates large run-off events and
captures small amounts of water leaking from the grassy
patches.
Stormwater Quantity and Rate Control Benefits of Trees in
Uncompacted Soil
A big part of this blog is devoted to the discussion of trees, soil,
and stormwater in the urban context.
Today I want to walk through the three processes that allow trees
in uncompacted soil to provide stormwater quantity and rate
control benefits: Soil storage; Interception; and
Evapotranspiration
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-ratecontrol-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil
Stormwater Quantity and Rate Control Benefits of Trees in
Uncompacted Soil
Soil Storage
Soil stores rain water during and after a storm, making it
available for plant growth. Stormwater runoff from nearby
impervious surfaces can be directed into soil under suspended
pavement using a number of different techniques, such as, for
example, through pervious pavement installed over the cells, or
via a perforated pipe off a trench drain or manhole.
A typical tree in suspended pavement can hold the 2.54 cm (1
inch) storm event from impervious surface area significantly
greater than just the area under the tree canopy.
For example, one tree with 28.3 m3 (1000 cubic feet) of
uncompacted soil with 20% soil water storage capacity (a
conservative estimate since some bioretention soils can hold up
to 40% water) can hold the 2.54 cm (one inch) 24 hour storm
event from 223 m2 (2,400 square feet) of impervious surface.
Stormwater calculations for trees for bioretention typically
account only for soil storage, not for interception and
evapotranspiration.
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-ratecontrol-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil
Stormwater Quantity and Rate Control Benefits of Trees in
Uncompacted Soil
Interception
Interception is the amount of rainfall temporarily held on tree
leaves and stem surfaces. This rain then drips from leaf surfaces
and flows down the stem surface to the ground or evaporates.
Interception is not typically included in stormwater calculations
but can nonetheless provide additional stormwater benefits
beyond stormwater storage in the soil.
The volume of rain intercepted depends on the duration and rate
of the rainfall event, tree architecture (e.g. leaf and stem surface
area, roughness, visual density of the crown, tree size, and
foliation period), and other meteorological factors.
Since larger trees have more leaves to intercept rain, they
intercept significantly more rain than small trees, with
interception increasing at a faster rate than tree age.
For example, a model of a hackberry tree in the Midwest
estimates that interception will increase as follows with tree age:
1. a 5 year old hackberry intercepts 0.5 m3 (133 GAL) rainfall per year
2. a 20 year old hackberry intercepts 5.3 m3 (1,394 GAL) rainfall per year
3. a 40 year old hackberry intercepts 20.4 m3 (5,387 GAL) rainfall per
year
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-ratecontrol-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil
Stormwater Quantity and Rate Control Benefits of Trees in
Uncompacted Soil
Stormwater interception by hackberry trees versus age of tree
(adapted from McPherson et al, 2006)
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-ratecontrol-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil
Stormwater Quantity and Rate Control Benefits of Trees in
Uncompacted Soil
Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of water evaporated from soil
and plant surfaces and the water lost as a result of transpiration,
a process in which trees absorb water through their roots and
transfer it up to the leaves, where it evaporates into the
environment through leaf pore transpiration. Evapotranspiration
continues to reduce stormwater volume stored in the soil long
after a rainfall event ends.
Transpiration rate is influenced by factors such as tree species,
size, soil moisture, increasing sunlight (duration and intensity),
air temperature, wind speed and decreasing relative humidity.
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) exceeds precipitation during
the growing season in much of the US. Even tree transpiration
can exceed precipitation where it is sustained by irrigation
(Grimmond and Oke 1999).
A study by Sinclair et al (2005) showed that:
“Transpiration was unaffected by soil drying until the initial
estimated transpirable soil water fraction had decreased to
between 0.23 and 0.32 of that at field capacity. Beyond this point,
transpiration rate declined linearly with available soil water
fraction until reaching one fifth the rate observed in well watered
plants. With further soil drying, the relative transpiration rates
remained between 10 and 20% of that observed in well watered
plants.”
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-ratecontrol-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil
Stormwater Quantity and Rate Control Benefits of Trees in
Uncompacted Soil
Transpiration uses heat from the air to change the water in
the vegetation into water vapor, so in addition to providing
stormwater benefits, transpiration also decreases ambient
air temperature and reduces the urban heat island effect.
Trees in a parking lot in Davis, CA, for example, reduced
asphalt temperatures by as much as 20° C (36° F), and car
interior temperatures by over 26° C (47° F) (Scott et al
1999).
It is the responsibility of designers to create conditions
that are favorable to trees and the sustainable processes
that they enable to occur in the built environment.
Hopefully this outline of their incredible benefits will help
professionals to make sure sites that the sites they design
continue to support these ecological principles.
http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/stormwater-quantity-and-ratecontrol-benefits-of-trees-in-uncompacted-soil