Natural Resource Assessment for the State of Maryland:
Status and Potentials
Rachel T. Pinker
Department of Meteorology University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
pinker@atmos.umd.edu
Maryland Climate Change Workshop
Maryland Climate Change Stakeholder Group
August 6, 2003, Computer and Space Sciences Bldg
College Park, MD
Outline
 Goal: explore benefits to the State of Maryland
 Current research effort
 International and National context
 Status of activity
 Illustrations:
•
Climate research
•
Agricultural applications
•
Net primary productivity
•
Environmental modeling
 Prospects
Research Focus
 Development and evaluation of remote inference
method for radiative fluxes
 Use of results in climate research and environmental
applications
Scientific rationale
o Global hydrological cycle, energy budget, and net
primary productivity-driven by radiative fluxes
o Required information for coupling atmospheric and
surface hydrological processes and parametrizations
o Evaluation of large scale NWP and climate models to
improve climate change assessment
National context of activity
U.S. Global Change Research Program Priority:
Climate and Hydrologic Systems
o the role of clouds in the radiation budget of the
atmosphere;
o oceanic circulation patterns and the redistribution
of energy within the oceans;
o the fluxes of water and energy between the
atmosphere, bio-sphere, and land and ocean
surfaces;
o the quantitative links in the climate system,
including feedbacks among atmosphere, ocean,
cryosphere, land surface and biosphere; and
o the influence of polar ice sheets and sea ice on
climate and the hydrologic cycle.
COMPONENTS
International context of activity
Role of Energy and Water in Climate
Cooling
International
Satellite Cloud
Climatology Project
(ISCCP)
GEWEX Cloud System
Studies (GCSS)
Warming
Clouds
*
Water
Aerosols
Water Vapor Project
Global
Precipitation Climatology
Project (GPCP)
Global Runoff Data
Center (GRDC)
GCIP/GAPP
GAME
LBA
MAGS
Project
Surface
Radiation Budget
Project (SRB)
Precipitation
Evaporation
Biogeochemistry
Cooling
Warming
GACP - Global Aerosol Climatology
(GVaP)
GEWEX
Continental-Scale
Hydrometeorology Projects
BALTEX
*
GEWEX
Vapor
Land Surface
Modeling / Data Projects
GLASS
ISLSCP
(PILPS/GSWP)
Baseline Surface
Radiation Network
(BSRN)
Monthly Mean Shortwave Downward Flux (W/m**2) at
0.5 Degree Resolution for January 1992 Derived with
the U of MD GEWEX/SRB Model using GOES, METEOSAT,
and GMS DX Observations
An EOF iteration approach was used to obtain homogeneous fluxes
from inhomogeneous satellite observations
Model run currently at NASA LaRC at 10 resolution
Global scale capabilities
GLOBAL DATA SETS
New Satellite Launches
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
C1 and C2
D1 and DX
ISCCP
(Clouds)
SRB
(Radiation)
Version 1.1
Version 2
NVAP
GVAP
(Water Vapor)
GVAP
Version 2
GPCP
(Precipitation)
ISLSCP
(Land-Surface)
ISCCP 2
Initiative I
GACP
(Aerosols)
Initiative II
GACP
*Hatched lines represent planned data sets
Contribute to item #2-Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) data
III
2004
Global Surface Radiative Fluxes in support of GEWEX
Available for July 1983-December 2001
Click on figure to see loop
Radiation budget
in AMIP II GCMs
SW Absorption Atmosphere
Mean= 73 Wm-2
Stdev= 7.3 Wm-2
SW Absorption Surface
Major uncertainty
shortwave budget:
Partitioning of absorption
of solar radiation between
surface and atmosphere
After Wild et al. (2003)
Mean=163 Wm-2
Stdev= 8.4 Wm-2
AMIP II GCMS
SURFACE SW DOWN
After Wild et al. (2003)
AMIP II GCMS SURFACE SW DOWN
210
GEWEX UMD results-15 year average
204
mri (min)
200
187
Wm-2
190
cola (max)
188
mean
180
170
168
GEWEX
satellite
160
150
mri (min)
cola (max)
mean
GEWEX satellite
SW ABSORPTION ATMOSPHERE
100
Wm-2
90
cola (min.)
80
mpi (max.)
mean
70
GEWEX satellite
60
50
cola (min.)
mpi (max.)
mean
GEWEX satellite
Wm-2
SW ABSORPTION SURFACE
190
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
mri (min.)
cola (max.)
me an
GEWEX sate llite
Wild e t al (1998)
Ohmura+ Gilge n(1993)
mri (min.)
cola (max.)
mean
GEWEX
satellite
Wild et al
(1998)
Ohmura+
Gilgen(1993)
GEWEX Continental Scale International Project (GCIP)
and GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP):
Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Data
Produced at real time at NOAA at 0.5 deg; distributed by the U of MD at:
http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~srb/
Used at over 100 institutions
Parameters provided: surface short-wave and PAR (global and diffuse); TOP net;
cloud amount; cloud optical depth; surface skin temp
Selected parameters
•Downwelling fluxes –
SW, PAR (global and
diffuse)
•Upwelling fluxes- SW
and PAR
•Surface temperature
and snow cover
•Fractional cloud
cover
•TOA net SW fluxes
•Cloud optical depth
Upper: Capabilities developed to
produce fluxes at 1/8 deg
Lower: IGBP concept of surface
processes
Reprocessed “legacy” radiative fluxes in support
of GCIP 1996-2000
GEWEX Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP)
To account for calibration drifts and operational restrictions, data are being reprocessed (click for loop)
Surface skin temperature from GOES satellites
NOAA operational product
“Reprocessed” at 1/2
“Reprocessed” at 1/8
Comparison of fractional snow cover as derived from ”reprocessing” algorithm at two spatial resolutions with the IMS product
and snow cover from Air Force as initially used operationally
Fractional snow cover as derived at UMD ”reprocessing” at two spatial
resolutions, the IMS and the Air Force
Validation sites
Validation results
Radiation climate from satellite and observed
Satellites can reproduce the radiation climate characteristics at each grid point
Examples of product evaluation and use follow:
1. Comparison against buoy observations off the
Atlantic coast
2. of product against NCEP Eta model off the Pacific
coast
3. Use in Land Data Assimilation schemes
4. Evaluation of product in the LDAS framework
Radiative fluxes from GOES, NCEP Eta model, and buoy
off the Atlantic coast
Baumgartner and Anderson (1999)
mparison of GCIP/GAPP and NCEP shortwave fluxes at a location 200 km off the California coast
Edwards, private communication, 2003). Larger discrepancies in summer (green/yellow colors):
e to missed clouds in the NCEP model.
U of Md GEWEX Continental Scale International Project (GCIP)
and GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP):
Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Data –Collaborative Effort with NCEP and
NOAA to Support LDAS Activity and Others
The Multi-Institution North American
Land Data Assimilation System Project: (N-LDAS)
GAPP
GCIP
Ken Mitchell
NCEP Environmental Modeling Center
P. Houser, E. Wood., A. Robock, J. Schaake, D. Lettenmaier,
D. Lohmann, B. Cosgrove, J. Sheffield, L. Luo, Q. Duan,
W. Higgins, R. Pinker , D. Tarpley, J. Meng
Mississippi River Climate & Hydrology Conference
15 May 2002
LDAS Implementation
Forcing: (top two are non-model based)
Precipitation: 24 hour gauges, NCEP/OH Stage IV gage/radar precipitation
Radiation: NESDIS 0.5-degree hourly GOES solar insolation
Meteorology: NCEP EDAS (Eta 4DDA) analysis (wind, temperature,
pressure, humidity, downward longwave)
GOES shortwave radiation [W/m^2] 20011101 18Z
Gauge / Stage IV precip [mm] 20011101 18Z
LDAS Forcing Validation 2001 08-11
Monthly mean
diurnal
solar insolation
intercomparison
GOES
EDAS
AGRMET
vs
SURFRAD
SURFRAD
Examples how product used in research
related to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Climate models
Agricultural applications
Meso-scale modeling
Ocean modeling
New research on land degradation
Comparison of spectral surface albedos and their
impact on the general circulation model simulated
surface climate
Roesch A, Wild M, Pinker R, Ohmura A
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHATMOSPHERES
107 (D14): art. no. 4221 JUL 2002
It is shown that ignoring the spectral dependence of
the surface albedo will affect the predicted climate.
The study reveals substantial changes in the climate
over northern Africa when modifying the surface
albedo of the Sahara deserts. Detailed information is
given how the European Center/Hamburg General
Circulation Model (ECHAM4) can be extended to
include surface boundary conditions for both the
visible and near-infrared incoming radiation.
Solar radiation and evapotranspiration in northern Mexico estimated
from remotely sensed measurements of cloudiness
Garatuza-Payan J, Pinker RT, Shuttleworth WJ, Watts CJ
HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL-JOURNAL DES
SCIENCES HYDROLOGIQUES
46 (3): 465-478 JUN 2001
Impact of ingesting satellite-derived cloud cover into the
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System
Yucel I, Shuttleworth WJ, Pinker RT, Lu L, Sorooshian
S
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW
130 (3): 610-628 MAR 2002
This study investigates the extent to which assimilating
high-resolution remotely sensed cloud cover into the
Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)
provides an improved regional diagnosis of downward
short- and long-wave surface radiation fluxes and
precipitation.
The role of daily surface forcing in the upper ocean
over the tropical Pacific: A numerical study
Sui CH, Li XF, Rienecker MM, Lau KM, Laszlo I,
Pinker RT
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
16 (4): 756-766 FEB 2003
The impacts of high-frequency surface forcing in the
upper ocean over the equatorial Pacific are
investigated using a nonlinear reduced-gravity
isopycnal ocean circulation model forced by daily
and monthly mean forcing. The simulated sea
surface temperature (SST) in the daily forcing
experiment is colder than that in the monthly forcing
experiment near the equator.
Modeling and monitoring the impact of land degradation
on primary productivity in Southern Africa with remotely
sensed data (Konrad Wessels, Ph.D. candidate Geography)
Most basic ecosystem function -Net Primary
Productivity (NPP)
Satellite remote sensing
Biological
variables
NDVI
FPAR
LUE
LAI
Plant
functional
type
Climate
variables
PAR
Temperature
VPD
GPP
NPP
Rainfall
Soil
moisture
Ra
GLObal Production Efficiency Model (GLO-PEM)
Estimated NPP for the coterminous United States using the GLOPEM model (S. Prince, private communication)
August climatology of aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo and
asymmetry parameter from AERONET, transport model and GADS
Sensitivity of the
SRB model to aerosol
information:
Difference in
shortwave clear sky
surface downward
flux between old and
updated aerosol
climatology
New developments on aerosol effects (H. Liu, grad student)
Summary
from satellite observations at global and local scales for
Important environmental parameters are currently derived
improved environmental modeling
These products have been and are continuously evaluated
by numerous groups
This information has already proven its utility in a wide
range of scientific applications
Work continues on product improvements to meet the needs
of the scientific community
From this effort, benefit can accrue to the State of Maryland
Where information on radiative fluxes can be used
Maryland Climate Change Stakeholder Dialogue
WORKING GROUPS
Electricity
assessment of natural resources
Residential, Commercial, Industry
inputs to hydrological models
Transportation and Land-Use
inputs for flood modeling
Agriculture, Forestry, and Waste
net primary productivity; forestry management
Team:
Dr. I. Laszlo
Q.-H. Li
Dr. Xu Li
Dr. W. Meng
Dr. D. Sun
Dr. B. Zhang
Graduate students:
Selected Collaboration:
NASA Langley Research CenterGEWEX/SRB
NOAA/NESDIS/NCEPGCIP/SRB
NASA GSFC -AERONET
University of Arizona- SALSA
University of Chiba -ADEOS-II
CPTEC-INPE, Brazil- LBA
University of Ilorin, Nigeria-EOS
Hiroko Kato
Fan Lei
Hongqing Liu
Meng-Pai Hung
Hengmao Wang
Margaret Wonsick
Shankar Ganesh Subramanian
Department of Geography, UMDNPP
UMIACS, UMD- GLCF
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, UMD - SNOW
University of Salamanca, Spain CLIMATE