John Levasseur
Springfield Central High School
Many Slides From and based on:
http://science.pppst.com/humanbody.html
MA Frameworks for Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells
into tissues and the organization of tissues into organs. The structures and
functions of organs determine their relationships within body systems of
an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions.
4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts
macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells
for energy and for repair and growth.
4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries,
red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell
wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with
the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing
waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes,
and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood.
4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
MA Frameworks for Anatomy and Physiology (cont)
4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor
neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and
mediates the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit
of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works.
4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to
support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce
blood cells.
4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to
produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their
mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring
resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents.
4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination
of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals,
hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to
communicate only with nearby cells.
4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis.
Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop.
1. Explain the purpose of the body’s systems include a
discussion of feed-back loops.
2. Explain how the muscular/skeletal works with other
systems to support the body and allow for movement.
3. Explain the function of the human heart.
4. Explain generally how the digestive system
converts macromolecules from food into smaller
molecules that can be used by cells for energy and
for repair and growth.
Human Anatomy and Body Systems
•Humans have been interested
in understanding who we are
and how our bodies work for
ages
•Leonardo da Vinci's famous
drawing Vitruvian showing the
human frame's proportions
drawn in 1492 has become
something of an unofficial
symbol of human anatomy and
physiology.
•Rembrandt's painting The
Anatomy of Dr. Tulp
•What are organ systems, and
where do they fit into the levels
of organization in biology?
Study Guide
•What did we say was the key question in education?
Levels of Organization
Remember, biology (including the human
body) is organized in several levels, from
the simplest to the most complex. . .
Atoms – the smallest particle of
matter with distinct properties
Molecules – atoms covalently bonded
Organelles – structures within
eukaryote cells that perform specific
functions
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – clusters of cells performing
a similar function
Organs – made of tissues that
perform one specific function
Organ Systems – groups of organs
that perform a specific purpose in
the human body.
•The purpose of the 11 organ
systems is for the human body to
maintain homeostasis
Organism – an individual living
system that displays all 7
characteristics of life
•This unit’s organism is the human
The 11 Human Body Systems
The 11 human body systems are as
follows:
-- integumentary system
-- skeletal system
-- muscular system
-- circulatory system
-- respiratory system
-- nervous system
-- digestive system
-- excretory system
-- lymphatic (immune) system
--endocrine system
-- reproductive system
Homeostasis is the Purpose of the Body’s System
Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment.
Homeostasis requires the controlled use of energy.
Homeostasis can be graphed as a wave. Our X axis represents how the
organism best operates or its desired state. The environment will continually
stress the organism causing a change from the optimum or best condition; the
organism then spends energy to respond to the environmental change. This
response is usually a chemical reaction.
The
stability
of
Another
example:
The
homeostasis
ovarian cycle is
is hormonally
maintained
regulated inby
two phases.
The follicle (or
secretes
regulation,
control)
estrogen before
ovulation;
mechanisms
known
as
the corpus
luteum secretes
feedback
loops.
both estrogen
and
Example:
the feedback
progesterone
loop
of humanafter
body
ovulation.
Hormones
from
temperature.
the hypothalamus and
anterior pituitary control
the ovarian cycle. The
ovarian cycle covers events
in the ovary; the menstrual
cycle occurs in the uterus.
Animation on Homeostasis
Integumentary System
Purpose: The Integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis,
including protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception,
biochemical synthesis, and absorption
Major Organs and Structures of the Integumentary System
•The skin is the largest organ in the body: 12-15% of body weight, with a
surface area of 1-2 meters squared.
•Two distinct layers occur in the skin: the epidermis and the dermis.
•The basic cell type of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which contain
keratin, a fibrous protein.
•Basal cells are the innermost layer of the epidermis.
• Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin, and are also in the
inner layer of the epidermis.
•The dermis is a connective tissue layer under the epidermis, and
contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries, and elastic fiber
•A third layer also noted in the skin layer is the hypodermis.
Learning Activity on Integumentary System
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookINTEGUSYS.html
Images of the Integumentary System
Animation on
Integumentary System
Sweat Animation
Purpose:
The Skeletal System
to provide structure and support to the human body
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and
requires the mineral calcium for strength
Major Bones of the Human Body
-- femur (thigh bone)
-- humerus (upper arm)
-- radius and ulna (lower arm)
-- cranium (skull)
-- sternum (breastbone)
-- clavicle (shoulder blade)
-- fibula and tibia (calf)
-- vertebrae (back)
-- scalpula (shoulder)
-- pelvic bone
-- coccyx (tail bone)
-- phalanges (fingers/toes)
See this video
Healing Bone video
Images of the Skeletal System
The Muscular System
Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce
movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body
•Vertebrates (animals with backbones like humans) move by the
actions of muscles on bones.
•Tendons attach many skeletal muscles across joints, allowing
muscle contraction to move the bones across the joint.
• Muscles generally work in pairs to produce movement: when
one muscle flexes (or contracts) the other relaxes, a process
known as antagonism*.
•-- muscle cells are fibrous
•-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary
Major Muscles in the Human Body
-- biceps
-- triceps
-- glutes
-- hamstrings
-- deltoids
Tutorial
Animation
*http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookMUSSKEL.html
See this animation
Image of the Muscular System
See these Animation
Animation
Purpose:
The Circulatory System
to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and organ
systems in your body so they can undergo cellular respiration
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart – the major muscle of the
circulatory system
-- pumps blood through its four
chambers (two ventricles and two atria)
-- pumps deoxygenated blood into
the lungs, where it gets oxygenated,
returned to the heart, and then pumped
out through the aorta to the rest of the
body
-- valves regulate the flow of blood
between the chambers
Circulatory system video
Heart video
The Circulatory System (cont)
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of
the body
-- Arteries take blood Away from the heart
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of
the body
-- Veins take blood into the heart
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich
protein that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
Liver, Kidneys and Spleen – help to filter out toxins in the blood
Video on Blood vessels
Image of the Circulatory System
Kidneys Video
The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for
cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of
the throat
Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal
chords, you speak
Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to your lungs
-- a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea
when you swallow, preventing food from entering
Animation
The Respiratory System (Cont)
Bronchi – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your
lungs (one for each lung)
-- the bronchi are further subdivided into bronchioles
-- eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs called
alveoli
-- alveoli are in clusters, like grapes
-- capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where
the exchange of gases with the blood occurs
The diaphragm is the muscle that causes you to breath
-- hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm
Animation on gas exchange
Image of the Respiratory System
The Nervous System
Purpose:
to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and
external environment
Major Organs and Their Functions
Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are relayed through
-- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses)
cerebellum (controls motor functions)
and
Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and
vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate
Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body
Video on how neurons work
Video on reactions
Images of the Nervous System
The Digestive System
Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler macromolecules that can
be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – secretes an extraordinarily strong acid (pH = 2) that leads to
breakdown of food
-- once the food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with
digestive juices, it is called chyme
Pancreas – produces the hormone insulin that regulates blood
sugar levels
-- also help neutralize stomach acid
See this animation
The Digestive System (cont)
Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods
Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use
Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme enters the small
intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream
-- the chyme is propelled along by folded surfaces
on the intestine
called villi,
Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready
for excretion
Check out this Animation
Image of the Digestive System
Purpose:
The Excretory System
to rid the body of wastes, including excess water , nitrogenous
wastes and salts.
Major Organs of the Excretory Systemand structures Their Functions
Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system
-- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out
urea, (nirogenous waste), excess water and other waste products, which
eventually travel out of the kidney as urine
-- eventually they travel through the ureter to the
urinary bladder
Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum
Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body
Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide
Image of the Excretory System
Purpose:
The Immune System
to remove infectious diseases
and other pathogens from the human body
Major Organs and
Their Functions
Skin – also called the integumentary system,
the skin is the body’s first line of defense
White Blood Cells – recognize disease agents
(antigens) and create antibodies to tag and
remove these antigens
-- phagocytes are the white blood
cell type that actually
eats and destroys
these antigens
Lymph Nodes – help restore fluid lost by the
blood and return it to the circulatory system
Animation on
Allergies
Image of the Immune System
Animation of
Lymph System
Purpose:
The Endocrine System
to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction
through the production and secretion of hormones
Major Organs of the Endocrine System
--hypothalamus
-- pituitary gland
-- thyroid
-- parathyroid
-- adrenal glands
-- pancreas
-- testes
-- ovaries
Endocrine
System
Purpose:
Reproductive System
to produce more humans
All the topics in Human Biology which have been covered so far - the body
systems and their functioning - apply equally to males and females.
However, in the case of the reproduction process, two different systems are
required, of different sexes, male and female. This is, of course, why the
process is called sexual reproduction.
Major Organs of the Reproductive System
•Male:
•Prostate gland
•Testes
•Scrotum
•Penis
•Urethra
•Seminal Vesical
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/human2/reprsy.html
•Female:
•Oviduct
•Uterus
•Cervix
•Ovary
•Vagina
•Vulva
Images of the Reproductive System
What is the essential question in education?
What levels of organization are we discussing in this unit?
What is an organ system?
What is purpose of the human organ systems?
What organ system deals with the skin?
What organ system would the intestines and stomach be part of?
Describe the structure of a nerve cell.
What body system deals with defending the body against disease?
What body system includes: skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles?
What body system deals with making more humans?
The brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons
are parts of what body system?
What body system deals with hormones?
What body system rids the body of waste products?