MELAKUKAN
DAN
MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
HASIL PENELITIAN
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
􀂃 Desain penelitian
→ bangunan hipotesis yang tepat
→ tidak berlebihan relevansinya (misal, untuk lembaga pendanaan)
→ membatasi efek bias bawah sadar (studi double blind ...)
􀂃 kekayaan intelektual
→ Ilmu adalah perdagangan sosial
→ hadiah bagi seorang ilmuwan adalah reputasi yang dihasilkan dari
pekerjaannya
→ Untuk itu: perlu memberi pengakuan!
→ pekerjaan yang Anda membangun sebelumnya, ide / hipotesa
yang Anda ikuti, metode yang dikembangkan oleh orang lain
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
􀂃 Pembicaran informal dalam suatu pertemuan ilmiah ...
Pada konferensi ilmiah, seorang ilmuwan terkenal memberikan
presentasi review hasil penelitian. Dia pada dasarnya menyajikan
karyanya sendiri.
Dalam diskusi, seorang peserta menyebutkan bahwa
hasil sejenis telah ditemukan oleh kelompok lain dan bahwa
Konsep utama yang digunakan dalam karyanya telah dirumuskan oleh
peneliti lain. Pembicara tersenyum lebar dan menjawab:
"Yah, perlu anda tahu, aku tidak terlalu pandai memberikan
penghargaan ..."
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
􀂃 rencana pelaksanaan Penelitian
→ akurasi dan pengawasan dalam pengumpulan data
→ pemilihan data untuk analisis ("outlier"??)
→ retensi data dan catatan setelah analisis
Contoh dari praktek-praktek analisis data dipertanyakan:
1. Mengabaikan kesalahan nonrandom (bias)
2. Post hoc hipotesis
3. Berbagai pembandingan dan pemanfaatan data dari bergai analisis
4. Pengujian statistik yang tidak tepat atau prosedur statistik lainnya
5. Kesimpulan "negatif" dengan metode statistik yang kurang tepat
6. Memadatkan, penghilangkan, "menyesuaikan" data
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
kesalahan yang Jujur vs kesalahan kelalaian vs kesalahan
→ kadang sulit untuk membedakan, "zona abu-abu"
􀂃 A. van Maanen dan kontroversi nebular (~ 1920)
→ kesalahan yang jujur ​, tetapi tidak menyadari bias oleh
keyakinan yang kuat?
􀂃 Polywater (1960)
→ rancangan eksperimental yang lemah
􀂃 Schön kasus
→ fabrikasi, kesalahan prosedur
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
Komunikasi lIsan (Oral):
1. Diskusi, seminar, konferensi, poster
2. Memberikan pengakuan: kolaborator, sumber ide, hipotesis,
...
3. Pesan utama →, rincian sering tidak diberi (keterbatasan
waktu)
4. Berfungsi untuk mengumumkan hasil sebelum publikasi, atau
membuat orang sadar akan pekerjaan yang telah diterbitkan
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
Komunikasi secara Ditulis / presentasi (dalam jurnal peer-review)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Penting sebagai media komunikasi ilmiah
Meninjau kekhawatiran akurasi ilmiah & relevansi dari pekerjaan
Kemungkinan konflik kepentingan pada sisi resensi
Setelah publikasi: menyediakan data mendasar atau permintaan?
Bagaimana jika hasil yang dipublikasikan terbukti secara teknis
salah? pencabutan? erratum?
6. Presentasi kepada masyarakat umum
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
Penulis (Authosrhip):
1. Penting: mengalokasikan penghargaan bagi kontributor,
langkah-langkah pencapaian,
2. hasil PENELITIAN merupakan tanggung jawab bersama
3. Plagiat? LPU: "unit yang paling patut diterbitkan “
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
Siapa yang harus sebagai autor?
1. Kontributor utama secara intelektual dari publikasi
adalah keduanya baik diperlukan dan memenuhi syarat sebagai
penulis
2. "Setiap penulis harus dapat mengambil tanggung jawab publik
untuk isi publikasi, harus mampu menjelaskan mengapa dan
bagaimana observasi (analisis matematika, simulasi ...) dilakukan,
dan bagaimana kesimpulan sesuai dnegan data (hasil). “
3. Lainnya, lebih terbatas, kontribusi dalam "Penghargaan “
4. "Penulis kehormatan " BUKAN” praktek ilmiah yang baik
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
􀂃 Kehormatan penulis, mengapa tidak?
􀂃 pembaca bisa tersesat tentang kualitas / kepadatan dari tulisan
memiliki rekan penulis yang tidak menghasilkan penelitian tetapi memliki
reputasi besar
Reputasi → penulis pertama meningkat atas biaya
orang lain yang tidak memiliki nama besar dalam daftar mereka
Penulis → kehormatan menerima penghargaaan tidak layak
Instrumen orang yang bertanggung jawab pada analisis data tanpa
kontribusi?
→ reputasi ilmiah sebagai prestasi manajerial?
→ kontribusi dari anggota tim lainnya?
→ membedakan antara tim "sendiri“ dan pihak luar
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
Urutan Authorship (Penulis):
1. Banyak penulis ("... et al. “), tetapi tidak ada praktek yang unik
2. Urutan → tidak boleh menyembunyikan kebenaran "penulis
pertama“
3. Kemungkinan →: abjad, kecuali kontribusi tersebut tidak sama,
kelompok mungkin permutate ketertiban, info tentang kontribusi
dalam catatan kaki
4. “Efek Matius“
5. Menginformasikan diri sendiri, membahas aturan penulisan dalam
kelompok!
6. Tidak menerima hirarki, autorita penyelenggaraan…... (hal ini lebih
mudah dikatakan daripada dilakukan)
MELAKUKAN & MEMPUBLIKASIKAN
Tanggung Jawab penulis:
1. Mereview naskah, merevisi naskah dll.
2. Menjamin bahwa prosedur yang tepat telah diikuti
3. Memastikan bahwa pengakuan telah diberikan, kerja
yang relevan dikutip (termasuk juga bekerja tidak
diterbitkan, misalnya presentasi oral, poster, atau diskusi
komentar di pertemuan)
Apakah “research” itu?
Generally defined as “studious inquiry or
examination aimed at the discovery and
interpretation of facts, revision of accepted
theories or laws in the light of new facts, or
practical application of such new or revised
theories or laws.”
Sumber: www.mrc.uidaho.edu/.../Ethics%20workshop/Ethics...
Apakah Publikasi itu?
• Penyebar-luasan hasil-hasil penelitian ilmiah
kepada komunitas ilmiah
• Publikasi ilmiah harus tunduk pada “peer
review”
14
Sumber: www.mrc.uidaho.edu/.../Ethics%20workshop/Ethics...
Apakah problem etika yang mungkin terjadi dalam
penelitian dan publikasi ilmiah?
1. You’ve just done a comprehensive
experiment with 100 test cases
2. 99 of those test cases went just like your
theory said they would
3. 1 case did not, and you don’t know why. You
think the sample might have been
contaminated
4. Do you report that 1 case or not?
15
Sumber: www.mrc.uidaho.edu/.../Ethics%20workshop/Ethics...
Apakah problem etika yang mungkin terjadi dalam
penelitian dan publikasi ilmiah?
1. You’re the acknowledged leading expert in your field
and have been for 15 years.
2. The theory you discovered 15 years ago has made you
famous and respected, and brought enormous
prestige to your university.
3. You hear you’re being nominated for the Nobel Prize
for your life’s work
4. You’ve just gotten the data in from your latest
experiment and guess what: Your famous theory is
dead wrong.
5. What now?
16
Sumber: www.mrc.uidaho.edu/.../Ethics%20workshop/Ethics...
Dale J. Benos, Jorge Fabres, John Farmer, et al Ethics and scientific publication// Adv Physiol Educ 29: 59–74, 2005
Publikasi Ilmiah
 Publikasi hasil penelitian merupakan bagian integral dan esensial
dari suatu penelitian.
 Semua peneliti berkewajiban mempublikasikan hasil-hasil
penelitiannya secara proporsional.
Flow diagram of review and publication
process for a manuscript
submitted to a journal
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Apa saja yang dapat dipublikasikan ? ….
Jurnal ingin & senang mempublikasikan makalah yang
akan banyak dibaca dan bermanfaat bagi para pembaca:
1. Paper yang melaporkan temuan-temuan “original dan
significant” yang menarik minat para pembacanya
2. Papers that are well organized and well written, with
clear statements regarding how the findings relate to
and advance the understanding/development of the
subject
3. Papers that are concise and yet complete in their
presentation of the findings
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Distribusi Isu-isu etika dalam American Physiological
Society publications (1996 - Maret 2004)
Dale J. Benos, Jorge Fabres, John Farmer, et al Ethics and scientific publication// Adv Physiol Educ 29:
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
59–74, 2005
Problem: Penulis dan Kontributor
 An “author” is generally considered to be someone who has
made substantive intellectual contributions to a published
study, and biomedical authorship continues to have
important academic, social, and financial implications .
Authorship credit should be based on :
1. Substantial contributions to conception and design,
acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data;
2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important
intellectual content; and
3. Final approval of the version to be published. Authors
should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Authorship = Penulis = Pengarang
1. guest authors are those who do not meet accepted
authorship criteria but are listed because of their
seniority, reputation or supposed influence
2. gift authors are those who do not meet accepted
authorship criteria but are listed as a personal favour
or in return for payment
3. ghost authors are those who meet authorship criteria
but are not listed
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Contributors Listed in Acknowledgments
•
•
•
All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in
an acknowledgments section.
Editors should ask corresponding authors to declare whether they had
assistance with study design, data collection, data analysis, or manuscript
preparation. If such assistance was available, the authors should disclose the
identity of the individuals who provided this assistance and the entity that
supported it in the published article. Financial and material support should
also be acknowledged.
Groups of persons who have contributed materially to the paper but whose
contributions do not justify authorship may be listed under such headings as
“clinical investigators” or “participating investigators,” and their function or
contribution should be described—for example, “served as scientific advisors,”
“critically reviewed the study proposal,” “collected data,” or “provided and
cared for study patients.” Because readers may infer their endorsement of the
data and conclusions, these persons must give written permission to be
acknowledged.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Sample authorship
description/acknowledgement

Drs A, B and C designed and conducted the study,
including patient recruitment, data collection, and data
analysis. Dr A prepared the manuscript draft with
important intellectual input from Drs B and C. All
authors approved the final manuscript. [Insert name of
organization] provided funding for the study, statistical
support in analyzing the data with input from Drs A, B
and C, and also provided funding for editorial support.
Drs A, B and C had complete access to the study data.
We would like to thank Dr D for her editorial support
during preparation of this manuscript.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Accountability and responsibility
•
•
•
•
•
•
All authors should have read and be familiar with the reported work and
should ensure that publications follow the principles set out in these guidelines.
In most cases, authors will be expected to take joint responsibility for the integrity
of the research and its reporting. However, if authors take responsibility only for
certain aspects of the research and its reporting, this should be specified in the
publication.
Authors should work with the editor or publisher to correct their work promptly if
errors or omissions are discovered after publication.
Authors should abide by relevant conventions, requirements, and regulations to
make materials, reagents, software or datasets available to other researchers who
request them. Researchers, institutions, and funders should have clear policies for
handling such requests. Authors must also follow relevant journal standards. While
proper acknowledgement is expected, researchers should not demand authorship
as a condition for sharing materials.
Authors should respond appropriately to post-publication comments and
published correspondence. They should attempt to answer correspondents’
questions and supply clarification or additional details where needed.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Soundness and reliability
• The research being reported should have been conducted in an
ethical and responsible manner and follow all relevant
legislation.
• The research being reported should be sound and carefully
executed.
• Researchers should use appropriate methods of data analysis
and display (and, if needed, seek and follow specialist advice on
this).
• Authors should take collective responsibility for their work and
for the content of their publications. Researchers should check
their publications carefully at all stages to ensure methods and
findings are reported accurately.
• Authors should carefully check calculations, data presentations,
typescripts/submissions and proofs.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Definisi yang Bermakna:
Mal-praktek Ilmiah
“Scientific misconduct means fabrication,
falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that
seriously deviate from those that are commonly
accepted within the scientific community for
proposing, conducting or reporting research”
Managing Allegations of Scientific Misconduct: A
Guidance Document for Editors, January 2000, Office of
Research Integrity, Office of Public Health and Science,
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
http://ori.dhhs.gov
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Definisi yang Bermakna:
Mal-praktek Ilmiah
 Plagiarism: using the ideas or words of
another person without giving appropriate
credit (Nat. Acad. Press document)
 Self-Plagiarism: The verbatim copying or reuse
of one’s own research (IEEE Policy statement)
Both types of plagiarism are considered to be
unacceptable practice by most scientific
publications
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Honesty = Kejujuran Ilmiah
1. Researchers should present their results honestly and without
fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation.
Research images (e.g. micrographs, X-rays, pictures of
electrophoresis gels) should not be modified in a misleading way.
2. Researchers should strive to describe their methods and to present
their findings clearly and unambiguously. Researchers should follow
applicable reporting guidelines. Publications should provide
sufficient detail to permit experiments to be repeated by other
researchers.
3. Reports of research should be complete. They should not omit
inconvenient, inconsistent or inexplicable findings or results that do
not support the authors’ or sponsors’ hypothesis or interpretation.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Honesty = Kejujuran Ilmiah
4. Research funders and sponsors should not be able to veto
publication of findings that do not favour their product or position.
Researchers should not enter agreements that permit the research
sponsor to veto or control the publication of the findings (unless
there are exceptional circumstances, such as research classified by
governments because of security implications).
5. Authors should alert the editor promptly if they discover an error in
any submitted, accepted or published work. Authors should
cooperate with editors in issuing corrections or retractions when
required.
6. Authors should represent the work of others accurately in citations
and quotations.
7. Authors should not copy references from other publications if they
have not read the cited work.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Intellectual Property:
Plagiarism, Copyright and Intellectual property
 A definition of plagiarism from the Office of Research Integrity:
 Plagiarism includes both the theft or misappropriation of intellectual
property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's
work. It does not include authorship or credit disputes.
The theft or misappropriation of intellectual property includes the
unauthorized use of ideas or unique methods obtained by a privileged
communication, such as a grant or manuscript review.
 All Authors are required to grant editors an exclusive publishing
license before their work can be published.
 This license also contains the warranty that the work is the author’s
original work.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Credit
• Citing sources of information and ideas (also aids
credibility, helps in finding out more)
• Avoiding excessive use of others’ words
– Recording sources when copying items or taking notes
– Placing in quotation marks, or indenting, items used
verbatim
– Perhaps drafting some items while not looking at the
source materials
– Observing copyright and obtaining needed permissions
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Tipe-tipe lainnya Pelanggaran Etika
1. Duplicate publication/submission of research
findings; failure to inform the editor of related
papers that the author has under consideration
or “in press”
2. Unrevealed conflicts of interest that could affect
the interpretation of the findings
3. Misrepresentation of research findings - use of
selective or fraudulent data to support a
hypothesis or claim
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Originality
• Not republishing the same findings (except
under special circumstances, with the original
source cited)
• Not submitting the same manuscript to two or
more journals at once
• Not dividing one research project into many
little papers (“salami science”)
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Balance
 New findings should be presented in the context of
previous research. The work of others should be fairly
represented. Scholarly reviews and syntheses of
existing research should be complete, balanced, and
should include findings regardless of whether they
support the hypothesis or interpretation being
proposed.
 Editorials or opinion pieces presenting a single
viewpoint or argument should be clearly distinguished
from scholarly reviews.
 Study limitations should be addressed in publications.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Transparency
•
All sources of research funding, including direct and indirect
financial support, supply of equipment or materials, and other
support (such as specialist statistical or writing assistance) should
be disclosed.
• Authors should disclose the role of the research funder(s) or
sponsor (if any) in the research design, execution, analysis,
interpretation and reporting.
• Authors should disclose relevant financial and non-financial
interests and relationships that might be considered likely to affect
the interpretation of their findings or which editors, reviewers or
readers might reasonably wish to know. This includes any
relationship to the journal, for example if editors publish their own
research in their own journal. In addition, authors should follow
journal and institutional requirements for disclosing competing
interests.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Kepatuhan terhadap peer review dan konvensi publikasi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Authors should follow publishers’ requirements that work is not submitted to
more than one publication for consideration at the same time.
Authors should inform the editor if they withdraw their work from review, or
choose not to respond to reviewer comments after receiving a conditional
acceptance.
Authors should respond to reviewers’ comments in a professional and timely
manner.
Authors should respect publishers’ requests for press embargos and should not
generally allow their findings to be reported in the press if they have been
accepted for publication (but not yet published) in a scholarly publication.
Authors and their institutions should liaise and cooperate with publishers to
coordinate media activity (e.g. press releases and press conferences) around
publication. Press releases should accurately reflect the work and should not
include statements that go further than the research findings.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Prinsip Etika: Penelitian ttg Manusia dan Hewan
1. For experiments involving human subjects, the committee approving
the experiments should be identified and the research conducted
according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki).
2. The Authors should confirm that informed consent was obtained
from all subjects.
3. Appropriate approval, licensing or registration should be obtained
before the research begins and details should be provided in the
report (e.g. Institutional Review Board, Research Ethics Committee
approval, national licensing authorities for the use of animals)
4. Treatment must confirm to accepted international standards.
5. Manuscript must document that the study was approved by an
ethical review board before it was done.
6. Note: Research on humans tends to be broadly defined, for example
to include survey research.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Tanggung-jawab Etika dari Editor dan Reviewer
1. Menjaga kerahasiaan
2. Tidak menyalahgunakan ide atau teks
3. Memberikan ulasan yang dibenarkan dan
tanpa bias
4. Menyampaikan informasi kepada penulis
secara tepat waktu
5. Mengungkapkan adanya konflik kepentingan
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Peer Review
1.
Unbiased, independent, critical assessment is an intrinsic part of all
scholarly work, including the scientific process.
2.
Peer review is the critical assessment of manuscripts submitted to
journals by experts who are not part of the editorial staff.
3.
Peer review can therefore be viewed as an important extension of the
scientific process.
Peer review helps editors decide which manuscripts are suitable for
their journals and helps authors and editors to improve the quality of
reporting. A peer-reviewed journal submits most of its published
research articles for outside review. The number and kinds of
manuscripts sent for review, the number of reviewers, the reviewing
procedures, and the use made of the reviewers’ opinions may vary.
4.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Konflik Kepentingan
 Editors, authors, and peer reviewers have a responsibility to disclose
interests that might appear to affect their ability to present or review
data objectively. These include relevant financial (for example patent
ownership, stock ownership, consultancies, speaker's fees), personal,
political, intellectual, or religious interests.
 Can involve
◦ Editors
◦ Peer reviewers
◦ Authors
 Can be
◦ Financial
◦ Ideological
◦ Other
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Ringkasan
1. Penelitian yang dilaporkan seharusnya dilakukan secara etis dan
bertanggung jawab dan harus mematuhi semua ketentuan yang relevan.
2. Peneliti harus menyajikan hasil oenelitiannya dengan jelas, jujur​​, dan tanpa
fabrikasi, pemalsuan atau tidak manipulasi data.
3. Peneliti harus berusaha untuk menjelaskan metode penelitiannya secara
jelas dan tegas sehingga temuannya dapat dikonfirmasikan oleh orang lain.
4. Peneliti harus mematuhi persyaratan publikasi yang memenuhi kerja asli
(orisinal), tidak menjiplak, dan belum diterbitkan di tempat lain.
5. Penulis harus mengambil tanggung jawab kolektif untuk mengirim dan
menerbitkan karya.
6. Kepengarangan publikasi penelitian harus secara akurat mencerminkan
kontribusi individu untuk pekerjaan penelitian dan pelaporannya.
7. Sumber pendanaan dan konflik kepentingan yang relevan harus
diungkapkan dan diselesaikan.
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt
Bgm Journals mendeteksi dan mengelola “Tulisan”
yang bermasalah
Information received from reviewers or other editors
Literature search for related papers by the author
Withdrawal of a paper from publication
Banning authors from publication in the journal for 3-5
years and informing the co-authors and editors of
related journals of our action
For less serious cases, placing the author on a “watch
list” for careful examination of their submissions prior
to requesting review
Sumber: www.pitt.edu/~super7/48011-49001/48281.ppt