Challenges of Drinking
Water Purification & Supply
in Disaster Affected Areas
Need for Voluntary Services
by
Er. Subhash P. Andey
Scientist
NEERI, Nagpur
Ocean Water
Fresh water
2.7 %
97.3 %
Global Water Balance
Frozen in the polar ice cap
77.2
Ground Water & Soil Moisture
Lakes
Atmosphere
Streams
22.4
0.35
0.04
0.01
Water Availability in India
Rain 4000 BCM
4% of Global Water
resources
14 Major River
Basins
Total Utilizable
Water 186 9 BCM
Surface Water 690
BCM
Ground Water 432
BCM
Per Capita Water Availability
Water Management Practices
Rain water Harvesting
Grey water recycling
Groundwater Recharge
Construction of check dams
Efficient Irrigation Practices
Natural Disasters
 These disasters include Cyclones, Floods,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Drought,
and Landslides etc
 Out of total deaths by Floods in the world,
(1/5) are from India. The main causes of
floods are excessive rains in river
catchments, poor natural drainage, Change
of river course, Landslide restricting river
flow, cyclone and very intense rainfall
 Providing clean water is usually one of the
highest priorities in the event of an
emergency
Impacts of Natural Disasters on Water Supply
• Draught and earth quake
– Shortage of water
– Bacterial Contamination of water
• Cyclones and floods
– Contamination of water sources
• Turbidity and suspended solids
• Organic matter due to plan decay, animal carcasses
• Bacterial contamination
Water Supply Management During Draught
Demand assessment
 How much water is needed?
 Location and protection of water sources
 Where are the nearest/most convenient sources of water and How can they
be protected?
Water treatment
 What is the level of water treatment required for use/consumption? What
methods are available for treatment
Water distribution
 Where will people collect water from?
 How will the water be collected?
 How will it be stored for domestic use?
Water Supply Management During Flood
• Flood waters can move animal carcasses closer to intakes
which increases the chance of organic and bacteria
contaminating the drinking water supply.
• The spread of bacteria also occurs when rising levels of
water cause sewage to back up into lower lying areas
such as home interiors and public throughways through
toilets and manholes.
• The turbidity (cloudiness) of water can increase during
flooding as can pollution from other contaminants.
Water Supply Management During Flood
Phased action plan
• Immediate measures (to sustain life)
• Intermediate measures (from about 2 to 6 weeks after the
disaster, or the arrival of refugees in a camp)
• Long-term solutions (from about 6 weeks).
Factors affecting the duration of action phases
 Accessibility of the disaster area or refugee camp for local,
national, and international assistance;
 The nature of the disaster
 Availability of water, materials, and skilled labour
Technologies for Water
Supply During Emergency
NEERI-ZAR
Portable Instant Water Filter
Simple to fabricate
Easy to operate
Minimum maintenance
Light weight
Ease in transportation and
installation
Low cost
NEERI-ZAR : Portable Instant Water Filter
• Water purification system suitable for potable water supply
particularly under emergency situation with a wide range of
flood water quality
• A typical unit, with two 100 L vessels, can serve about 2030 persons, when operated for 10 hours a day, on the basis
of 6-10 litres per capita/day for drinking and cooking
purposes
• Removes turbidity and suspended matter as well as the
micro-organisms .
• No change in the dissolved mineral concentrations in raw
and filtered water
• Can be used to treat the pond/lake water for the villages or
small colony situated at the isolated places
• Operating cost Rs. 3 per 100 L
NEERI-ZAR : Performance
• NEERI-Zar produces filtered water with turbidity in the range of
1.1 to 3.8 NTU and 90 – 99% reduction in bacterial load from the
raw water with the turbidity in the range 10 - 300 NTU and Total
coliform and E.coli counts in the range 6800–78300 CFU/100ml
and 100-7900 CFU/100 ml respectively.
• Zooplankton species like cyclops, nauplius, daphnia,
branchionus are also removed during filtration.
• The operation of the unit includes disinfection by chemical
agent.
Installed 100 units in the
flood affected remote
areas of Barmer District
in October 2006
Installed 400 units in the
Aila Cyclone affected
villages of Sundarban
district (West Bengal) in
2009 to treat pond water
IIT Kharagpur Nina Saxena
Excellence in Technology
Award
to
Er. Subhash Andey, Er. Prakash
Kelkar and Dr. Madan Nanoti
for
NEERI-ZAR : Instant Portable Water
Filter
CSIR-NEERI bags 2 Prestigious International
Project Innovation Awards (PIA) – Development
instituted by International Water Association (IWA)
Winner
NEERI-ZAR Multi Pollutant
Water Treatment Unit
Honour Winner
Solar Energy Based Electrolytic
Defluoridation Plant
PIA entries were from various countries such as Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Lebanon, Brazil,
Republic of Korea (South Korea), China, Tanzania, South Africa, Kenya, Philippines,
Jordan besides India
The awards were presented in the Ceremony held during the 2nd IWA Development
Congress and Exhibition in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 23rd November, 2011
Pot Chlorinator for Disinfection of Dug Well and
Storage Tanks Waters
Single Pot system
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Single Pot system Suitable for Community dug
wells and storage tanks of 9000 to 13000 L
capacity
Earthen pot of 7 to 8 L capacity is used in the
system
Dry mixture of 1.5 kg bleaching power (BP) and 3
kg coarse sand is placed in the pot over the pea
gravel
Addition of sodium hexametaphosphate (5% of BP)
helps in prolonging the chlorination period
Pot is lowered in the well/tank and kept 0.9 to 1.2 m
below water level with the help of rope
Chlorine residual : 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L for 15 to 20 days
One pot is enough for daily drawl of 900 to 1300 L
(40-50 people per day)
With higher drawl rates two pots are necessary per
well
Pot Chlorinator for Disinfection of Dug Well and
Storage Tanks Waters
Double Pot system
• Suitable for household dug wells of 4000
L or less capacity having withdrawal rate
of 360 to 450 L of water per day Unit
consist of two cylindrical pots, one
inside the other
• Moist mixture of 1 kg bleaching power
(BP) and 2 kg of sand is kept in the inner
pot with 0.6 cm diameter hole above the
level of sand and BP mixture
• Pot is lowered in the well and kept 0.9 to
1.2 m below water level with the help of
rope
• Chlorine residual : 0.15 to 0.5 mg/L for 15
to 20 days
Technologies for Safe Water
Supply
Defluoridation Technology
Electrolytic Defluoridation Technique
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Removal of fluoride by active species of hydroxide of
aluminium produced by passing DC power through
aluminium electrode
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Process is effective to remove excess fluoride and also
bring down the bacterial load of the raw water
•
Simple to fabricate, easy to operate with minimum
maintenance
•
Suitable for treatment of raw water with fluoride
concentration upto 10 mg/L
•
Produces potable water with palatable taste as against
the other available chemical treatment methods
•
Quantity of sludge produced is much less (60-70%)
than conventional treatment methods
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Simultaneous reduction in bacterial contamination in
treated water
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Treatment cost upto Rs. 20 per 1000 L
Electrolytic Defluoridation Plants
working in the field
• Dongargaon, Chandrapur Dist. (Maharashtra)
 Installation year 2002
 Working on Solar power
 Capacity - 600 lit / Batch
 Usaravara village, Durg district (Chhattisgarh)
and Sargapur village Seoni Dist.(M.P.)
 Installation year 2010
 Working on Solar power
 Capacity - 2000 lit / Batch
 UNICEF provided funds for installation of 16
plants in Madhya Pradesh
DST-Lockheed Martin India Innovation Growth Award
Solar Energy Based Electrolytic
Defluoridation Plant
NEERI-ZAR : Domestic Iron Removal Unit
 Oxidation of iron by KMnO4 and removal of
precipitated iron by sand filtration
 The dose of KMnO4 required is about 50%
of the iron concentration in the water
 Suitable for remote places such as reserve
forest, police /military camps
 20 plants are installed in Tadoba Tiger
Reserve Forest, Maharashtra for supply of
water to forest guards
NEERI-ZAR : Domestic Fluoride Removal Unit
• Process involves formation of insoluble
fluoride complex with salts of calcium
and phosphorous and filtration through
sand filter
• Reduces the fluoride concentration in
water to <1 mg/L
• Suitable for treating the water upto
fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L
• Taste of the treated water is palatable
• Installed 60 demonstration units at
Sakhara village in Maharashtra
• Cost of treatment Rs. 0.30 per liter
NEERI-ZAR : Domestic Arsenic Removal Unit
• Process involves formation of insoluble
arsenic complex with Chemical A and B
and filtration through sand filter
• Reduces the arsenic concentration in
water below 0.01 mg/L
• Suitable for treating the water upto
arsenic concentration of 100 to 3000 ppb
• Taste of the treated water is palatable
• Installed 5 demonstration units at C.G.
Hand Pump Attachable Iron Removal Plant
Principle:
• Aeration (Gas transfer)
• Oxidation
• Precipitation
• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Continuous operation system
• 1 cu m/hour hydraulic loading
• 40 Ipcd and 10 hours daily operation
assumption
• 250 population
• Based on contact bed aeration system in
aeration chamber
• Cylindrical body
• Collection / flocculation chamber
• Sedimentation chamber
• Filter chamber
• Plant Dimensions
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Diameter, cm : 135
Height, cm : 150
240 plants were installed at Assam during
water Mission in 1992
• Construction cost about Rs. 50,000