Water Quality Management and
Community Involvement in IWRM
25th June, 2013
Eng. Ahmed Abou Elseoud
Water Resources Management Expert
«Проект по экономической реабилитации и построению мер доверия»
Water Pollution
• Water pollution is any chemical,
biological, or physical change in
water quality that has a harmful
effect on living organism or makes
water unsuitable for desired uses.
• It is the leading worldwide cause
of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more
than 14,000 people daily.
2
Where do Water pollutants come from?
• Point Sources – A single
definable source of the
pollution, e.g. a factory, a
sewage plant, etc. Pointsource pollution is usually
monitored and regulated.
3
Where do Water pollutants come from?
• Non-point sources – No
one single source, but a
wide range of sources.
• Non-point sources are
much more difficult to
monitor and control.
4
Sources of Water pollution
5
Sources of Water Pollution
1.
Industrial Sector
2.
Agriculture
3.
Sewage Pollution
4.
Garbage and Floating Debris
5.
Oil Spell and Navigation Pollution
6.
Fish Cages
7.
Thermal pollution
Types of Water pollutants
• Degradable
• Non-Degradable
7
Non-persistent (degradable)
Water pollutants
• Domestic sewage
• Fertilizers
• Some industrial wastes
The Environmental damage is reversible
Persistent Water pollutants
• some pesticides (e.g., DDT, dieldrin)
• some leachate components from landfill sites
(municipal, industrial)
• petroleum and petroleum products
• PCBs, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• radioactive materials
• metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium
Persistent Water pollutants
• This is the most rapidly
growing type of pollution
• it includes substances that
degrade very slowly or
cannot be broken down at all
The damage they cause is either irreversible
or repairable only over decades or centuries
10
Plastic waste in water
Each year, plastic waste in water and coastal
areas kills up to:
• 100,000 marine mammals,
• 1 million sea birds, and
• countless fish.
11
Acid rain
• Acid rain includes
rain, sleet or snow
with a pH level that
falls below 5.6
(normal rainwater).
12
Freshwater Biodiversity
More than 20% of freshwater fish species
have become extinct, threatened or
endangered.
Freshwater Species Population Index
In North America 67% of mussels, 37%
freshwater fish, and 40% of
amphibians are threatened or have
become extinct.
Source: Living Planet Report, WWF 2002
How do we measure water quality?
14
Objectives of the Water Quality
Monitoring Program
• For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their
prioritization;
• To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different
water bodies;
• To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in
existence;
• To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
• To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost
on pollution control;
• To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.
• To assess the suitability of water for different uses
15
What do we measure?
• Fecal Coliform/Coliform
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Temperature
• Turbidity/Total Suspended Solids
(TSS)
• Heavy metals, (e.g., lead,
mercury, cadmium)
• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrite
• Salinity
• Ammonia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chlorine
Iron
Selenium
Hardness
Sulfate and Sulfite
Methane
Conductivity/Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
• Alkalinity/Acid Neutralizing
• Capacity (ANC) Color Odor
• Synthetic organics (e.g.,
pesticides, PCBs)
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MONITORING STATIONS
•
Water intake point - community water supply.
•
Large/medium polluting industries or cluster
of SSI.
•
Bathing water.
•
Source of river – (reference point).
•
D/S of large irrigated areas.
•
Low flow stretches.
•
D/S of big cities.
•
D/S of Water abstraction Structures
•
U/S and D/S of confluence of rivers.
•
Inter-state boundaries.
17
Field Measurements
-Electric Conductivity (EC)
- Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
- PH
dS/m
mg/l
- Turbidity
- Transparency
- Temperature
NTU/FTU
m
C
- Water Flow Rate
- Smell
m3/sec
1,2,3,4,5
- Color
1,2,3,4,5
Water Quality Monitoring
1. Sampling
Water Quality monitoring
.2
Samples preservation and transfer
Water Quality Monitoring
3. Field Measurements
Water Quality Monitoring
3. Field Measurements
Water Quality Monitoring
Continuous Monitoring Systems
Biomonitoring
the study of biological
organisms and their
responses to
environmental
conditions; can be
fish, algae or insect
communities
Why study macroinvertebrates?
• Affected by the physical, chemical and
biological conditions of stream
• Can’t escape pollution - show the effects of
short and long-term pollution events
• Can show the cumulative impacts of pollution
• May show the impacts of habitat loss
Why study macroinvertebrates?
• Critical part of the stream’s food web
• Relatively easy to sample and identify (easier
than algae)
• Have greater diversity in stream than fish sport fishing, stocking of fish and exotic
species have altered fish community
IDENTIFICATION
Key identification features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overall body shape (NOT SIZE)
Case made of sticks, leaves, stone
Legs
Presence and location of gills
Presence and location of cerci (“tails”)
Head capsule, unusual appendages
Movement (crawl; swim side-to-side, up-down)
Range of Tolerance
Assessing the Biological Status
• According to the WFD, the biological status of surface water is to be
assessed using:
– the elements phytoplankton,
– other aquatic flora,
– macroinvertebrates and fish fauna.
• The preliminary assessments of ecological status should be based on
the most sensitive quality elements with respect to the existing
physical alterations.
• Effects resulting from other impacts should be excluded as far as
possible.
Designing with Water
Rainwater Harvesting
= Collect rainwater from building roofs to use for
other purposes instead of losing as runoff
Been around for thousands of years
Currently used all over the world, from
 Haiti to the Berkeley hills
Low Cost Roofwater
A house with a 1,000 sq. ft. roof could yield 600 gallons of rainwater from a one inch rainfall
A = (catchment area of building)
R = (inches of rain)
G = (total amount of collected rainwater)
(A) x (R) x (600 gallons) / 1000 = (G)
Domestic Uses
In the US each person uses
approximately 150 gallons of
water per day
bath - 3-40 gallons
shower - 5 gallons per minute
Water Conservation
= Technologies or ideas that can be used to
reduce the amount of water consumed per
person
 Household level
 Residential use ~75% of urban demand
 60% of residential use is indoors
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
Efficient Toilets
 40% of household water used in toilets
 Conventional toilets use 3.5 – 5 gallons per flush
 Alternatives




Toilet displacement devices
Low flow: 1.6 gpf
Cascading toilets: use water from sink to flush
Composting toilets: little to no water used
 Energy Policy Act of 1992 - new home use toilets must operate on 1.6
gallons per flush or less
Sources: Alexander, 2003; EPA, 2003; Oasis Design, 2003.
Composting Toilets
Phoenix, Inc.
Showers
 30% of household water used in showers
 Water consumption
 Standard: 4.5 gpm
 Low-flow: 2.5 gpm
 Ultra low-flow: 1.5 gpm
 Low-flow showerheads cost ~$5 and can save 20,000
gallons/year in a 4 person household
Source: EPA, 2003.
Other household water uses
Other appliances with low-flow alternatives
Faucets = 5% of total indoor household use
Washing machines = 20% of total
Dish washers = up to 5% of total
Save water and energy required to heat
“extra” water
Source: EPA, 2003.
What is Greywater?
= Water that has been used in the home,
except water from toilets (blackwater).
 Dish, shower, sink
and laundry water
comprise 50-80% of residential wastewater
Total
Greywater=
59%
Source: USEPA 1992
Source: Home Energy Magazine Online, July/August 1995.
Integrated Solutions
Eco Roofs
• Green roofs, or eco-roofs, are roofs that are entirely or
partially covered with vegetation and soils.
• Eco-roofs have been popular in Europe for decades and
have grown in popularity in the U.S. Recently as they
provide multiple environmental benefits.
• Eco-roofs improve water quality by filtering contaminants
as the runoff flows through the growing medium or through
direct plant uptake.
• Studies have shown reduced concentrations of suspended
solids, copper, zinc, and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons) from eco-roof runoff.
DesignDetails
 An intensive eco-roof may consist of shrubs and small trees planted
in deep soil (more than 6 inches) arranged with walking paths and
seating areas and often provide access for people.
 In contrast, an extensive eco-roof includes shallow layers (less than
6 inches) of low-growing vegetation and is more appropriate for roofs
with structural limitations.
 Both categories of eco-roofs include engineered soils as a growing
medium, subsurface drainage piping, and a waterproof membrane to
protect the roof structure.
Bioretention Planters
• Bioretention is the use
of plants, engineered
soils, and a rock subbase to slow, store, and
remove pollutants from
stormwater runoff.
Role of Water Users Organization Project:
Environmental Component
• Determine the Scope of Environmental
Management at WUO level
– Awareness Raising on Environmental problems
– Training in Simple Water Quality Monitoring
– Capacity Building to Resolve Environmental
Issues
• Develop Local Systems for SWM
• Develop Local Sewage Treatment Systems
• Develop Initiatives for Studies and Experiments at
WUO level
FaWUOP: Environment Program
• Objective:
– To enhance the Environmental Situation in and
around Water Resources
• Outputs:
– Water Quality Monitoring program in Place
– BCWUAs Capacity is raised
– Cooperation with Local Units by WUOs to solve
Environmental Problems
FaWUOP: Environment Program
• Objective:
– To enhance the Environmental Situation in and
around Water Resources
• Outputs:
– Awareness Raising and Capacity Development
– Water Quality Monitoring program in Place
– Cooperation with Local Units by WUOs to solve
Environmental Problems
Water Quality Monitoring Training program
• Work Plan:
– Develop Modules for Training on WQM in cooperation
with the WQU:
•
•
•
•
Problems, Behavior, Roles
Water Quality Monitoring
Finding Solutions and Planning Actions
Evaluation & Impact
– Implement Training in Seila and Sinnruis (FID, IAS, EPAD,
WUOs)
– Evaluate Training for replication throughout Fayoum
– Implement the Training in all WUOs
Awareness Raising Campaign
• Work Plan:
– Assessment of Awareness Levels at Existing
BCWUAs
– Development of Messages and Awareness
Materials
– Preparation of Media Map & Linkages
– Campaign Implementation
Lake Manzala Engineered
Wetland Project
Project Site
Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland
Detailed Project Elements
I. Collection works:
1- Intake channel
2- Pumping station
II. Treatment works:
3- Sedimentation basins
6
8
3
5- Surface flow beds
4
2
5
4- Drying Beds
1
6- Subsurface Flow beds
III. Treated effluent disposal:
7
3
7-To Bahr El Baqr Drain
6
8-To Reuse area
9-Fish ponds
Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland
Wetland Elements
Main Project
(25,000m3/ Day )
5
3
1- INTAKE
2- PUMP STATION
3- SEDIMENTATION BASIN
1
4
4- DISTRIBUTION Channel
2
5- SURFACE FLOW BEDS
6- RECIPROCATING
(SUBSURFACE) CELLS
8
7- HATCHERY PONDS
8- FINGERLING PONDS
7
6
5
3
Treatment System Components
High
Flow
Wetland
Low
Flow
Wetland
Reciprocating
Cells
Hatchery
Ponds
Fingerling
Ponds
Parameter
Units
Sediment
Basin
Flow
M3/d
25,000
21,500
3,000
500
50
450
Depth
M
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.2
1.1
1.1
Area
M2
33,300
50,000
50,000
2,100
640
10,300
Volume
M3
50,000
25,000
25,000
1,000
700
11,250
Retention
time
Day
2
1.2
8.3
2
14
25
81.03%
68.72%
62.12%
61.21%
52.39%
Nitrate
(NO3)
Amounia
(NH4)
Total
Niterogen
Total
Phosphorus
Parameter
Influent
Effluent
Removal Efficiency
Organic
Nitroen
25.93%
20.95%
Total
Suspended
Solids
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Biological
Oxigen
Demand
Concentration (mg/l)
Removal Efficiency of the Pollutants
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Removal Efficiency of the Pollutants
99.74%
99.61%
186,383
Concentration (mg/l)
200,000
100%
180,000
90%
160,000
80%
140,000
70%
120,000
60%
100,000
50%
80,000
40%
60,000
40,000
20,000
30%
37,771
20%
732
97
0
10%
0%
Fecal Coliform
Total Coliform
Parameter
Influent
Effluent
Removal Efficiency
Concluding Remarks
• The facility treats 25,000 m3/day with excellent effluent
quality
• The treated water is used for raising healthy fish suitable
for human consumption
• The facility serves as a Center of Excellence for local,
regional and international bodies
• Due to climatic differences between Egypt and Western
Countries, retention time and dimensions could be
reduced substantially
Thank you for your Attention !
Questions?
Water Quality Management and Community
Involvement in IWRM
25th June, 2013
Eng. Ahmed Abou Elseoud
Water Resources Management Expert
«Проект по экономической реабилитации и построению мер доверия»