Exercise Physiology
Exercise testing
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Aerobic ability
Ability to do exercise using high
rate of oxygen consumption
(VO2 max, VO2peak, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Anaerobic ability
Ability to exercise at an
intensity that exceeds
maximal (peak) oxygen
consumption (30-s peak
PO, supramax. tests, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Endurance
Ability to sustain submaximal
aerobic exercise for an
extended time (6- and 12-min
walk, 1 mile walk, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Strength
Ability to do unsustained work
against a high resistance
(MVC, peak torque, max.
number repetitions, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Flexibility
Ability to move joints through
a prescribed range of motion
(sit-and-reach distances,
goniometry, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Neuromuscular
skills
Ability to do activities that
require coordination and skill
(gait analysis, balance,
coordination, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Functional
performance
Ability to do specific physical
activities of daily living (sitand-stand scores, timed
walk, etc.)
Exercise testing
Measurement of body reactions (eventually
adaptation) of different body systems in
dependence on stress (exercise)
Fitness assessment
Measurement of efficiency to
perform and repeat the best
achievement
Measured parameters
Load – [W, W/kg] – age, gender, health statute, weight
Energy output – [kcal] – 1 km = 70-80 kcal {run, walk}
Time – [s., minute, hour] - duration
Speed – [m/s-1, km/hour]
Elevation – [˚, %]
Distance – [m, km]
Ideal exercise test
1. Easy designed
2. a] general – general performance
b] specific – specific performance
3. Safe
4. Valid – do we measure what we really want to?
5. Objective – no other impacts on result
6. Reliability and reproducibility
Justification of exercise testing
Why perform exercise testing? - INDICATION
Diagnosis
Intervention assessment (therapy, training)
Exercise programming and training
Prognostic
Research
Justification of exercise testing
Why do not perform exercise testing? - CONTRAINDICATION
ABSOULTE
- Acute illness (heart stroke, fever), major hypertension (240/120), etc.
RELATIVE
- After heart stroke, some defects of heart valves, etc.
Splitting of tests
According to place
a) Laboratory tests
b) Field tests
According to applied load:
a) Maximal (incremental tests)
b) Sub-maximal (usually constant workload)
b) Supra-maximal (Wingate test)
Laboratory × field tests
Laboratory tests
Advantages:
- Accurate determination of load
- Standard laboratory conditions
Disadvantages:
- Different movement stereotype (rower, canoeist on bicycle?)
- worse achievement
- Nervousness from new (unknown) conditions
-worse achievement
- Transformation of results into field conditions
Laboratory × field tests
Field tests
Advantages:
- Known conditions – athletic stadium, ice ring, sport hall, etc.
- Identical movement stereotype
- Direct use in training
Disadvantages:
- Relatively inaccurate determination of power
- The problem of accurate measurement
Maximal × submaximal tests
Maximal tests
Advantages:
- Direct assessment of maximal capacity of organism
Disadvantages:
- Dependence on will and motivation of proband
- Risk factor
- Restriction before competition
- Small changes of monitored parameters due to training in very
high trained
Maximal × submaximal tests
Sub-maximal tests
Advantages:
- Safer
- Lower dependence on tested person (more comfortable)
- Bigger changes of monitored parameters due to training
- Restriction before competition
Disadvantages:
- Often based on estimation (presumption) of HRmax, etc.
– worse accuracy
The type and sources of stress
1. Dynamic
- Individual movement (knee-bend, etc.)
- Steps (Step test)
- Ergometer – bicycle, treadmill, arm crank ergometer, ladder
2. Static
- Dynamometer (handgrip, etc.)
3. Other
- electric, pharmacological, cold, hypoxic, psychological,
change of body position (laying – standing), deep breathing,
cough, etc.
The conditions in exercise
laboratory
1. Enviroment
- Calm (few persons)
- Air circulation (ACE)
- Temperature (18-22˚C), humidity 40-60%
2. Equipment
- calibration, functionality
3. Safeness
- Emergency (phone number)
- Presence of physician, defibrillator, drogs
The conditions in exercise
laboratory
4. Tested person
- Healthy
- Avoid drinking coffee, alcohol and smoking (at least
12 hours before)
- At least 2 hours after food intake
Bicycle ergometer × treadmill
Bicykle ergometer
- more in Europe ?
- mechanical efficiency 20 – 25%
-W (load) =
resistance (mechanical, electromagnetical)
+ revolutions/min (50 – 70)
Advantages:
- space, noise, accuracy of set load
- easer and safer making
- taking of blood sample, measurement of blood pressure.
Disadvantages:
- calibration, engagement of smaller muscle mass, lack of familiarity
- lover oxygen consumption, lover HR , etc.
Bicycle ergometer × treadmill
Treadmill
- more in USA, Canada ?
- mechanical efficiency no more than 15 %
-W (load) =
speed (km/hour)
+ elevation (%, °)
Advantages:
- natural movement, only one possibility for children
- engagement of most muscle mass
- achievement of “real” maximum (higher O2 consumption, HR)
Disadvantages:
- space demands, noise
- risk of fall, problems of measurement of BP and blood sample